LPI Linux Essentials 010 V1.6 - Assessment Test

Which of the following are open source software licenses? (Choose all that apply.) A. MIT B. GPL C. BSD D. Creative Commons E. Apache

A, B, C, E. The MIT, GPL, BSD, and Apache are all open source licenses or groups of licenses. Therefore, options A, B, C, and E are correct answers. The Creative Commons is an organization that offers a suite of licenses but not for software. Instead, it targets audio recordings, video recordings, textual works, and so on, not just software programs.

What are some of the recent changes seen in Linux? (Choose all that apply.) A. Improvements in the kernel B. Improvements in support tools C. Creation of new support tools D. Creation of new distributions E. Payment is now required to install Linux.

A, B, C, and D. In the Linux world, constant improvements are being made to the kernel and support tools and new support tools and distributions are being released, so options A, B, C, and D are all correct. Linux is still released under the open source license, which doesn't prohibit charging a fee for Linux, but most Linux distributions are still available free of charge for installing in any environment, making option E incorrect.

Which of the following are considered characters that can be used for regular expression matching rules? (Choose all that apply.) A. * B. [ ] C. > D. ? E. .

A, B, D, E. The *, [ ], ?, and . are all characters that activate regular expression matching rules. Thus, options A, B, D, and E are correct choices. The > character is used for basic redirection, and not for regular expressions, so option C is a wrong choice.

What elements does a Linux distribution bundle that make it unique? Choose all that apply. A. Kernel B. Applications C. User and group accounts D. GNU utilities E. Package management utility

A, B, D, and E. A Linux distribution bundles the Linux kernel, GNU utilities, applications, and a package management utility to make it unique, so options A, B, D, and E are all correct. User and group accounts are somewhat standard across Linux systems based on the software packages installed, not on the distribution, so option C is incorrect.

Which of the following commands allow you to search the man pages for the keyword copy? (Choose all that apply.) A. apropos copy B. man -k copy C. whereis copy D. whatis copy E. locate copy

A, B, D. The apropos, man -k, and whatis commands can all be used to search the man pages for the keyword copy. Therefore, options A, B, and D are correct answers. The whereis program searches for files in a restricted set of locations instead of keywords within the man pages, so option C is a wrong answer. The locate command also searches for files, but it uses a database—it does not search for keywords within the man pages. Therefore, option E is also an incorrect choice.

Which of the following are text editors you can use at the command line on a text-based tty terminal? (Choose all that apply.) A. vi B. nano C. gedit D. Kate E. emacs

A, B, E. The vi, nano, and emacs editor are all text editors you can use at the command line on a text-based terminal such as tty3. Therefore, options A, B, and E are the correct answers. The gedit and Kate editors are GUI-only editors and cannot be used on a text- based terminal. Therefore, options C and D are incorrect choices.

What are the three common categories for Linux systems? A. Embedded B. Graphical C. Desktop D. Industrial E. Server

A, C, and E. Linux systems are commonly used in embedded systems, as desktop worksta- tions, and in server environments, so options A, C, and E are correct. Linux systems can use a graphical desktop in either a desktop or server environment, but graphical is not a category of Linux systems, so option B is incorrect. Linux can be used as either a desktop, embedded system, or server in an industrial environment, but industrial is not a category, making option D incorrect.

Which of the following are software suites that allow you to set up a private cloud using Linux? (Choose all that apply.) A. Nextcloud B. Zoho C. ownCloud D. Castero E. Kdenlive

A, C. Nextcloud and ownCloud are both software suites that allow you to set up a private cloud using Linux, so options A and C are correct answers. Zoho is a cloud-based office productivity suite but does not allow you to set up a private cloud, so option B is a wrong answer. Castero is a text-based podcast client that is available on Linux, but it does not pro- vide the ability to configure a private cloud, making option D incorrect. Kdenlive is another useful Linux application (you can use it to perform video editing), but it is not involved with the cloud. Thus, option E is also an incorrect choice.

If your Linux server doesn't have a graphical desktop installed, what two tools could you use to configure network settings from the command line? A. nmcli B. iwconfig C. ip D. netstat E. ping

A, C. The nmcli and the ip commands both allow you to set and change network settings from the command line, so options A and C are both correct. The iwconfig command only sets wireless network information, so option B is incorrect. The netstat command displays open ports—it doesn't change any network settings—so option D is incorrect. The ping command sends ICMP packets to remote hosts for testing—it also doesn't set any network settings—so option E is also incorrect.

What command(s) display(s) information about the CPU that your Linux system is running on? (Choose all that apply.) A. uname -a B. lsusb C. lspci D. lscpu E. man cpu

A, D. The uname command with the -a option displays information about the host system, including the architecture the kernel was built for, which gives you a clue as to the CPU. The lscpu command provides detailed information about the CPU. Thus, both options A and D are correct. The lsusb command provides information about USB devices con- nected to the system, not the CPU, so option B is incorrect. Likewise, the lspci command provides information about PCI devices connected to the system, not the CPU, so option C is incorrect. The man command provides information about system and application com- mands, not about the CPU hardware, so option E is incorrect.

Which wildcard character matches any character or set of characters? A. * B. ? C. [ ] D. _ E. -

A. The asterisk (*) wildcard character matches none, one, or a set of characters in file- name globbing, so option A is correct. The question mark (?) matches only one character in filename globbing, not a set of characters, so option B is incorrect. The square brackets ([ ]) match only one character within a set of characters, not the entire set of characters, so option C is incorrect. The underscore (_) and dash(-) characters are not valid wildcard characters used in file name globbing, so options D and E are both incorrect.

What variable can you use to view the exit status of a script after it completes? A. $? B. $0 C. $1 D. $PATH E. $exit

A. The special $? variable contains the exit status of the last statement in the shell script, or the result of the exit statement if the shell script ends with that, so option A is correct. The $0 variable contains the name of the shell script, not the exit status, so option B is incorrect. The $1 variable contains the first parameter specified on the command line when the shell script is launched, not the exit status, so option C is incorrect. The $PATH environment variable specifies a list of directories the Linux system should search to find executable files, not the exit status of a shell script, so option D is incorrect. The $exit variable is a user variable that you can define either locally in a script or globally in a shell, but it has no special meaning in shell scripts, so option E is incorrect.

What graphical interfaces does Linux support? (Choose all that apply.) A. macOS B. GNOME C. KDE Plasma D. Metro E. Cinnamon

B, C, and E. Linux supports the GNOME, KDE Plasma, and Cinnamon graphical inter faces, so options B, C, and E are correct. Linux does not support the proprietary macOS or Metro environments, so options A and D are incorrect.

What commands could you use to see if the MySQL database server is currently running on your system? (Choose all that apply.) A. ls B. ps C. top D. free E. yum

B, C. Programs running on the Linux system are called processes. The ps command allows you to display a snapshot of running processes, and the top command produces a real-time display of running processes, so options B and C are correct. The ls command displays files and directories, not running processes, so option A is incorrect. The free command dis- plays memory usage, so option D is incorrect. The yum command is a package management tool used for installing and removing software packages, so option E is incorrect.

Which commands can you use to change the group a file is assigned to? (Choose all that apply.) A. chmod B. chgrp C. chage D. chown E. groupadd

B, D. You can use either the chgrp or chown command-line command to assign a new primary group to a file or directory, making options B and D correct. The chmod command assigns permissions to a file, not the group, so option A is incorrect. The chage command changes the password options for a user account, not the group of a file, so option C is incorrect. The groupadd command adds a new group to the system and does not change the group assigned to a file, so option E is incorrect.

The first line of a shell script is #!/bin/bash. What does that mean? A. The script won't run on most Linux systems. B. The script requires the Bash shell to run. C. The script requires the C shell to run. D. The script will run on Unix systems. E. The script can be run without specifying the full pathname to the script file.

B. The shebang command specifies the shell that the Linux system should use to process the script. The /bin/bash path indicates to use the Bash shell, so option B is correct. The Bash shell is the default shell on most Linux systems, so this script should run on most Linux systems, making option A incorrect. The C shell is specified using either /bin/csh or /bin/tcsh, depending on which C shell your Linux system uses, so option C is incorrect. Most Unix systems don't support the Bashshell, so option D is incorrect. The she bang specifies the path to the shell, not to the script file, so option E is incorrect.

Which of the following typically holds user account passwords on a modern Linux distribution? A. /etc/passwd B. /bin/bash C. /etc/shadow D. /etc/group E. /sbin/nologin

C. On modern Linux distributions, the /etc/shadow file typically holds user account passwords, so option C is the correct answer. Although many years ago the /etc/passwd file held the user account passwords, it does not (and should not) due to file permissions, so option A is incorrect. The /bin/bash is a shell program, not an account file, and is typically the default shell assigned to regular user accounts. Thus, option B is also incorrect. The /etc/group file contains group information as well as which user accounts belong to the various groups, so option D is a wrong choice. The /sbin/nologin is a program (not an account file) that helps to prevent system accounts from logging into the system. Therefore, option E is incorrect.

What command-line command displays the overall memory usage on your Linux system? A. ps B. top C. free D. ls E. yum

C. The free program displays the current memory usage on the Linux system, including memory in-use, free memory, and swap space, so option C is correct. The ps and top commands display information about the processes running on the system, and they can display information about process memory usage but not the overall memory usage on the Linux system, so options A and B are incorrect. The ls command displays file and directory information, so option D is incorrect. The yum program is a package management tool that allows you to install and remove software packages, so option E is incorrect.

When you create a new account with the useradd utility, if you did not set a password with an option the account will be locked. What command should you use with super user privleges to unlock it? A. usermod -u username B. password username C. passwd username D. useradd -p password username E. unlock username

C. The passwd username command in option C will allow you to set a password for the passwd username account, effectively unlocking it. Therefore, option C is the correct answer. The usermod -u command modifies an account's UID but does not unlock it, so option A is a wrong answer. The password command in option B is does not exist and is therefore incorrect. If you had used the useradd -p password username command in option D to create the account (not recommended for security reasons), then the account would not be locked. However, you cannot reissue the useradd command for a preexisting account, so option D is a wrong choice. There is no standard command called unlock, so option E is also incorrect.

What tool allows you to send ICMP messages to a remote host to test network connectivity? A. netstat B. ifconfig C. ping D. iwconfig E. ss

C. The ping command sends ICMP packets to a specified remote host and waits for a response, making option C the correct answer. The netstat command displays statistics about the network interface, so option A is incorrect. The ifconfig command displays or sets network information but doesn't send ICMP packets, making option B incorrect. The iwconfig command displays or sets wireless network information but doesn't handle ICMP packets, making option D incorrect. The ss command displays information about open connections and ports on the system, so option E is also incorrect.

What type of files are typically stored in the /usr folder? A. User data files B. Configuration files C. Critical system files D. Noncritical system program and data files E. Program library files

D. Linux installs noncritical applications, such as word processors and browsers, in the /usr directory, so option D is correct. User data files are normally stored in each user's home directory, located in the /home directory structure, so option A is incorrect. Most Linux applications store their configuration files in the /etc directory, so option B is incor- rect. Linux installs critical applications in either the /bin directory for user utilities or the /sbin directory for administrator programs, so option C is incorrect. In Linux, program library files are stored within the /lib directory structure, so option E is incorrect.

A(n) account is one that most common users have as their account type. A. home B. system C. administrative D. standard E. root

D. Most common users have an account type of standard, so option D is the correct answer. There is no account type of home, so option A is incorrect. A system account is one that is used by daemons, but not common users, so option B is a wrong choice. The administrative account is not for common users, nor is the root account, because they use super user privileges to perform duties such as installing software or changing other accounts' passwords, so options C and E are also incorrect.

Which is the current version of the original ext filesystem? A.extfs B.ext2fs C.ext3fs D.ext4fs E.btrfs

D. The ext filesystem is currently at version 4, which is called ext4fs, so option D is correct. The original extfs filesystem is no longer supported, so option A is incorrect. The ext2fs and ext3fs filesystems are still supported and can be used if needed, but they are not recommended for new Linux installations, so options B and C are incorrect. The btrfs filesystem is not part of the extfs family but instead a new type of filesystem, so option E is incorrect.

What command would you use to make the file myfile.txt a hidden file? A. chmod 755 myfile.txt B. mv myfile.txt ~myfile.txt C. cp myfile.txt ./myfile.txt D. mv .myfile.txt myfile.txt E. mv myfile.txt .myfile.txt

E. Linux uses a leading period in filenames to indicate hidden files. To change the name of a file, you use the mv command, thus making option E correct. The chmod and cp com- mands don't change the name of a file, so options A and C are incorrect. The mv command lists the original filename first and the new filename second, so option D is incorrect. Since Linux uses a period to indicate hidden files, option B is incorrect.

Which tar option is used to compress the archive into a tarball using xz compression? A.-X B. -j C. -z D.-v E.-J

E. The tar option to compress the archive into a tarball using xz compression is -J, so option E is the correct answer. The -X option has a name of a file passed to it as an argu- ment. That file contains filenames to be excluded from the archive, so option A is a wrong answer. The -j option is for using bzip2 compression, so option B is also an incorrect answer. The -z option is for using gzip compression. Thus, option C is an incorrect choice. The -v option instructs the tar command to produce verbose output (show what files are being archived). Therefore, option D is also an incorrect choice.

True or false: The Free Software Foundation (FSF) advocates free software, which means they believe you should not have to pay money for software.

False. The FSF does advocate free software, but it defines it in terms of freedom to do things you want to do with the software, not the price of the software.

True or false: The dpkg and rpm package management utilities are both low-level tools.

True. The dpkg and rpm package management utilities are both low-level tools, and they are limited in what functions they can perform for maintaining software packages. It's typically better to use a higher-level utility, such as yum or apt-get, depending on your Linux distribution.

True or false: When working in a terminal, the shell prompt often ends in either a dollar sign or a greater-than symbol for ordinary users.

True. Typically, when working in a terminal, for regular users (users who are not logged into the root account) the default shell prompt ends in either in a dollar sign ($) or a greater-than symbol (>).

True or false: When a user account is created, it is automatically assigned a primary group.

True. When a user account is created, it is automatically assigned a primary group that typically has the same name as the account's username.