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Ling 115

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Completed

"finished working (in past and not now"... John done worked

Remote

"has been working (often in the past and now)"... john been working

Ongoing

"is working (not often)" ... john working

Continuative

"still working (often and continuously/now)"... john be steady working

Habitual

"usually/often works (but not now)"... john be working

theories for what language is

1. same vocab and dictionary ----slang 2.mutual intelligibility ----Same language, not mutually intelligible ----Different languages, mutually intelligible ----Dialect Continuums 3. SOCIO-POLITICAL

Bundle of Isoglosses

= different dialects by formal linguistics

Ann Arbor Decision (1974)

AAVE is different than SAE and teachers need to address this

Oakland proposal 1 on what AAVE is

African American students..utilize a language described as 'Ebonics' ..or 'African Language Systems'..and studies have demonstrated that African Language Systems are genetically based and not a dialect of English.'

Oakland proposal revised on what AAVE is

African American students..utilize a language described as 'Ebonics' ..or 'African Language Systems'..and studies have demonstrated that African Language Systems have origins in West African and Niger-Congo languages and are not merely dialects of English.'

Jamaican Creole-English is an example of Selected Answer: -A dialect continuum -Two mutually unintelligible dialects that are considered to be the same language. -Two mutually intelligible dialects that are considered to be different languages. -Lexico-statistics.

Correct A dialect continuum

Which of the following has approximately 40 mutually unintelligible dialects? Selected Answer: Arabic Chinese Dutch English

Correct Arabic

What's the problem with the Mutual Intelligibility Hypothesis? Selected Answer: -Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages. -Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary. -The different dialects of Dutch are so different that the speakers cannot understand each other. -Papua New Guinea has an extraordinary number of languages that are difficult to classify by family.

Correct Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages.

The variety Platese, the language of government in the country of Cupland, has been written down for five hundred years. It is also spoken by the upper class in the neighboring country Telelandia, and by almost everyone in Thermocia, with whom Cupland is frequently at war. What is the most likely fate of Platese? Answers: -Platese will be considered the standard language in Cupland because it has importance and autonomy. Correct -Platese will NOT be considered the standard language of Cupland because it doesn't give it's speakers autonomy. -Platese will be considered the standard language of Cupland because it has historicity. -Platese will NOT be considered the standard language of Cupland because it does not have importance.

Correct Platese will NOT be considered the standard language of Cupland because it doesn't give it's speakers autonomy

Which of the following is a register? Answers: -The specialized way students speak in a classroom when a professor is in the room. -The formal way people speak to their superiors. -The way English is spoken in Southern California. -The way French is spoken in Paris.

Correct The specialized way students speak in a classroom when a professor is in the room.

What is hypercorrection? Answers: -When the upper class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the lower class. -When the lower class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech. -When the lower class uses a covertly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech. -When the lower class uses an covertly prestigious feature more than the upper class in casual speech.

Correct When the lower class uses an overtly prestigious feature more than the upper class in careful speech.

labov 1972

High Class: Saks Middle Class: Macy's Lower Class: Klein "standard=overt prestige" pressure from above

Standard Language

Importance Historicity Autonomy Not a Reduction/Mixture

A researcher chooses 200 words from two varieties at random. If 89% of the words in that sample are cognates, then: Answers: -The speakers of those varieties consider themselves to be speaking dialects of the same language. -Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties may not consider themselves to be speaking the same language. -Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, and the speakers of those varieties consider themselves to be speaking the same language. -Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should NOT be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties might consider themselves to be speaking the same language.

Lexico-statistics tells us that the two varieties should be classified as dialects of the same language, but the speakers of those varieties may not consider themselves to be speaking the same language.

5 aspects of AAVE

Ongoing Habitual Continuative Remote Completed

3 types of dialects

Patois Regional Dialect Social Dialect

Oakland plan

Proposed the '..application of a program featuring African Language Systems principles in instructing African American children both in their primary language and in English.' Proposed the '..application of a program featuring African Language Systems to move students from the language patterns they bring in to school to English proficiency.'

Cheshire 1972

Reading, England School boys toughness with nonstandard s "covert prestige"

The Papua New Guinea varieties Lusi and Kove are considered by the people who speak them to be the same language because their grammar and vocabulary are almost identical. Answers: True Correct False

Selected Answer: False

It is impossible to tell which varieties will be considered prestigious without knowing the socio-political/cultural situation of the speakers. Answers: Correct True False

Selected Answer: True

There is no way to say where Spanish ends and French begins on the Spain/France border. Answers: True False

Selected Answer: True

What is Standard English? Answers: -The best way of speaking English. -A register of English. -The most systematic way of speaking English. -A style of English.

Selected Answer: A style of English.

Which of the following is true? Answers: -There isn't a proper or improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries. -There isn't a proper or improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads. -There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries. -There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads.

Selected Answer: Correct There is a proper and improper way of using 'slang,' and this demonstrates that language is NOT the proper version written down in grammar books/dictionaries, but rather what is actually in the speakers' heads.

Why do most speakers of American English pronounce "cursory" with three syllables and "every" with two syllables? Answers: -"Cursory" is very hard to pronounce with two syllables. -It's the proper way to pronounce the words, and native speakers learned these pronunciations in school. -Losing a syllable in "cursory" would make it sound too much like another word. -"Every" is a more common word than "cursory."

Selected Answer: Correct "Every" is a more common word than "cursory."

What's the problem with saying that two speakers speak the same language if they use the same grammar and vocabulary? Answers: -Norwegian and Danish are very similar yet they are considered two separate languages. -Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary. -The different dialects of Dutch are so different that the speakers cannot understand each other. -Papua New Guinea has an extraordinary number of languages that are difficult to classify by family.

Selected Answer: Correct Every speaker of a language has slightly different grammar rules and vocabulary.

It has become common in some varieties of English recently to say "las" instead of "last" (as in: "He came in las"). Which of the following is true of this change? Answers: -It is the result of speakers being too lazy to include the final consonant. -It is the result of a predictable change whereby speakers reduce the markedness of the language. -It is evidence that English has become less elegant than how it was spoken 100 years ago. -It shows that English is improving towards being more logical.

Selected Answer: Correct It is the result of a predictable change whereby speakers reduce the markedness of the language.

Which study showed the clearest example of hypercorrection? Answers: Labov (1972) Cheshire (1972) Labov (1966) Wayne (1960)

Selected Answer: Correct Labov (1966)

What created the Benrath line? Answers: -Speakers of German randomly permuting their speech during the 300 year period between 1300 and 1600. -Speakers of French moving in among the speakers of German in the 1600's. -The feudal system that existed in Germany between 1300 and 1600. It forced the different classes of society to live separately from one another. -Speakers of German trying to sound more like the urban speakers of Cologne in the 1300's.

Selected Answer: Correct Speakers of German trying to sound more like the urban speakers of Cologne in the 1300's.

How can we tell if a feature is covertly prestigious? Answers: -Speakers overreport how often they use it in casual conversation. -Speakers overreport how often they use it in careful/formal conversations. -Speakers are really accurate reporting how often they use it. -Speakers underreport how often they use it in casual conversations.

Selected Answer: Correct Speakers overreport how often they use it in casual conversation.

Which of the following is an s-curve? Answers: -Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then twenty more, then forty more after that. -Forty people adopt a new linguistic feature, then twenty more, then ten after that. -Forty people adopt a new linguistic feature, then ten more, then twenty more after that. -Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then forty more, then twenty after that.

Selected Answer: Correct Ten people adopt a new linguistic feature, then forty more, then twenty after that.

The language of Napkinish is experiencing a change. Speakers, starting in the city of Forktown, have stopped using the "-ippa" suffix in the past tense. In Forktown, the words "tullippa," "loppippa," and "bonippa" are all now pronounced as "tull," "lopp," and "bon" in the past tense. In the town of Spoonville thirty miles away, "tullippa" is pronounced as "tull," and "bonippa" is pronounced as "bon," but "loppippa" must still be pronounced "loppippa." Bowlville is another town sixty miles away from Forktown on the other side of Spoonville. (You have to drive through Spoonville to get to Bowlville in fact.) What must be true in Bowlville? Answers: -The people in Bowlville definitely do NOT say "lopp" instead of "loppippa." -The people in Bowlville definitely say "lopp" instead of "loppippa." -The people in Bowlville definitely say "bon" instead of "bonippa." -The language change definitely hasn't reached Bowlville.

Selected Answer: Correct The people in Bowlville definitely do NOT say "lopp" instead of "loppippa."

The variety Bookese is spoken by the upper class in the country of Libraria. It is not spoken by anyone else, but it is a new variety (it's only been written down for 100 years), and the language it descended from, Paperish, is spoken in the neighboring country Schooland. What is the most likely fate of Bookese? Answers: -The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language Libraria because it lacks importance. -The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language Libraria because it lacks historicity and might be seen as a reduction. -The variety Bookese will be considered the standard language of Libraria because it has importance. -The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language of Libraria because it lacks autonomy.

Selected Answer: Correct The variety Bookese will NOT be considered the standard language Libraria because it lacks historicity and might be seen as a reduction.

What does the Benrath Line mark? Answers: -Whether speakers of German say "k" or "ch" on words such as "ich" and "machen." -Which dialect of German speakers use. -Whether the speakers of German are considered to be low, high, or middle class. -Whether speakers of French were living in the area.

Selected Answer: Correct Whether speakers of German say "k" or "ch" on words such as "ich" and "machen."

What is Labov 1963 about? Answers: a language change because of overt prestige a language change because of covert prestige a language change that shows the s-curve a variety that hasn't ever changed

Selected Answer: Correct a language change because of covert prestige

Dropping 'r's or 'h's out of a word is: Answers: -considered bad because it's always best to pronounce all of the letters in a word. -considered bad because the speakers that are best known for this are considered nonprestigious. -considered good because the speakers that are best known for this are important. -considered good because it only occurs in prominent places.

Selected Answer: Correct considered bad because the speakers that are best known for this are considered nonprestigious.

Using a glottal stop instead of a 't' or 'd' is: Answers: -considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat." -considered bad only in prominent places like "that apple," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "butter." -considered good because prestigious people do this often. -considered bad all the time because it is mispronouncing a letter in the word.

Selected Answer: Correct considered bad only in prominent places like "ladder," but ignored when it occurs in nonprominent places like "that cat."

Which of the following CAN'T be described by an s-curve? Answers: -the diffusion of a sound change through the words a speaker knows -the diffusion of a disease through a community -the diffusion of a sound change through the speakers of a language -the diffusion of pollution in a body of water

Selected Answer: Correct the diffusion of pollution in a body of water

An accent differs from other varieties of a language in its vocabulary and pronunciation. Answers: True False