MCAT Round #2: Psych/Soc (TPR Glossary)

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

observational learning

(or vicarious, social learning) a type of learning that occurs when a person watches another person's behavior and its consequences, thereby learning rules, strategies, and expected outcomes in different situations

psychomotor stimulants

-amphetamines, cocaine MDMA, cathinones (methylone/mephredrone) -generally act as dopamine agonists

agoraphobia

-an abnormal fear of open or public places

properties of an ideal extraction solvent?

-dissolves compound to be extracted -volatile -immiscible (only weakly miscible with matrix solvents)

oligodendrocytes

-found in the CNS -is a type of glial cell -can myelinate multiple neurons

baby boomers

-generation born between approx. 1946 to 1964 -main sociohistorical factor that explains the projection in the passage about the increasing share of population over 65 years of age

representative heuristic

-how representative something seems to be of a category (e.g., how likely is a woman to be a librarian based on how similar she seems to the idea one has of a typical librarian)

incentive vs. drive reduction theory

-incentive is external -drive reduction is internal

social cognitive theory

-individuals learn behavior through observing others

GABA

-inhibitory neurotransmitter -related to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

criterion validity

idea that a test should correlate with other measures of the same theoretical construct

interposition

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

acetylcholinesterase

the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft

medulla oblongata

the portion of the hindbrain that controls respiratory rate and blood pressure and specialized digestive and respiratory functions such as vomiting, sneezing, and coughing

self-serving bias

the tendency to attribute our success to ourself and our failures to others and the external environment

soma

the cell body of a neuron

demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.

cornea

the clear portion of the tough outer layer of the eyeball, found over the iris and the pupil

impression management or self-presention

the conscious or unconscious process whereby people attempt to manage their own images by influencing the perceptions of others; this is achieved by controlling the amount of type of information or the social interaction

cochlea

the curled structure in the inner ear that contains the membranes and hair cells used to transduce sound waves into action potentials

choroid

the darkly-pigmented middle layer of the eyeball, found between the sclera (outer layer) and the retina (inner layer)

face validity

the degree to which a procedure, especially a psychological test or assessment, appears effective in terms of its stated aims to a casual observer, the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to the test participants

identity formation (individuation)

the development of a distinct individual personality

negative feedback

a biological process that works by maintaining stability or homeostasis; a system produces a result which feeds back to stop the system and maintain the result within tightly controlled bounds

corresponding bias

the tendency to blame other people's behaviors on their dispositions instead of the situation

case study

a descriptive analysis of an individual, group, or an event, which does not involve various experimental groups. A process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time

dual coding hypothesis

a hypothesis that it is easier to remember words with associated images than either words or images alone

attitude

a person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around him, and his behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations

mood

a person's sustained internal emotion that colors his/her view of life

affect

a person's visible emotion in the moment

multiculturalism

a perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions; it promotes the idea of cultures coming together in a true melting pot, rather that in a hierarchy; also called pluralism

groupthink

a phenomenon where within a group, the desire for harmony or conformity results in an easy consensus even if the final decision is not the best one

iris

a pigmented membrane found just in front of the lens of the eye, in the center of it is the pupil: a hole though which light enters the eyeball; it regulated the diameter of the pupil in response to the brightness of the light

exogamy

a requirement to marry outside a particular group, with it being the norm in almost all cultures to prohibit sexual relationships between certain relatives

decoy

a research technique often used as part of deception, generally to intentionally mislead or confuse participants

primacy effect

a tendency to better recall the first items on a list

overconfidence

an overestimation of the accuracy of one's knowledge and judgments

secondary reinforcers

conditioned reinforcers that are learned through their direct/indirect relationship with primary reinforcers; e.g. money: it is not innately rewarding, but we have learned that it can provide access to primary reinforcers

Stanley Milgram

conducted research on obedience where he asked subjects to administer a shock to what they thought was another subject (but was just an actor) and he monitored the degree of subjects' compliances or obedience

monoamine hypothesis

depression is caused by insufficient levels of monoamine neurotransmitters

Jean Piaget

developmental psychologist who formulated a 4 stage theory of development for children

practiced effects

enhanced performance as a function of repeated testing

GABA vs. Glycine

-both are inhibitors but GABA is THE PRIMARY inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS

dissociative amnesia linked to

-linked to removal of unpleasant memories

Agraphia

Inability to write

social dysfunction

a process that has undesirable consequences, and may actually reduce the stability of society

what is a characteristic of personality disorders

are seen to be relatively stable and thus a part of an individual's "personality."

dyssomnias

broad category of disorders involving abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. Includes insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

arousal

the degree to which an emotion or experience is being activated or deactivated

personality

the nuanced and complex individual patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior associated with each person

midbrain

the portion of the brain responsible for visual and auditory startle reflexes

avoidance learning

the process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present

language acquisition

the process by which the infants learn to understand and speak their native languagek

peripheral route

cognitive route of persuasion that involves more superficial or secondary characteristics of an argument or an orator

Carl Rogers

considered the founder of the humanistic psychology perspective, Carl Rogers pioneered the person-centered approach to therapy

Phineas Gage

famous case of a man who suffered damage to his prefrontal cortex after a railroad tie blasted through his head. His symptoms due to damage to this area included: impulsivity, an inability to stick to plans, an inability to demonstrate empathy

phenomenological research study

focuses on subject elements of an experience by trying to understand individual's perceptions, perspectives, and understanding of a particular situation or event

hypochondriac aka

illness anxiety disorder

reciprocal determinism

is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

heuristics

mental shortcuts used for problem solving, using these sometimes sacrifices accuracy for speed

quantitative method

method that is statistically or mathematically based

aggregate

people who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

fundamentalists

people who observe strict adherence to religious beliefs

hair cells

sensory receptors found in the inner ear, cochlear hair cells respond to vibrations in the cochlea caused by sound waves, and vestibular hair cells respond to changes in position and acceleration used for balance

volley theory

sets of neurons fire at highest rate slightly out of sync

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the individual experiences periodic overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods that usually last less than 5 min

sleep apnea

sleep disorder in which the individual intermittently stops breathing during sleep and may wake up gasping for breath

depression prevalence

10%

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

stimulants

TCA (tobacco, cocaine, amphetamine)

habit

action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic

conscientiousness

organized, careful, disciplined

social cues

verbal/nonverbal hints guide social interactions

mores vs folkways

- Mores refer to norms in society that are related to morals. Unprofessional and unethical behavior violates standards for moral behavior. When mores are violated, people typically disapprove, but legal action is not taken. -Folkways are norms that guide everyday behavior, like saying "please" and "thank you" or holding the door open for a person behind you. There usually are no consequences for violating folkways

motion parallax

- things that are closer seem to move faster -nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance

parapraxis

-a Freudian slip of the tongue, or unintended action, which might reveal a hidden thought

NMDA receptors

-a subtype of glutamate receptors

what is a high score on neuroticism scale?

-means the person is temperamental and emotional

Approximately what percentage of the general population suffers from schizophrenia?

1% (one of the least common)

anxiety prevalence

18%

semicircular canals

3 loop-like structures in the inner ear that contain sensory receptors to monitor balance

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

6 identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning which form the basis of ethical behavior, the pre-conventional (level 1) contains the first stage (obedience and punishment orientation and second stage (self-interest orientation)), the conventional (level 2) contains the third stage (interpersonal accord and conformity) and fourth stage (authority and social-order maintaining orientation) the post-convential (level 3) contains the 5th stage (social contract orientation) and 6th stage (universal ethical principles)

cross sequential

A cross-sequential study combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs in a research study

single payer plan

A health care reform proposal in which the financing of health care is in the government's hands.

feature detection theory

A theory of visual perception that proposes that certain neurons fire for individual and specific features of a visual stimulus such as shape, color, line, movements, etc.

Gestalt psychology

A theory that the brain processes information in a holistic manner, especially for visual information, the brain tends to make assumptions in order to detect the whole, instead of serially processing all of the individual parts.

Sigmund Freud

An Australian neurologist who is considered the founding father of psychoanalytic theory

gynocentricism

An ideological focus on females, and issues affecting them, possibly to the detriment of non-females

anxiety disorder

Anxiety is an emotional state of unpleasant physical and mental arousal; a preparation to fight or flee. In a person with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety is intense, frequent, irrational (out of proportion), and uncontrollable; it causes significant distress or impairment of normal functioning

Multiple sclerosis

Autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination in the CNS

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL...

CAUSATION!!!

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

a strategy that involves enticing people to take small actions, and then gradually asking for larger and larger commitment

phobia

a strong unreasonable fear that almost always causes general anxiety of a full panic attack

concrete operational stage

Piaget's third stage of his developmental theory where children aged 7 to 11 learn to think logically and learn the principle of conservation as well as mathematical concepts

which psychological disorder is most prevalent among the general population of the United States?

Depression!-- is the most widely reported psychological disorder and is by far the most common reason that ppl seek help from mental health professionals

Easterners vs. Westerners

Eastern subjects are more likely than western subjects to favor situational attributions over dispositional attributions

humanistic-existential

Existential humanism is humanism that validates the human subject as struggling for self-knowledge and self-responsibility

Mary Ainsworth

Famous for her "strange situation experiments" where mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how they would react. Studies suggested a distinction between securely attached infants and insecurely attached infants

how to determine heritability using concordance rates?

Heritability = 2 *(MZ - DZ); MZ is monozygotic and DZ is dizygotic

filter model

Model of selective attention that suggests that information from a sensory buffer is put through a filter that allows only selected inputs through (Broadbent)

preoperational stage

Piaget's second stage in his developmental theory from ages 2-7; during this stage, children learn pretend play and the idea that a symbol can represent something else, they remain egocentric in this stage

it is estimated that approximately 3.5% of adults in US suffer from what?

PTSD

formal operation stage

Piaget's 4th stage of his developmental theory, from age 12-adulthood. During this stage, people learn abstract and moral reasoning

affirmative action

Policies that take factors like race or sex into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups in admissions or job hiring decisions; these policies have been used to benefit those believed to be current or past victims of discrimination

altruism

a behavior that helps ensure the success of survival of the rest of a social group, possibly at the expense of the success or survival of the indivudal

steroe blindness

Stereo blindness is the inability to use retinal disparity as a cue for seeing depth; these persons must rely instead on pictorial or monocular cues

true or false: control groups are only used in experimental design

TRUE

true or false: episodic memory (according to Tulving) stores personally experienced episodes with tags for context and time

TRUE!

true or false: correlation studies do not have independent and dependent variables

TRUE!! and don't you forget it!

internal locus of control

the belief of an individual that she is able to influence outcomes through her own efforts and actions

Gambler's fallacy

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.

main effect

The effect of one variable on another without any other variables or subgroups involvement.

genital stage

The fifth of Freud's 5 psychosexual stages, this stage begins in adolescence when sexual themes resurface and a person's life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers

genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

adrenal medulla

The inner region of the adrenal gland, the adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system and releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream when stimulated. Epinephrine and norepinephrine prolong and enhance the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the body

fecundity

The potential reproductive capacity of a female in a population

what is a type 2 error?

a "false negative" answer

what is a type 1 error?

a "false positive" error

pheromone

a chemical signal that causes a social response in members of the same species

ganglion

a clump of grey matter (unmyelinated neuron cell bodies) found in the PNS

personal identity

a distinct sense of self including personally defined attributes

ecclesia

a dominant religious organization that includes most members of society, is recognized as the national or official religion, and tolerates no other religions

out-group

a group that an individual does not belong to

conditioned response

a previously unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus that becomes a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

culture

a shared way of life, including the beliefs and practices that a social group shares

deviance

a violation of society's standards of conduct or expectations

sensitization

an increase in the strength of a response with repeated presentation of a stimulus

ostrich effect

an individual avoiding an apparently risky financial situation by pretending it does not exist; not a social effect

ritualism

abandon's societies goals but lives by societies ways -ex.) "elections are rigged" yet the crowd who still go to polls to vote?

parasomnia

abnormal behaviors during sleep including somnambulism (sleepwalking) and night terrors; usually occur during stage 3 or slow wave sleep

psychosexual stages

acc. to Freud's psychoanalytical theory, individuals progress through 5 psychosexual stages, one corresponding to the part of the body that is the focus of sensual pleasure; the 5 stages are: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stages, the latent stage, and the genital stage

psychological fixation

acc. to Freud, adult personality is largely determined during the first 3 psychosexual stages; if parents either frustrate or overindulge the child's expression of sensual pleasure at a certain stage so that the child does not resolve that stage's developmental conflicts, the child becomes fixated at that stage and will, as an adult, continue to seek sensual pleasure through behaviors related to that stage

psychoanalytic theory

acc. to this theory, personality is shaped by a person's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. the classical version of this theory was developed by Sigmund Freud

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

two factor theory

aka Singer Schachter theory

Which groups of people are at risk for family or domestic violence? I. women II. children III. elders IV. men

all groups are! women and children are more common victims of domestic or family violence than men

peripheral nervous sytem

all the parts of the NS except for the brain and the spinal cord

amygdala

almond-shaped structure deep within the brain that orchestrates emotional experiences

glycine

also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, utilized in the brain stem and spinal column

operant conditioning

also known as 'instrumental conditioning'; a form of associate learning based on consequences, in which rewards increase the frequency of behaviors associated with them and punishments decrease their frequency

basal nuceli

also known as basal ganglia, these structures in the brain help to smooth coordinated movement by inhibiting excess movement

posterior pituitary gland

also known as the neurohypophysis; it is made up of nervous tissue/neurons and stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH); it is controlled by action potentials from the hypothalamus

sleep latency

amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep

negative afterimage

an afterimage that is seen as the complement of the observed color area

food desert

an area typically in a highly populated, lower income urban environment, where healthy, fresh food is difficult to find

rational choice theory

an economic principle that assumes that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions that provide them with the greatest benefit or satisfaction and that are in their highest self-interest

capitalism

an economic system in which resources and production are mainly privately owned and goods/services are produced for a profit

socialism

an economic system where resources and production are collectively owned; it includes a system of production and distribution designed to satisfy human needs (goods/services are produced for direct use instead of for profit)

priming

an effect of implicit memory whereby exposure to a given stimulus "primes" or prepares the brain to respond to a later stimulus

true experiment method

an empirical research design requiring the use of both experimental and control groups, random assignment of subjects to experimental vs. control groups, and researcher-manipulated variables

manic episode

an experience of an abnormal euphoric, unrestrained, or irritable mood with at least three of the following symptoms: grandiose, exaggerated, or delusional self-esteem, high energy with little need for sleep, increased talkativeness and pressured speech, poor judgement, increase psychomotor and goal-directed activity, and distractibility with flight of ideas or racing thoughts

basic research

attempts to answer theoretical questions or gather new information

reflex

automatic behaviors that occur without thinking

self-consciousness

awareness of oneself

consciousness

awareness of self, internal states, and the environment

primary circular reaction

babies learn to repeat pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance via reflexes

qualitative method

based on narrative or words

social cognitive theory

based on people changing behavior or attitudes based on observation

aggression

behavior that is forceful, hostile, or attacking. In sociology, aggression is considered something that is intended to cause harm or promote social dominance within a group

self-enhancement

behaviors that an individual engages to elicit a more favorable response from others

instinct

behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

selective priming

being predisposed to observe something because it has previously been encountered frequently or is expected

specific real area bias

bias occurs when the sampling for a study occurs at one location, which results in the omission of other populations

procedural bias

bias related to how information is obtained and may occur when researchers put some sort of pressure on subjects to provide responses. By offering monetary compensation of any amount to subjects, researchers used incentive to obtain results, leading to this phenomenon

hypothalamus

brain structure located above the brainstem that is involved in many autonomic processes including body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and sleep; it is also involved in the physiological aspects of emotion including sweating and increased HR

phosphodiesterases

breaks phosphodiester bonds

self-concept (self-identity)

broadly defined as the sum of an individual's knowledge and understanding of his/herself including physical, psychological, and social attributes, which can be influence by the individual's attitudes, habits, beliefs, and ideas; an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others

feminism

can help to explain differences experienced by women and men in any social institution or social situation

discrete variables

can only take certain numerical value and are measured (ex. number of children a couple have)

external locus of control

the belief that once does not have control over outcomes, but they are controlled by outside forces

olfactory receptors

chemoreceptors in the upper nasal cavity that responds to odor chemicals

gustatory receptors

chemoreceptors on the tongue that respond to chemicals in food

avoidant attachment

children exhibiting avoidant attachment show no preference for the caregiver over strangers and may even avoid the caregiver

Sherif's Robber's Cave Experiment

children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably

depressant

class of drugs that depress or slow down neural activity, includes alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates

Emile Durkheim

considered the father of sociology and a major proponent of functionalism, Emile Durkheim was the pioneer of modern social research and established the field of sociology as separate and distinct from psychology and political philosophy

parallel forms reliability

consistency between/among alternate versions of the same instrument; e.g. creating 2 parallel forms of a questionnaire (with difficult questions) and both tests show correlation

material culture

consists of physical objects that are particular to a culture which helps to explain the relationship between artifacts and social relations (e.g. saree in indian culture)

differential association

criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime

fatigue effects

decreased performance as a function of repeated testing

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

disorder characterized by 3 clusters of symptoms: 1) re-experiencing of traumatic events through flashbacks or nightmares 2) hypervigilance of one's surroundings 3) avoidance of situations related to stressful events

hegemony

domination over others

three types of temperamnt are

easy, difficult, and slow to warm up to

emic vs. etic perspective

emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic, from outside (from the perspective of the observer) Emic: assumed that the meaning of behavior can only be defined from within the culture studied (cultural specific) Etic: assumes that the underlying psychological mechanisms are subjectively experienced and are very similar cross culture (universal)

self-schemas

the beliefs and ideas people have about themselves

Histrionic personality disorder

excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Ludwig Gumplowicz

expanded upon Marx' ideas about conflict theory by proposing that society is shaped by war and conquest and that cultural and ethnic conflicts lead to certain groups becoming dominant over other groups

social roles

expectations for people of a given social status

Robber's cave experiment

experiment which showed that even arbitrary group distinctions (camp teams) can cause a bitter rivalry and discrimination, thus demonstrating in-group/out-group biases

Erik Erikson

extended Freud's theory of developmental stages in two ways. He added social and interpersonal factors, to supplement Freud's focus or unconscious conflicts within a person. And he delineated additional developmental stages and conflicts in adolescence and adulthood, to supplement Freud's focus on early childhood. His stages include: trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation (18-40), generativity vs. stagnation (40-65), and integrity vs. despair (old age)

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

type II error

false negative

Type I error

false positive

executive functions

higher order thinking processes that include planning, organizing, inhibition, and decision-making

melatonin

hormone produced by the pineal gland that affects sleep/wake cycles, and seasonal functions

Framing effects example

how you present the decision. Ex. Disease that will kill 600 people, option A is 100% chance exactly 200 people saved, option B 30% chance all 600 saved. Which do you pick? OR A. 100% chance 400 die B. 1/3 chance no one dies and 2/3 chance 600 die.

free will falls under what sociological theory?

humanism--known as personal agency

stroboscopic effect

images in a series of still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving

generalization

in classical conditioning, the process by which stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus also become conditioned stimuli that elicit the conditioned response

acquisition

in classical conditioning, the process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response

extinction

in classical conditioning, the unpairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, accomplished by introducing the conditioned stimulus repeatedly in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

punishment

in operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated; types includes positive and negative punishment

shaping

in operant conditioning, the process of reinforcing intermediate proximal behaviors until a final desired behavior is achieved

confederates

in psychological and social research, a confederate is a person who is working with the experimenter and posing as a part of the experiment, but the subjects are not aware of this affiliation

palmar grasp reflex

in response to stroking a baby's palm, the baby's hand will grasp. This reflex lasts a few months

Babinski reflex

in response to the sole of the foot being stroked, a baby's big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

rooting reflex

in response to touching or stroking on of a baby's cheek, the baby will turn its head in the direction of the stroke and open its mouth to "root" for a nipple

dynamic equilibrium

in sociology, a dynamic equilibrium occurs when complex societies contain many different but interdependent parts working together to maintain stability

church

in sociology, a type of religious organization that is well-integrated into the political and economic structures of society, and attempts to provide an all-encompassing worldview for followers

postganglionic neuron

in the autonomic division of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in an autonomic ganglion (where a pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with it) and whose axon synapses with the target organ

primary appraisal

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

language acquisition device

innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during sensitive developmental years in early childhood as hypothesized by Noam Chomsky

what trait is unique to antisocial personality disorder?

intentional malevolence/sadism

nonverbal communication

involves all of the methods of communication that we use that do not include words

oxytocin

is a hormone that is known to be involved in the social and romantic bonding that occurs between individuals

semi-structure interview

is a qualitative method of inquiry that combines a pre-determined set of open questions (questions that prompt discussion) with the opportunity for the interviewer to explore particular themes or responses further

general anxiety disorder

is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry, that is, apprehensive expectation about events or activities.

quasi-experiment

is an empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its target population without random assignment

lazarus cognitive appraisal theory

is the theory in psych that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people

K complex

large and slow wave with a duration of a half-second that occurs in stage 2 sleep

nonassociative learning

learning that occurs in the absence of associating specific stimuli or events; two types are habituation and sensitization

latent learning

learning this takes place in the absence of any observable behavior to show that it has occurred; this learning can later manifest and be demonstrated as observable behavior when it is required (learning about cancer when your close family member has been diagnosed with it, even though you don't have to study it for a school test)

biofeedback

means of recording and feeding back information about subtle autonomic responses to an individual in an attempt to train the individual to control previously involuntary responses (for example, muscle tension, heart rate, respiratory rate); is a technique you can use to learn to control your body's functions, such as your heart rate. With biofeedback, you're connected to electrical sensors that help you receive information (feedback) about your body (bio). This feedback helps you focus on making subtle changes in your body, such as relaxing certain muscles, to achieve the results you want, such as reducing pain. In essence, biofeedback gives you the power to use your thoughts to control your body, often to improve a health condition or physical performance

modeling

mechanism behind observational learning in which an observer sees a behavior being performed by another person; this model is utilized to allow the observer to later imitate the observer; aka observational learning

explicit (or declarative) memory

memories that can be consciously recalled, such as factual knowledge

semantic memory

memory for factual information

echoic memory

memory for sound, which lasts for about 3-4 seconds

chunking

memory technique in which information to be remembered is organized into discrete groups of data. This clustering allows more information to be remembered overall

attenuation model of selective attention

model of selective attention in which the mind has an attenuator, like a volume knob, that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs, rather than totally eliminating them. Accounts for the cocktail party effect

elaboration likelihood model

model that explains when people may be persuaded by just the content of an argument, and when they may be persuaded by more superficial characteristics such as the appearance of the person delivering the message or the length of the argument

information processing models

models for cognition that assume that information form the environment is processed by our computer-like minds through a series of steps including, attention, perception, and storage into memory

insomnia

most common sleep disorder characterized by difficult falling or staying asleep

One of the study participants reports continuing to smoke in order to avoid the pain and anxiety associated with drug withdrawal. In this scenario, the drug serves as: positive or negative reinforcement?

negative because` the drug has the impact of preventing or removing the painful stimuli associated with withdrawal symptoms, this is a case of negative conditioning, not positive conditioning

out-group bias

negative bias shown against those not in your "in-group"

social exclusion

negative impact of poverty in which low SES individuals are excluded from mainstream society & social benefits. They may also resort to crimes/rebel to meet their basic needs.

feral children

neglected/abandoned children who grow up without without human contact/care. Much of our knowledge about socialization comes from these individuals who were not socialized

mirror neurons

neurons that fire when a particular behavior or emotion is observed in another; may be responsible for vicarious emotions and a foundation for empathy

folkways

norms that are more informal, yet shape everyday behavior (style of dress, ways of greeting, etc.)

penis-envy

occurs during phallic stage (the third of Freud's 5 psychosexual stages) when a female realizes she does not have a penis

role-strain

occurs when a single status results in conflicting expectation, e.g. a homosexual man may feel pressure to avoid being "too gay" and also "not gay enough"

generlization

occurs when a specific stimulus comes to be paired with similar stimuli

amalgamation

occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

retrograde amnesia

occurs when one is unable to recall information that was previously encoded

self-reporting bias

occurs when subjects skew their responses often to impress/appease researchers

role conflict

occurs when there is a conflict in the society-s expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person, e.g. 'male' and 'nurse'

sleep cycle

one of these consists of the progression through sleep stages 1-4 in sequence followed by an ascension from 1-->2-->3-->2-->REM sleep; typically takes about 90 min

self-esteem

one's overall self-evaluation of one's self-worth

coercive organizations

organization in which members do not have a choice in joining

cultural universals

patterns or traits that are common to all people; cultural universals tend to pertain to basic human survival and needs, such as securing good and shelter, and also pertain to events that every human experiences, including birth, death, and illness

category

people who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise tied together as a group

cocktail party effect

phenomenon of information of personal importance from previously unattended channels "catching" one's attention

cones

photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that respond to bright light and provide color vision

rods

photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that respond to dim light and provide us with black and white vision

classical conditioning

process in which two stimuli are paired in a way that changes a response to one of them

social identity theory

posits that a person's sense of self-identity is derived from the group to which they belong

racism

prejudices and discriminatory actions that are based on race (or ethnicity), or hold that one race/ethnicity is inferior to another

group pressure (peer pressure)

pressure exerted by a group that causes one to change behaviors, values, attitudes, or beliefs

meaningful encoding principle

principle that states that experts use prior knowledge in the encoding of new domain-specific information

associative learning

process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Two general categories include classical and operant conditioning

stigma extension

refers to a tendency to impute limitations to a person's abilities beyond those of the disability itself.

validity

refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure

epistemic authority

refers to situations in which only people with certain kinds of experience can claim privileged knowledge about what it is like to have that experience

social facilitation

refers to the beneficial effect that being in the presence of others has on the performance of well-learned tasks

intragenerational mobility

refers to the changes in someone's social mobility throughout the course of his or her lifetime

prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future

ethnographic research

research method that involves spending extensive time among the people being studied

social recipricity

responding to a kind or generous action with another kind or generous action

reliable

results must be replicable; repeated

recognition

retrieving information from memory with the use of cues such as a multiple choice format

recall

retrieving information from memory; free _____ involves retrieval without any cues, whereas cued _____ prompts retrieval with a cue

positive reinforcement

reward immediately following a behavior; tends to increase the frequency of that behavior; e.g. praise

sanctions

rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

role strain vs. role conflict

role strain = tension among the roles connected to a single status (an athlete wants to be the best on the team but doesn't want to make teammates look bad) role conflict = conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses (ex. a student employee--has a test the same time he/she has to work a shift)

comparative psychology

scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals

applied research

scientific study that aims to answer/solve practical problems

ethnographic methods

systematic observation of a complete social environment

displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

strain theory

social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime

resource model of attention

states that attention is a limited resource if multiple tasks do not exceed this limit, they can be done simultaneously; if they do, then they interfere with each other and are difficult to do simultaneously

sweating is controlled by which nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system but is still dependent on acetylcholine--is an exception

nucleus accumbens

structure located in the brainstem and part of the dopaminergic reward pathway; releases dopamine in response to many drugs contributing to addictive behavior

hypnotism

structured social interaction in which an individual is instructed to focus attention a particular way, relax, and let go, individuals that have gone through this may be more susceptible to accepting suggestions

reticular formation (aka reticular activating system or RAS)

structures in the brainstem that are important for alertness and arousal as in wakefulness

behavioral genetics

study the role of inheritance in interacting with experience to determine an individual's personality and behaviors

normative pressure

subtype of conformity pressure in which the individual knows the others are incorrect but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group

termperament vs. personality

temperament is inherited whereas personality is acquired

acquiescence bias

tendency to agree with most statements

pareidolia

tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli

ossicles

the 3 small bones found in the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) that help to amplify the vibrations from the sound waves; the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and the stapes is attached to the oval window of the cochlea

social cognition

the ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

divided attention

the ability to focus on multiple tasks simultaneously

empathy

the ability to identify with others' emotions

social mobility

the ability to move up or down within the social stratification system

basilar membrane

the flexible membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti (the structure that contains the hearing receptors). The fibers of the basilar membrane are short and stiff near the oval window and long and flexible near the apex of the cochlea. This difference in structure helps the basilar membrane to transduce pitch

oval window

the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

depolarization

the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from the resting potential to a more positive membrane potential

optic nerve

the nerve extending from the back of the eyeball to the brain that carries visual information; it is made up of the axons of the ganglion cells of the retina

norepinephrine (NE)

the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system at the post-ganglionic organ-level (synapse)

cultural capital

the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility

phenotype

the observable characteristics and traits of an organism

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

integrative reminiscence

the process by which older people may take stock of their lives and come to terms with previously unresolved conflicts

Sapire-Whorf hypothesis

this hypothesis asserts that people understands their world through language and that language in turn shapes how people experience their world

halo effect

type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about his or her character

innovation

type of deviance that results from using rejected, unconventional means, rather than accepted, conventional means, to achieve a culturally approved goal

information about the amino acid content of food is communicated through which taste sensation?

umami

discrimination

unjust treatment of a group, based on group characteristics (such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, disability)

grey matter

unmyelinated neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons

environmental injustice

when people in poorer communities are more likely to be subjected to negative environmental impacts to their health and well-being

justification of effort

when people modify their attitudes to match their behaviors, specifically those involving effort

retreatism

when someone rejects both the conventional means as well as the cultural goals and drops out of society

self-fulfilling prophecy

when stereotypes lead a person to behave in such a way as to affirm the original stereotypes

normative social influence

when the motivation for compliance is a desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection

nested effect

when there is an effect that occurs within another variable

fundamental attribution error

when we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person's character or personality on their behavior

conjunction fallacy

which means co- occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one (ex. Feminist bank teller vs. bank teller - actually more likely she's just a bank teller, but people tend to think the probability of 2 events occurring together is higher than the probability of one alone)

person-situation controversy

(also known as trait-vs-state controversy) this controversy stems from a disagreement about the degree to which a person's reaction in a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to a situation itself (state)

reporting bias

(epidemiology) selective revealing/suppression of info by subjects, e.g. about past medical history, smoking, sexual experiences

psychoticism

-"psychoticism" component of the Eysenck's personality theory describes persons with extreme stubbornness and non-conformity

normal distribution

-1 SD away captures about 68% -2 SD away is about 95%

In order to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, an individual must present the requisite number of symptoms for at least:

-2 weeks

A person suffering from insomnia would receive the greatest short-term benefit from which type of therapy?

-CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) -Cognitive-behavioral therapy would be the most beneficial to someone who is suffering from insomnia, as this form of therapy is a short-term therapy that focuses on helping clients deal with a specific problem, such as insomnia, smoking cessation, or weight loss--during this form of therapy, clients learn how to identify and change patterns that negatively influence behavior

cross sectional vs. longitudinal

-CS = taking/measuring at one time point (only once) -longitudinal = measuring over a period of time (usually at least 3 months)

7 universal emotions

-FADHSS and contempt/joy -fear, anger, disgust, happy, sad, surprise

general adaptation syndrome

-GAS is a model of the body's stress response that consist of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion -an individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after the individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time

deductive vs. inductive

-Inductive reasoning uses a very small set of observations as the basis for forming a statement about a larger set of premises or conclusions -deductive reasoning is roughly the inverse of inductive reasoning; it uses a broader or more general premise to draw conclusions about narrower, more specific examples

Merton's Innovators

-Innovators accept the goal of society but have created "new," illegitimate ways of achieving these goals, such as theft and/or drug dealing. Merton proposed that this is more likely to occur within the lower classes or any disadvantaged group within society

vertical mobility vs. intragenerational mobility

-Intragenerational mobility is a general term that encompasses both horizontal and vertical mobility

Korsakoff's syndrome

-Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by profound memory disruption and is often associated with excessive use of alcohol

Marx vs. Weber (sociologists)

-Marx = believed that conflict theory was based on economic imbalance between owners and the proletariat -Weber = extended the definition to other situations (ex. social, emotional)

proximal vs. distal stimulus

-Proximal stimulus is the stimulation that actually occurs when your sensory receptors are activated... the neural activity. -Distal stimulus is the actual stimulus or object in the real world that you end up sensing and then perceiving, which results in the proximal stimulus.

Merton's Rebels

-Rebels reject the goals of society because they want to replace them with new ones. They want to cause a revolution and create a better society for all. Examples include hippies, violent demonstrators, and eco-terrorists

divided vs. selective attention

-Selective attention: The ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli. -Divided attention: This is the highest level of attention and it refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.

symbolic interactionist perspective

-Symbolist interactionism is a micro-level perspective where symbols or labels are given meaning by people and can influence their behavior -Whenever you see symbolic interactionism, look out for symbols or labels and influenced behavior. Like if you go to a store and see a guy wearing a NIKE sweatshirt, you might think he likes outdoor sports more than a guy that wears a CHESS sweatshirt. There's some labeling / meaning / attachment that this theory focuses on

CBT

-Take bad thoughts and replace them with better/correct ones -is focused on enhancing strategies for addressing problems -also designed to typically requite fewer sessions than other forms of behavioral therapy

reference group

-a group that serves as a standard measure that people compare themselves to, such as a peer group -group of people from an individual learns behavior

intrusion errors

-a memory error in which one recalls elements that were not part of the original episode -mostly due to the reconstructiveness of memory

disorganized attachment

-a mixture of erratic or unclear attachment behaviors are exhibited by the child--these children often appear confused or dazed in the presence of their caregivers

stimulus motive

-a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an inc. in stimulation, such as curiosity -motives not necessary for survival

dopamine

-a neurotransmitter associated with motivation and motor function -excessive levels of dopamine activity have been linked to symptoms of schizophrenia

systematic desensitization

-a process that relies on the principles of associative learning/classical conditioning (behaviorist) -aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning

paranoid personality disorder

-a psychological disorder characterized by mistrust and misinterpretation of others motives and actions and suspicion of harm/betrayal -part of a class of disorders called the Cluster A Personality Disorders, all of which are characterized by odd or eccentric ways of thinking

secure attachment

-a style of relating to others that forms when an infant has caregivers who are sensitive and responsive to needs, in Ainsworth's experiments, securely attached infants were found to be willing to explore surroundings in the presence of the mother; they were upset, but consolable when the mother left and then returned to the room -children exhibiting this attachment style prefer their primary caregiver, but can be comforted by strangers

parallel processing

-a system whereby many aspects of a stimulus are processes simultaneously instead of in a step-by-step or serial fashion. e.g. visual processing in the brain -

confirmation bias

-a tendency to search only for information that confirms a preconceived conclusion -associated with search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence and also has been found to be stronger for emotionally charged topics

conflict theory

-a theory that views society as being in competition for limited resources. According to conflict theory, society is a place where there will be inequality in resources, therefore individuals will compete for social, political, and material resources like money, land, power, and leisure -focused on social control and social inequality

electroconvulsive therapy

-a treatment in which low level electric current is passed through the brain -is a procedure, performed under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. This treatment is rarely employed, and only after other therapeutic options have been exhausted; treats severe depression

participant observation

-a type of descriptive study in which the researcher is actively involved in the situation - Participant observation requires the researcher to directly participate in the social phenomena being studied

self-actualization (actualizing tendency)

-according to humanistic psychology, individuals have an innate drive to maintain and enhance themselves or realize their human potential as long as no obstacle intervenes; self fulfillment

tactful blindness

-actively ignoring face threatening behavior (sounds, smells) -is a term used by sociologist Erving Goffman to explain how individuals purposefully ignore mistakes or blunders in the interaction process, especially those that would threaten an individual's face. In sociology, the term "face" refers to a mask maintained by individuals that mirrors how they want to be perceived by others in a variety of social spaces. People strive to maintain the face they have created, and are emotionally attached to its maintenance

antidepressants

-acts as agonists for norepinephrine and serotonin -agent that works against depression

adaptive coping vs. maladaptive coping strategies

-adaptive = reduce stress -maladaptive = increase stress

Mead's theory on self

-agents of socialization create expectations that become part of the "me", which is the social self, but must be approved by the "I", the more creative and independent self

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

-aka Lou Gehrig's disease, is a fatal disease process in which nerves that control voluntary muscles degenerate

fMRI

-aka functional MRI, measures blood flow to certain areas of the body -provides info as to which areas are most activated by showing which receive the most blood -tells us about structure and function (activity) of brain

social proof

-aka informational social influence is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation -occurs when situation is ambiguous

narcotics

-aka opiates and opioids -heroin -morphine; things that affects mood, behavior, sleep

antipsychotics

-alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia -dopamine antagonists

secondary appraisal

-an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress -cannot occur independently of primary appraisals

anomie

-an individual feels disconnected from the larger community -first used by the famed sociologist Emile Durkheim, describes the breakdown in social bonds in modern societies, which is the result of a loss of social norms and reciprocity -Durkheim theorized that a breakdown in shared values that integrate a person into the larger society creates alienation as there is no social glue to bond the person to society

circular reaction

-an infant's repetition of a reflexive action that results in a pleasurable experience -infants try to repeat the event again and again

which is more stable: a primary dyad or a primary triad?

-answer: primary triad bc dyads tend to be emotional and unstable due to the high risk of dissolution bc a single person leaving the group dissolves the entity

primary reinforcer

-anything that has intrinsic value (e.g. food and water)

formal social control

-are best exemplified by codified rules of law, ethics, or conduct

group attribution error

-assumption that the activity of one individual is representative of the entire group or vice versa

diff between availability heuristic and representation heuristic?

-availability = what comes to mind first (depends on memory) -representation = generalization availability example is that when your family members at your house have the flu, when you go to work and see someone coughing you automatically assume they also have the flu. Representativeness has to do with assuming one case represents many cases, has nothing to do with our memory.

which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence? a.) stimulants b.) hallucinogens c.) alcohol d.) sedatives

-b--hallucinogens

easy temperament

-babies whose temperament is defined as easy are generally happy and adjust well to change

borderline personality disorder vs. bipolar disorder

-borderline personality = rapid mood swings -bipolar = swings between manic and depressive modes are gradual and less frequent

semantic vs. episodic memory

-both fall under the category of declarative memory -semantic is more general facts -episodic is more personal facts

bipolar I vs. bipolar II

-bp I = characterized by both severe manic and depressive episodes that tend to last several weeks -bp II = similar to bipolar I, but the "up" moods do not typically reach full-on mania

hippocampus

-brain structure located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain and plays a key role in forming memories; damage to this part of the brain can lead to the inability to form new memories or anterograde amnesia; also is a key structure in regulating stress and anxiety -also involved in learning

What are the three most commonly abused psychoactive drugs consumed in the United States?

-caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine

chi squared test

-can only be used when all variables in question are categorical; shows whether two distributions of categorical data differ from each other

causation vs. correlation studies

-causation happens when the experimenters took a hands on approach and were able to "manipulate" the experiment -correlation is when the experimenters were not able to manipulate anything and took more of an observational approach--researcher does not have the ability to "cause" things

Korsakoff's Syndrome

-caused by lack of vitamin B1 or thiamine. Caused by malnutrition, eating disorders, and especially alcoholism -Damage to certain areas causes poor balance, abnormal eye movements, confusion, and memory loss. At this stage called Wernicke's encephalopathy - precursor to KS. If diagnosed in time can prevent further damage. If untreated, will progress to Korsakoff's. Main symptom is severe memory loss, accompanied by confabulation (patients make up stories to fill in memories).

gender schema

-children learn about what it means to be male or female from the culture in which they live -cognitive theory of how individuals acquire and understand elements of gender and sex-linked characteristics from their surrounding culture and how those characteristics are transmitted inter-generationally

episodic memory

-clear memories of unique and often highly emotional events, such as where you were and what you were doing during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, also called flashbulb memories -the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place (autobiographical events)

r^2

-coefficient of determination -is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable

frontal lobe

-concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement -involved in reward behavior, inhibition, planning, motivation, and attention, but NOT part of limbic system

neurobehavioral theory

-connects behaviors with brain processes -of or relating to the relationship between the action of the nervous system and behavior -neurobehavioral disorders such as aphasia, alexia, and childhood learning disabilities

what improves with aging?

-crystallized intelligence, verbal reasoning, semantic memory (gen fact recall), and emotional reasoning

affect regulation

-describes the modulation of emotions, which is not the skill being described

biological preparedness

-describes the observation that individual organisms seem to be more readily able to form certain associations than others -aka all stimuli are NOT equally likely to be successfully associated with a given stimuli, or associated within the same number of trails

primary deviance

-deviance from a norm that is considered "acceptable" by society and does not result in any aggressive reactions that could cause ostracism

fugue state

-dissociative disorder -characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality -involves memory loss and travel

proximal stimuli vs. distal stimulus

-distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you. proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.) -an object such as a tree, which reflects light waves is a distal stimulus with respect to the eye -proximal stimulus--is a stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (ex. light waves on retina of your eye)

treatment for depression

-dopamine boosting medications are a possible treatment -depression can be seasonal or postpartum -selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are a common treatment

anxiolytics

-drugs that alleviate the symptoms of anxiety -act on either GABA or norepinephrine

pain perception can be affected by?

-emotions -cognitive processing -culture -learning processes

ethnographic methods

-emphasis on studying an entire culture -participant observation

systems theory

-emphasizes the influence of systems on an individual's life -concepts dealing with systems such as families represent systems theory -is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems

stress-diathesis model

-explains that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning

examples of mood and anxiety disorders

-generalized anxiety disorder -panic disorder -phobias

flashbulb memories

-highly vivid memories -also susceptible to reconstruction errors

limbic system parts

-hippo wears HAT -primary structures include amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus

iconic memory vs. visualspatial sketchpad

-iconic memory is incredibly short-lived--lasting a few milliseconds -visualspatial sketchpad lasts longer

abrasia

-inability to walk, possibly due to some psychological shock or trauma

moro reflex

-infant's innate behavior to stretch out the limbs, followed by an embracing motion, in response to a sudden loss of support -this startle reflex typically occurs when the infant experiences a sensation of falling

inner vs outer hair cells of the cochlea

-inner hair cells of the cochlea are the sensory receptors for the human auditory system--they are responsible for transduction of the auditory signal -outer hair cells of the cochlea are used for mechanical amplification

meta-cognition

-involves being able to think about thinking, and enables an individual to observe his own processes and learn from them

positive illusion bias

-involves having an exaggerated or inflated assessment of one's own abilities, how good the future will be, or how much control one has over life events

aversion therapy

-is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior -this form of therapy might be used to assist with something like alcohol or drug addiction, or to eliminate an undesirable habit such as nail biting, but could not be used to treat insomnia

Parkinson's disease

-is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of voluntary movement as a function of degeneration of dopaminergic projections from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia

McDonaldization

-is a phenomenon that occurs when society, its institutions, and its organizations are adapted to have the same characteristics that are found in the fast food chains--these include efficiency, calculability, predictability, and standardization, and control

social exchange theory

-is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties -posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

-is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology -psychologists and other mental health professionals use various versions of the MMPI to help develop treatment plans; assist with differential diagnosis; help answer legal questions (forensic psychology); screen job candidates; or as a part of therapeutic assessment procedure

Frotteurism

-is the interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvic area, against a non-consenting person for sexual pleasure--may involve touching any part of the body, including the genital area

collective rationalization

-is the tendency for individuals engaging in groupthink to discount warnings and fail to re-engage their assumptions -members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions

repression

-keeping that which is painful/anxiety producing from one's conscious mind -the tendency for people to express mental discomfort at holding two mutually contradicting beliefs

MRI

-looks at structural anatomy using highly specialized magnets -can visualize brain structures on a 3d level with a lot of detail, such as bone, fluids, cartilage -just tells us about structure

structural functionalism latent functions

-masculine" and "feminine" jobs and the knowledge economy producing a decline in blue-collar jobs and an increase in pink-collar jobs

availability heuristic

-mental shortcut of making judgments on the frequency of something occurring based on how readily it is available in our memories -ex.) After seeing many news stories of home foreclosures, people may judge that the likelihood of this event is greater.

when does crystallized intelligence peak?

-middle adulthood

secularization thesis

-modernization inevitably leads to the decline of religion

anhedonia

-negative symptom of schizophrenia -characteristic of depressive episodes of bp disorder

korsakoff syndrome

-neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vit. B1) in brain -linked to chronic alcohol abuse, severe malnutrition, or both -Wernicke's encephalopathy is a precursor to this

endorphins

-neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pleasure and pain

mores

-norms that are highly important for the benefit of of society and so are often strictly enforced, mores are general (but not always) formal norms -(ex. attending church nude)

secondary deviance

-not considered acceptable and often results in the individual being excluded from a group

anchoring bias

-occurs when one uses an initial piece of information (the anchor, e.g., an original price for an item) to make judgements about subsequent pieces of information (e.g., a sale price for the item)

social inequality

-occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons

General paresis

-one form of neurosyphilis, an infection of the brain and spinal cord -mental disorder aka dementia paralytica

common fate

-one of Gestalt's principle -the tendency to perceive objects that are moving together as belonging together

figure ground

-one of gestalt's principle the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

Schwann cells

-one of the 2 peripheral nervous system supporting (glial) cells; they form the myelin sheathe on the axons of peripheral neuron -can direct axonal regeneration unlike oligodendrocytes -provides myelin to one axon segment of a single neuron

arousal theories

-operate under the assumption that individuals act to maintain some optimal level of physiological arousal

telencephalon

-part of the developing forebrain that ultimately gives rise to the cerebral cortex

somatic symptom disorder

-physical symptoms include pain, high anxiety about disease -a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause -you would be worried about this disorder (all in your head) -diagnosis requiring symptoms of physical illness or injury which cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition, the direct effect of a substance, and are not attributable to another mental disorder

positive vs. negative symptoms

-positive symptoms = Feelings or behaviors that are usually not present -negative symptoms = A lack of feelings or behaviors that are usually present

transtheoretical change

-posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination

Merton's strain theory

-ppl react in five unique ways: -innovator = accepts the societal goal but rejects the socially acceptable means of achieving that goal and therefore devises new means -rebel = reject both socially-approved goals and the means to achieve them, and would then try to drastically change society -ritualist = someone who rejects the overall societal goal, but continues to go through the motions of performing the means society has approved to achieve that goal -retreatist = rejects both societal goals and the approved means of achieving them, but then retreats from society completely

prejudice vs. stereotype

-prejudice refers towards the inclination toward or against certain people that is not based on reason, but on group membership -stereotype is when specific preconceived traits or characteristics are associated with people based on their group membership

primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary kin

-primary = immediate fam -secondary = immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (husband and mother-in-law) -tertiary = secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (son of your husband's brother)

primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary prevention

-primary = refers to prevention of a disease or problem behavior before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed -secondary = is seen when there is an established risk factor present or when a disease/problem behavior has already begun to develop -tertiary = refers to prevention of a disease or problem behavior from getting significantly worse

proactive vs. reactive social movement

-proactive = promotes social change -reactive = resists social change

dialectal behavioral therapy

-provides clients with new skills to manage painful emotions and decrease conflict in relationships

push and pull factors

-pull = describes something that promotes moving to a new area -push = describes something that promotes leaving the old area

central tendency bias

-rater uses middle range - rater bias - rater uses only middle range of scale

sick role

-refers to a role a patient plays in which he is expected to try to recover from his illness

rumination

-refers to continuously thinking about or replaying in one's mind aspects of a situation that are upsetting -is thought to maintain negative emotions and lead to depressive symptoms

dyad relationship

-refers to face-to-face verbal communication between two people involving their mutual ideas, thought, behaviour, ideals, liking, disliking, and the queries and answers concerning life and living in nature -brings the two people into a sphere where each person influences the other.

top down processing

-refers to how our brains make use of info that has been already brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems -cognitive process that initiates w/ our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions such as the senses

regression

-refers to responses becoming less extreme -or Freud said, when a person returns to a child state to escape the present

illusion of unanimity

-refers to the tendency for members of a group affected by groupthink to act and speak as if all members agree with the group's judgment

client centered therapy

-reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy -carl rogers

secondary circular reaction

-repetitive actions in substage 3 of the sensorimotor period, oriented around external objects -a circular reaction involving the effects of an infant's behavior on an external object

Berkson's fallacy

-sampling bias that results from selecting both the observed and control population from a hospital setting -this results in bias because a control from the hospital location is likely different than a control drawn from the general population

self image vs. self esteem vs. self concept

-self image = one's persistent mental picture of one's own appearance -self-esteem = sense of one's own value -self concept = an all-encompassing term that includes one's self-image and self-esteem

SAD MEN

-sensory afferent dorsal; sensory neurons enter the dorsal (back side) of spinal cord -motor efferent ventral; motor neurons exit the ventral (front) side of the spinal cord

thalamus

-sensory relay station -also involved in memory

Which pharmacological agent might be used to treat the depression suffered by study participants?

-serotonin agonist -SSRIs

common monoamine neurotransmitters

-serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and histamine

signal detection vs. difference threshold

-signal detection theory is about the hit, miss, correct rejection, false alarm stuff -difference threshold is about the Max weber JND stuff

CT scan

-similar to MRI and x-ray -gives structural information, yet less detail and uses radiation -just tells us about structure of brain

panic disorder symptoms

-similar to those of a heart attack -sympathetic response

split brain patient side effects

-since the left side of the brain is responsible for language, if shown an object in the left visual field, this then is processed in right side of the brain and patient is unable to name the object or pick it up with right hand because this is controlled by the left side--however, they can still pick it up with their left hand bc that is controlled by right side of brain; if shown an object in the right visual field, then this is processed in the left side of the brain and so the person can pick it up with right hand and also say the object

social vs. cultural capital

-social capital usually refers to social circles. An example is how rich/successful people tend to have rich/successful friends who can help them with career opportunities. Or a blue-collar worker might have social capital by being friends with mechanics and plumbers, and thus never has to pay for repairs. -cultural capital refers to how "cultured" you are - dressing well, speaking eloquently, interest in arts/music, education level, etc. These qualities are respected by society and imply high social status. You might describe a lawyer who wears nice suits and has a taste for fine wine and art as having lots of cultural capital.

sociology melting pot

-society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture an environment -in which many ideas and races are socially assimilated

sociologists vs. anthropologists

-sociologists, are for the most part, interested in studying non-material, or symbolic culture -anthropologists are generally more interested in studying material culture or artifacts

somatic symptom disorder vs. conversion disorder

-somatic symptom disorder = is a condition in which a patient experiences verifiable physical symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or any other mental disorder -conversion disorder = is a condition in which a psychological stressor is converted to physical symptoms that have no underlying medical cause. Usually, a mental illness or psychologically stressor is present first, after which a person begins to feel physical pain or symptoms related in some way to the event

Merton's strain theory

-states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals though they lack the means, this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes

MDMA

-stimulant bc increases the amount of monoamine (aromatic amines) neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft -would decrease the time spent asleep and increase the latency to sleep

Talcott Parsons's sick role

-suggest that health professionals will respond more to individuals falling into the "sick role." -describe how society requires individuals to change their behaviors in order to fit within the treatment models and expectations set up by institutions such as hospitals -It excuses patients from normal role obligations, increasing available assistance

Expectancy Value Theory

-suggests that motivation is related to the interplay of two primary factors: 1) the individual's perceived likelihood of success and 2) the relative value of the rewards likely to be associated with success

cochrane review

-systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care -investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation

EEG

-tells us about brain function -doesn't give us info on certain areas of the brain but more about the sum totals of activity of overall brain

self reference effect

-tendency to better remember things related to ourselves

self-verification

-the desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves -the desire for feedback that is consistent with one's existing self-concept

Thomas theorem

-the idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences -ex.) Guy in prison with a violent history thinks other people in the prison are talking about him even though they arent, but, since he thinks they are he goes over and hits them. His perception of the situation led to the action

night terrors vs. nightmares

-the major diff between night terrors and nightmares is that night terrors occur during NREM sleep, or non-rapid eye movement sleep -since the person experiencing night terrors is not immobile as they would be during REM sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep, he or she will often "act out" the incident -night terrors are often much more psychologically disturbing than nightmares, and are associated with an overwhelming sense of panic

taboos

-the most deeply held norms in our society--prohibit actions that are thought to be either too sacred or too dangerous, awful or accursed to be performed by anyone -violation of such norms brings about an extreme response by other members of society -ex.) kidnapping, harming children or elderly, murder

Alzheimer's Disease

-the most prevalent form of dementia, this disease is characterized behaviorally by an inability to form new memories, known as anterograde amnesia; acetylcholine deficiency

acetylcholine (ACh)

-the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, throughout the parasympathetic nervous system, and by the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system -also impacts learning and memory and is reduced in those suffering from Alzheimer's disease

sensory interaction

-the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

p-value

-the probability that the result was obtained by chance -Determines statistical significance: want number to .05 or lower

Internalization

-the process of consolidating and embedding one's own beliefs, attitudes, and values when it comes to moral behavior. Internalization of norms might take place following religious conversion and is often associated with learning skills and making use of what has been learned from then on

socialization

-the process through which people learn to be proficient members of a society; a lifelong process where people learn the attitudes, values, and beliefs that are reinforced by a particular culture The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture. -the adoption of behavior patterns surrounding a certain culture

informal social control

-the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws, includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups

interactive effect

-the simultaneous effect of two or more independent variables on at least one dependent variable in which their joint effect is significantly greater (or significantly less) than the sum of the parts

structural functionalist

-the sociological paradigm of functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social activities -from the functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability

second shift

-the unpaid housework women typically do after they come home from their paid employment -is a concept used within the conflict theory perspective to explain the unequal division of labor in the household between women and men

Canon-Bard Theory

-theory of emotion that asserts that the physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and collectively lead to the behavioral reaction. Example: A woman is hiking in the forest when she stumbles upon a bear. All at once, she starts sweating, trembling, and feeling extremely afraid. -physiological arousal and emotion are simultaneous and independent

Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma

-this is frequently used as an example in many ethics and morality classes: a women is on her deathbed but there is one drug that the doctors thought might save her but is really expensive. The husband does not have enough money to pay for this drug....what should he do...steal it and revive his wife or follow the law and let her die....

Gibson's visual cliff

-this was an experiment to study the depth perception in infants--wanted to know if depth perception is a learned or innate behavior -this showed that when healthy infants are able to crawl, they can perceive depth -however, results do not indicate that avoidance of cliffs and fear of heights is innate

retreatists

-those who reject both these goals and the socially accepted ways to achieve them and, in effect, drop out from society. -Retreatism can manifest itself as alcoholism and drug addiction

predictor variable

-to avoid the potential inference of causality, the value on the x-axis in a regression analysis used to calculate correlation is referred to as the predictor variable -in statistical modeling, the predictor variable is analogous to an independent variable and used to predict an outcome (the criterion variable)--one of the main differences between independent/dependent and criterion/predictor variables is the concept of causation -i think basically used for correlation studies to avoid causation

operationalize

-translating a concept into something that can be measured -the process of using measurable variables, such as responses to survey questions, as a proxy for something that cannot be directly measured, like stress levels or groupthink

true or false: the Wechsler Scales of Intelligence (WISC) scores are "normalized" to a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15

-true!

monoamines

-typically refers to epinephrine and dopamine -generally have excitatory effects in the central nervous system -drugs that increase the amount of monoamines are called stimulants

primary reinforcers

-unconditional consequences that are innately satisfying of desirable; maybe biologically driven -act to reinforce a behavior without previous conditioning

PET

-use a radioactive dose, usually glucose, is ingested by the patient and the substance will release positrons via beta decay -usually this procedures is used to detect for tumors, since they will have the highest consumption of radioactive glucose -tells us about both structure and function (activity)

Eysencks' concept of personality

-using factor analysis to devise his theory, E identified three factors of personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism -each of these three factors has an opposite: ~Extroversion vs. Introversion ~Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability ~Psychoticism (antisocial behaviors) vs. Self Control

1 general intelligence

-vidence comes from fact people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other types of test, ex. Verbal and math. -Factor underlying these consistent abilities is called g factor (g = general intelligence)

Means-end analysis

-we analyze main problem and break it down into smaller problems, and reduce differences between problem and goal (heuristic)

narcolepsy vs. microsleeps until adequately rested

-when body suffers from sleep deprivation, it uses microscleeps (brief unintended episodes of loss attention) to accommodate the lack of sufficient sleep -Nacolepsy is a psychological disorder thought to have an organic/biological cause

prejudice is made up of what two parts?

1.) cognitive - describes how stereotypes are formed from and justified by the information an individual has available to him or herself 2.) emotional - describes how a person's feelings impact his or her prejudices

4 types of social support

1.) emotional--validation, love, expressions of care 2.) instrumental--money, transportation, housing 3.) informational--knowledge about how to do something or acquire a resource 4.) appraisal social support--self-evaluative information, affirmation, constructive feedback

temperament vs. personality

1.Temperament refers to the different aspects of an individual's personality like extroversion or introversion. It is regarded as innate or inborn and is not learned. 2.Personality is what arises within an individual. Personality, which remains throughout an individual's life, is made up of certain characteristic patterns like: behavior, feelings, and thoughts. 3.Temperament is a basic inherited style whereas personality is acquired on top of the temperament. 4.The personality of an individual can be acquired in years. Factors such as education, socialization, various pressures in life, and other various aspects affect the personality of an individual. 5.Some of the fundamental characteristics related to personality are: consistency, psychological and physiological impact on behaviors and actions, and multiple expressions

meta-analysis

A meta-analysis combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic

five-factor model

A model developed to explain personality using five overarching personality traits which include extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreableness, and concentiousness, this was developed by Costa and McCrae -aka OCEAN

GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

A psychological disorder characterized by tension or anxiety much of the time about many issues, but without the presence of panic attacks.

auditory tube

AKA the Eustachian tube, the auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx. It functions to equalize middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure so that pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane is equal

anterior pituitary gland

AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of glandular tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus

tactile hallucinations

Hallucination primarily involving the sense of touch

Sociologists suggest that overall health conditions in many Western countries have improved as a result of which of the following socio-historical events? I. Urbanization. II. Improved medical technology III. Industrialization.

II and III

which of the following are possible characteristics of a caste system? I. intergenerational mobility II. horizontal mobility III. a closed system

III and II; II is correct bc is possible in a caste system, as ppl can change jobs but not classes

In a human eye, the highest density of cones is found in which location relative to the center of the retina?

In the human eye, cones are found in their highest concentration in the macula densa, or more specifically, at the fovea centralis, which is located at the center of the retina.

Asperger's Syndrome

Mild form of autism; may have concomitant learning disabilities and/or poor motor skills.

Pigeon A is placed in a Skinner box and rewarded with food for pecking a key. On average, the reward appears every 6th peck, but the number of pecks between rewards varies. Pigeon B is yoked to Pigeon A such that whenever Pigeon A gets rewarded, Pigeon B gets rewarded, regardless of Pigeon B's behavior. What reinforcement schedule is being utilized for Pigeon A and Pigeon B, respectively?

Pigeon A is on variable ratio and Pigeon B is on variable interval Because of the yoking of the two pigeons, Pigeon B cannot be on a ratio schedule, given that his rewards are independent of his behavior. To Pigeon B, rewards randomly appear at various time intervals (based on Pigeon A's behavior, NOT his).

Harlow, Harry, and Margaret

Researchers known for their controversial experiments with monkeys in which they showed that baby monkeys are drawn to mothers that provide comfort rather than simply food, also showed that monkeys raised in isolation developed severe mental and social defecits

source monitoring error

When people recall information they often forget the information's source - an error in source monitoring, ex. angry with someone but forgot it happened in a dream. Or recognize someone but don't know from where.

inter-generational mobility

a change (increase or decrease) in social class between parents and children of a family (e.g. Trenton's grandparents were immigrants from a foreign country who spent most of their lifetimes working factory jobs so that Trenton's parents could go to school. As adults, Trenton's parents were able to get college degrees and both became teachers. Trenton's mother later retired to be a stay-at-home mom. Trenton was able to develop his skills as a guitar player and become an international star and multi-millionaire.)

neurotransmitter

a chemical released by the axon of a neuron in response to an action potential that binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell and causes that cell to either depolarize slightly (EPSP) or hyperpolarize slightly (IPSP) e.g. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, dopamine, etc.

hallucinogens

a class of drugs, also known as psychedelics, that distort perceptions in the absence of any sensory input creating hallucinations or altered sensory perceptions (e.g. LSD, marijuana, psychedelics, MDMA/ecstacy)

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

a clear fluid that circulates around and through the brain and spinal cord. it helps to physically support the brain and acts as a shock absorber. It also exchanges nutrients and wastes with the brain and spinal cord; HOWEVER, it is NOT concerned with delivering oxygen to the brain. This is the job of red blood cells; it also helps reduces brain ischemia by reducing its own volume to reduce pressure on the blood vessels

caste system

a closed social stratification where people can do nothing to change the category that they are born into

group

a collection of any number of people 'as few as two' who regularly interact and identify with each other sharing similar norms, values, and expectations

mixed methods

a combination of research designs and methodologies (like both quantitative and qualitative)

global stratification

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, and power of various countries

social isolation

a complete/ near complete lack of contact with people and society for members of social spears; not the same thing as loneliness, which is temporary

social institutions

a complex of roles, norms, and values organized into a relatively stable form that contributes to social order by governing the behavior of people; they provide predictability and organization for individuals within a society and mediate social behavior between people

door-in-the-face technique

a compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by first making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. This is followed by a smaller request which the respondent will now more easily agree to.

addiction

a compulsion to do an act repeatedly; can consist of a psychological dependence and/or a physical dependence as evidenced by drug addiction withdrawal

learned helplessness

a condition where on has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities to avoid unpleasant circumstances or gain positive rewards

reinforcememnt

a consequence that increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated: two types are there: positive and negative

covariate

a continuous control variable that is observed rather than manipulated but can affect the outcome of an experiment or study

interdependence

a culture in which members contribute to each other and view the collective good as the primary goal. This is closely related to the goals of a transformational leader who seeks to inspire deep loyalty and shared vision across the organization

habituation

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations

downward mobility

a decrease in social class

endocrine gland

a ductless gland hat secretes hormones into the blood

delusion

a false belief that is not due to culture, and is not relinquished despite evidence that it is false

hallucination

a false sensory perception that occurs while a person is conscious (not during sleep or delirium)

egalitarian family

a family system where spouses are treated as equals and may be involved in more negotiation when making decisions

rational-legal authority

a form of leadership that is organized around rational-legal rules

charismatic authority

a form of leadership where devotion is reliant upon an individual with exceptional charisma (persuasiveness, charm, and ability to connect with people)

polygyny

a form of marriage in which a man is married to more than one woman

polyandry

a form of marriage in which a woman is married to more than one man

polygamy

a form of marriage in which an individual may have multiple wives or husbands simultaneously

monogamy

a form of marriage in which two individuals are married only to each other

personality trait

a generally stable predisposition towards a certain behavior

exocrine gland

a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of the body or into a body cavity. Example: sweat glands

society

a group of people who share a culture and live /interact with each other within a definable area

in-group

a group that an individual belongs to and believes to be an integral part of who they are

implicit bias

a hidden, automatic attitude that may guide behaviors independent of a person's awareness or control

pupil

a hole in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the eyeball; its diameter is controlled by the iris in response to the brightness of light

peptide hormone

a hormone made of amino acids, in some cases, just a single modifies amino acid; they are generally hydrophilic and can't cross the plasma membrane of cells; thus receptors for them must be found on the cell surface; and exception is THYROXINE which is hydrophobic enough to enter the cells easily; binding of these hormones do its receptor usually triggers a second-messenger system within the cell

epinephrine

a hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla that prolongs and increases the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

parathyroid hormone

a hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands that increase blood calcium levels; it targets the bones (stimulates osteoclasts), the kidneys (increases calcium reabsorption), and the small intestine (increases calcium absorption); use for bone rebuilding

growth hormone

a hormone released by the anterior pituitary that targets all cells in the body and stimulates whole body growth in children and adolescents and increased cell turnover rate in adults

prolactin

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that targets the mammary glands stimulating them to produce milk

organization

a large group, more impersonal than a network that comes together to pursue particular activities and meet goals efficiently

secondary group

a larger and more impersonal group than a primary group which usually interacts for specific reasons for relatively short periods of time; these groups serve pragmatic needs

action potential

a localized change in a neuron's membrane potential that propagates away from its point of origin. Action potentials are all-or-none processes mediated by the opening of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels when the membrane is brought to threshold potential; opening Na+ channels causes characteristic depolarization, while opening K+ channels repolarizes the membrane

axon

a long projection off the cell body of a neuron down which an action potential can be propagated

glutamate

a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory and cognition (and learning) as well

method of loci

a memory device that involves imagining moving through a familiar place such as your home and in each place leaving a visual representation of a topic to be rememebered

functional amnesia

a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years, also called psychogenic and dissociative amnesia. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature consciously, but subconscious recall (sweating and increased HR) is common

ennui

a mental state characterized by lethargy and apathy, often associated with depression; it is not a social effect

spreading activation

a method for searching associative networks, neural networks, or semantic networks.

cognitive bias

a mistake or deficiency in the way that a person thinks, which can be causing problems with memory, rational thinking, or a misunderstanding of the situation

parkinson's didsease

a movement disorder caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigr, 2 subcortical structures in the brain; among the symptoms are a resting terror (shaking, slowed movemement, rigidity of movements and the face, and a shuffling gait)

interneuron

a neuron found completely within the central nervous system that typically connect sensory and motor neurons especially in the reflex arcs

efferent neurons

a neuron that carries information (action potentials) away from the central nervous system; a motor neuron

multipolar neuron

a neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system

bipolar neuron

a neuron with a single axon and single dendrite, often projecting from opposite sides of the cell body. Bipolar neurons are typically associated with sensory organs

glucagon

a peptide hormone produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas, which primarily targets the liver stimulating the breakdown of glycogen, thus increasing blood glucose level

illusory correlation

a perceived relationship between two things (people, events, or behaviors) even when none exists (e.g. A man holds the belief that people in urban environments tend to be rude. Therefore, when he meets someone who is rude he assumes that the person lives in a city, rather than a rural area. )

long-term potentiation

a persistent increase in synaptic strength between two neurons that occurs following brief periods of their stimulation leads to increased sensitivity of neurons recently stimulated; believed to play a role in learning and the consolidation of memory from short-term memory to long-term memory

acculturation

a process that occurs when one group adopts the behavior and cultural patterns of another after the two have made contact

neural plasticity

a process that refers to the malleability of the brain's pathways and synapses based on behavior, environment, and neural processes

dendrite

a projection off the cell body of a neuron that receives nerve impulses from a different neuron and sends the impulse to the cell body. Neurons can have one or several dendrites

dysthymic disorder

a psychological disorder characterized as a less intense, chronic form of depression. A person with dysthymic disorder has felt milder symptoms of depression most days for at least two years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months, and without experiencing a major depressive episode

conversion disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause, and which seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors. The symptoms of conversion disorder begin or worsen after an emotional conflict of other stressor. is a mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation

antisocial personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a history of serious behavior problems beginning in adolescence, including significant aggression against people or animals, deliberate property destruction, lying or theft, and serious rule violation

dependent personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself or herself

mood disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of abnormal mood serious enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

dissociative disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a person's thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, or behaviors being separated from conscious awareness and control, in a way that is not explainable as mere forgetfulness

hypochondriasis

a psychological disorder characterized by a pre-occupation with a fear of having a serious illness

body dysmorphic diorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts, or genitalia

depersonalization disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from one's body or mental processes, as if observing one's self from the outside

histrionic personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a strong desire to be the center of attention and seeking to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behavior

somatization disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by a variety of symptoms over an extended time period, including pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, sexual symptoms, and pseudoneurological symptoms

dissociative identity disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by alternating between two or more distinct personality states (or identities), only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by an enduring rigid set of personality traits that deviates from cultural norms, impairs functioning, and causes distress either to the person with the disorder, or to those in his or her life

dissociative amnesia

a psychological disorder characterized by at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information, usually related to severe stress or traums

pain disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

bipolar disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by cyclic mood episodes at both extremes of "poles," depression and mania. In bipolar I disorder, a person has experiences at least one manic or mixed episode. In bipolar II disorder, the manic phases are less extreme

borderline personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by enduring or recurrent instability in impulse control, mood, and image of self and others. Impulsive and reckless behavior, together with extreme mood swings, reactivity, and anger, can lead to unstable relationships and to damage both of the person with the disorder and of others in his or her life

narcissistic personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by feelings of grandiosity with fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power

avoidant personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by feelings of inadequacy, inferiority, and undesirability, and a preoccupation with fears of criticism and rejection; resulting in the person becoming socially withdrawn

schizoid personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

a psychological disorder characterized by obsessions (repeated intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety); compulsions (repeated physical or mental behaviors that are done in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring or both

major depressive disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by one or more major depressive episodes where a person has felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by perfectionistic like behaviours that are carried out by individuals, caused by their underlying desire for the need to control their environment and complete things to an unreasonably high, (self-determined) "standard"

catatonic-type schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by psychosis in the form of catatonic behavior (including extremely retarded or excited motor activity)

paranoid-type schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by psychosis in the form of hallucinations and/or delusions usually relating to a certain theme

schizotypal personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical or paranoid thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

schizophreniform disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by symptoms of schizophrenia present for a period of 1-6 months during which the symptoms may or may not have interfered with functioning

Schizoaffective disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by the combination of mood and psychotic symptoms; in this disorder, both the symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experienced for at least one month

panic disorder

a psychological disorder that is characterized by panic attacks which can be cued by certain situations but are more often uncued or spontaneous, "occuring frequently" and unexpectedly

disorganized-type schizophrenia

a psychological disorder that is characterized by psychosis in the form of flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder that is chronic and incapacitating and is characterized by psychosis and material impairment in social, occupational, and personal function

cyclothymic disorder

a psychological disorder that is similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme. A person with cyclothymic disorder has experienced cyclic moods, including many hypomanic episodes, as well as many episodes of depressed mood that are milder than a major depressive episode for at least two years

dissociative fugue

a psychological disorder where someone suddenly goes on a journey, during which he or she cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

residual-type schizophrenia

a psychological disorder where the acute phase of schizophrenia has resolved and the criteria for schizophrenia are no longer met, but some symptoms are still present in milder forms

prison study (Stanford Prison Study)

a psychological experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo designed to elucidate the extreme effects of roll-playing on human behavior. 24 male students were isolated and asked to play the role of prisoners and guards. The participants adapted to their roles well beyond Zimbardo's expectations. The guards enforced extreme measure including psychological torture and many of the prisoners passively accepted psychological abuse and readily harassed other prisoners who attempted to prevent it.

attachment theory

a psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans which depends on the person's ability to develop basic trust in their caregivers and self. (joint work of Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby)

humanistic psychology

a psychological perspective developed partially in response to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization. Carl Rogers is most associated with this kind of psychology

Raymond Cattell

a psychologist interest in personality, who used factor analysis with hundreds of surface traits to identify which traits were related to each other. By this process, he identified sixteen source traits, and by factor analysis reduced fifteen of these into five global factors: extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation, and self-control

saltatory conduction

a rapid form of action potential conduction along the axon of a neuron in which the action potential appears to jump from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

social sanction

a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

proprioceptor

a receptor that responds to changes in the body position such as stretch on a tendon, or contraction of a muscle; the receptors allow us to be consciously aware of the position of our body parts

photoreceptor

a receptor that responds to light

reflex arc

a relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement

sect

a religious organization that is distinct from the parent religion from which it was formed

cult (aka a new religious movement)

a religious organization that is far outside society's norms and often involves a very different lifestyle

neobehaviorism

a school of psychology based on the general principles of behaviorism but broader and more flexible in concept. It stresses experimental research and laboratory analyses in the study of overt behavior and in various subjective phenomena that cannot be directly observed and measured, such as fantasies, love, stress, empathy, trust, and personality; psychologists belonging to this school believe that behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments; closely associated to B.F. skinner

critical theory

a school of thought that stresses the reflective assessments and critique of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities; it focuses on changing, rather than understanding, society

baroreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to changes in pressure; for example, there are baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and the aortic arch that monitor blood pressure

mechanoreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical disturbances such as shape changes, being squashed, bent, pulled; they include touch receptors in the skin, hair cells in the ear, muscle spindles, and others

chemoreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to specific chemicals. Some examples are gustatory (taste) receptors, olfactory (smell) receptors, and central chemoreceptors (which respond to changes in CSF pH)

psychological disorder/illness or mental illness

a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or sufficient impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential of that cell closer to the threshold for an action potential

IPSP

a slight hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic cell moving the membrane potential of that cell further from the threshold

social construct

a social mechanism or practice that is constructed by society; essentially everybody in society agrees to treat a certain aspect a certain way regardless of its inherent value, e.g. the idea of gender, social class

class system

a social stratification where people are grouped together by similar wealth, income, education, and the like, but the classes are open, meaning that people can strive to reach a higher class (or fall to a lower one)

meritocracy

a social stratification where people's social standing's are judged based on merit (or personal effort) alone; this is an idealized system - no society solely stratifies based on effort

matriarchy

a social system where females, esp. mothers within families are the primary authority figures

patriarchy

a social system where males are primary authority figures, and where fathers hold authority over women and children in a family

ethnicity

a socially defined concept referring to whether of not people identify with each other based on shared social experience or ancestry

social constructionism

a sociological theory that argues that people actively shape their reality through social interaction; it is therefore something that is constructed, not inherent; it looks to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the construction of their perceived social reality

physical attractiveness stereotype

a specific type of halo effect bias; people tend to rate attractively individuals more favorable for personality traits and characteristics than they do those who are less attractive

algorithm

a step-by-step detailing of steps that aids with problem solving

progesterone

a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone maintains and enhances the uterine lining for the possible implantation of the fertilized ovum. It is the primary hormone secreted during pregnancy

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not elicit any intrinsic response in the absence of outside interference (conditioning)

self-handicapping

a strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly

meta-analytic study

a study that involves contrasting and combining results from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring about new information

language

a symbolic system that is codified for communication

endocrine system

a system of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood

patrilineal descent

a system of lineage in which relatives on the father's side are considered most important; an individual belongs to their father's lineage

bilateral descent

a system of lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are considered equally important

matrilineal descent

a system of lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side are considered most important; an individual belongs to their mother's lineage

dichotic listening

a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

distraction

a technique in which researchers attempt to redirect the brain while conducting an experiment, usually in order to allow a previously acquired memory to be encoded

rehearsal

a technique of repeating verbal information in one's phonological loop to promote the encoding of sensory information into memory

belief bias

a tendency to draw conclusions based on what one already believes rather than sound logic

mental set

a tendency to fixate on ideas and solutions that have worked in the past even if they may not have applied to the current situation

misinformation effect

a tendency to misremember an event, particularly when misleading information is presented between the event and the mental encoding of the. (e.g. if an interrogator questions an individual about an event using leading questions, the person's perception of the event will change to fit the question)

functional fixedness

a tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

recency effect

a tendency to recall the last item presented in a list

Drive Reduction Theory

a theory about the impact of motivation on human behavior that suggests that a physiological need (a drive) creates an aroused state that motivates the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior

continuity theory

a theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives

attribution theory

a theory that attempts to explain how individuals view behavior - both our own behavior and the behavior of others - by attributing behavior to either internal or external causes; it is the idea that individuals make inferences in order to understand the causes of various behaviors or actions

signal detection theory

a theory that attempts to predict how and when someone will detect the presence of a given sensory stimulus (the signal), amidst all of the other sensory stimuli in the background (noise), there are 4 possible outcome: a hit (signal present and detected), a miss (signal present but not detected), a false alarm (signal not present but person thought it was), and a correct rejection (signal not present and the person did not think it was)

cognitive dissonance theory

a theory that explains that we feel tension ("dissonance") whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs ("cognitions") that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don't match. When this occurs, we try to reduce this unpleasant feeling of tension by making our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done.

inclusive fitness

a theory that suggests that cooperation among organisms (including altruistic behaviors) promotes genetic success, meaning that even if not all of the organisms survive to reproduce, some of their genes will still be passed to the next generation (e.g. a lapwing will fake injury to distract a hawk from its young, thereby acting altruistically toward its offspring)

incentive theory

a theory that suggests that incentives (objects or events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors) motivate human behavior

game theory

a theory used to try and predict large complex systems such as the overall behavior of a population

cerebral cortex

a thin (4 mm) layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is the conscious mind, and is functionally divided into four lobes: the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, and occipital lobes

aqueous humor

a thin, watery fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye (between the lens and cornea). The aqueous humor is constantly produced and drained, and helps bring nutrients to the lens and cornea, as well as remove metabolic wastes

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to release cortisol and aldosterone

luteinizing hormone (LH)

a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads; in females, it triggers ovulation and the development of corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle; in males, it stimulated the production and release of testosterone

exposure therapy

a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy whereby the individual is introduced to the specific anxiety-inducing situation gradually and in a controlled environment until his or her anxiety level decreases through adaptation; it has been found to be the most effective form of treatment for agoraphobia

retroactive interference

a type of memory interference that occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of information learned previously

proactive interference

a type of memory interference that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of information learned more recently

bottom-up processing

a type of sensory processing that beings with the sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain; note that the brain in fact uses a combination of bottom-up processing and top-down processing

chemical synapse

a type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on the next structure (either another neuron or an organ)

electrical synapse

a type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore the action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

a type of therapy that addresses thoughts and behaviors that are maladaptive by using goal-oriented and systematic techniques

humanistic psychotherapy

a type of therapy that focuses upon the more positive aspects of human beings in general and rejects the medical model, the psychoanalytic emphasis upon maladaptive personality traits, and the labeling of individuals as pathological. Accordingly, it places considerably less emphasis upon dispositional factors than does psychoanalysis

social network

a web of social relationships including those in which a person is directly linked to others, as well as those in which people are directly connected through others

A dramatic change in which variable is most likely to improve health outcomes in countries where mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low? a.) average income b.) healthcare access c.) medical technology d.) physicians per capita

a! average income is the answer--bc Multiple sociology studies, as well as reports by the World Health Organization, suggest that increased income is the single change that has the greatest impact on health outcomes in developing countries

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, problem solve, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

ego

according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego is ruled by the reality principle, and uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id (the unconscious driving force ruled by the pleasure principle)

id

according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the largely unconscious id is the source of energy and instincts ruled by the pleasure principle, the id seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure; it does not use logical or moral reasoning and it does not distinguish mental images from external objects; according to Freud, young children function almost entirely from the id.

latent content

according to Freud, the unconscious drives and wishes that are difficult to express and underly dreams (e.g. falling in a dream might have to do with feeling out of control in your life or failing at something. It might even represent giving in to sexual temptation)

libido

according to psychoanalytic theory, it is the life instinct which drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity, pain, avoidance, and seeking pleasure

death instinct

according to psychoanalytic theory, the death instinct drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself or others

behaviorism

according to this perspective, personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment. Behaviorism is deterministic, proposing that people being as blank slates, and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personalities

social cognitive perspective

according to this perspective, personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

social learning theory

aka observational learning..states that behavior is learned primarily through modeling or observation

mesolimbic pathway

aka the "reward pathway" ; dopaminergic pathway in dopaminergic pathway in brain; VTA (midbrain), nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus

deindividuation

an explanation of people's startling and often uncharacteristic behavior when situations provide a high degree of arousal and a very low sense of responsibility

relative poverty

an inability to meet the average standard of living within a society

Huntington's Disease

an inherited (autosomal dominant) disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain; it has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders

myelin

an insulating layer of membranes wrapped around the axons of almost all neurons in the body; it is essentially the plasma membranes of specialized cells: in the PNS they are Schwann cells and in the CNS they are Oligodendrocytes

conditioned stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until it can produce the conditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus being present

social phobia

an unreasonable paralyzing fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is watched by others even while performing routine activities such as eating in public or using a public restroom

drive

an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness. Drives can be useful for alerting an organism that it is no longer in a state of homeostasis, an internal state of equilibrium

3 intelligences

analytical (Academic), creative (generate novel ideas and adapt), practical (solve ill-defined problems).

instrumental conditioning

another term for operant conditioning

mental retardation

another way of saying intellectual disability

prefrontal cortex

anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain involved in complex behaviors such as planning, sequencing, social responses, and decision-making; directs behavioral aspects of emotion, including approach and avoidance behaviors; damage to this are may lead to inappropriate social behavior, impulsivity, and trouble with initiation

gonadotropins

anterior pituitary tropic hormones, follicles stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) which stimulate the gonads (ovaries and testes) to produce gametes and to secrete sex steroids

The type of "blackout" amnesia produced by excess alcohol consumption is likely to be?

anterograde amnesia

mnemonic

any memory technique used to promote the retention and retrieval of information

psychodynamic theory

any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

linguistic relativity hypothesis

asserts when the language one speaks determines their thoughts and perceptions of the world

dramaturgical approach

assumes that people are theatrical performers and that everyday life is a stage; just as actors project a certain on-screen image, people in society choose what kind of image they want to communicate verbally and nonverbally to others. Also called the dramaturgical perspective

selection bias

bias that arises when the sample is not representative of the population, such as not being randomly chosen

biopsychosocial model of health

broad view that attributes disease outcome to the intricate, variable interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.), and social factors (cultural, familial, socioeconomic, medical, etc.)

psychoanalytic

brought about by Freud focuses on the role that the unconscious mind plays on conscious behavior

rapid eye movement (REM)

bursts of quick eye movements present in the last stage of sleep

sleep spindle

bursts of waves present in stage 2 sleep

intellectual disability

classification for individuals who have an IQ below 70 and functional impairment in their everyday lives; previously called mental retardation

Karl Marx

closely identifies with conflict theory, he argued that societies progress through class struggle between those who own and control production and those who labor and provide the manpower for production; he believed that capitalism produced internal tensions which would ultimately lead to self-destruction of capitalist societies to be replaced by socialism; he along with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber are considered the founding fathers of sociology

Pygmalion effect

closely related to the self-fulfilling prophecy; the two terms are even considered synonymous in some circles; it is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy where if you think something will happen, you may unconsciously make it happen through your actions or inaction. It occurs in the workplace when a manager raises his or her expectations for the performance of workers, and this actually results in an increase in worker performance.

central route

cognitive route of persuasion based on the content and deeper aspects of an argument

B.F. Skinner

coined the term "operant conditioning"; he is famous for his box in which he used reinforcements to shape animal behavior

institutional memory

collective memory of the individuals in an organization about its history, situations the organization has confronted, and what was necessary to deal with them

t-test

compares the mean values of a continuous variable between two categories or groups

agents of socialization

condition individuals to behave in certain social manners

Solomon Asch

conducted research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates (the subjects believes the confederates to be fellow study subjects) and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions

Weber's Law suggests that the difference threshold from Study 1 will be a....

constant ratio of the original stimulus for all stimulus magnitudes

ideal self

constructed out of life experiences, societal expectations, and admirable traits, from role models, the ideal self is the person you ought to be while the real self is the person you actually are

Without conscious effort, people are unlikely to automatically visually process: a. spatial info b. temporal info c. frequency of specific events d. novel info

d. novel info; SPACE (During an exam, you may recall the place on the textbook page where forgotten material appears) TIME (recreating the sequence of events to retrace your steps to find something you lost) FREQUENCY (realizing that this is the 3rd time you forgot your keys; or that this has happened before) These don't require much effort unlike novel (new) information such as learning Anatomy for the first time where you had to sit and consciously try to drill names and functions of structures into your mind and commit them to memory via mnemonics, rote memorization, self-reference, grouping, spacing

depressive realism

depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than do non-depressed individuals

valence in emotion

describes the inherent attractiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus, event or situation (pleasant/+ or unpleasant/-)

experimental research

designed to demonstrate cause-and-effect.

differential association theory

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

true or false: the poverty line for absolute poverty is lower than the poverty line for relative poverty

false! -it is possible that someone who cannot afford basic necessities (absolutely poor) is not considered poor on the relative poverty scale, because he earns more than 60% of the village's median income

kinship

familial relationship including blood-ties, family-ties, and common ancestry

Albert Bandura

famous for his Bobo doll studies that demonstrated observational learning; also pioneered the idea of the importance of self-efficacy in promoting learning

Ivan Pavlov

famous for naming and describing the process of classical conditioning by training dogs to salivate to the sound of a ringing bell

REM stage

final stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, and beta waves which are seen in individuals when they are awake; despite these wave patterns, however, the sleeper is paralyzed aside from small twitches leading to the description of the stage as 'paradoxical sleep', this is generally when dreams occur

neuroleptics

first antipsychotic drug for schizo - cognitive dulling --used to treat positive symptoms

sensorimotor stage

first stage of Piaget's developmental theory from birth to age 2 where babies learn object permanence and demonstrate stranger anxiety

taboo

forbidden by custom/tradition or religious practice

taste aversion

form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided

medial geniculate nucleus

found in the thalamus and conveys information to the auditory cortex, which is located in the temporal lobe

lateral geniculate nucleus

found in the thalamus but contributes to visual processing

general intelligence

foundational base of intelligence that supports more specialized abilities

in which lobe of the brain is the premotor cortex located?

frontal

which part of the brain is involved in working memory

frontal lobe

nodes of ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath of the axons of the peripheral neurons; action potentials can jump from node to node; thus increasing the speed of conduction (saltatory conduction)

socialization

general term referring to the process by which social institutions instill ideals, values, mores, taboos, etc., into members of the social group

eustress vs. distress

good stress and bad stress

primary groups

groups that play a more important role in an individual's life (often meeting emotional needs); these groups are usually smaller and include those with whom the individual engages within person, in long-term, emotional ways

symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusions, distorted speech, disturbances in effect, social withdrawl -positive and negative symptoms -sleep pattern changes are also common and can be either positive (insomnia) or negative (hypersomnia)

social cognitive theory

idea that people learn through observation and own experiences

preganglionic neuron

in the autonomic nervous system of the PNS, a neuron that has its cell body located in the CNS and whose axon extends into the PNS to synapse with a second neuron at an autonomic ganglion (the second neuron's axon synapses with the target organ)

back stage

in the dramaturgical perspective, this is where we can "let down our guard" and be ourselves, as opposed to the "front stage," where we are playing a role for others

front stage

in the dramaturgical perspective, this is where we play a role and use impression management to craft the way we come across to other people

symbolic racism

in which respondents believe that racism is wrong but do not see racism as a significant institutional problem in society since the 1960s

anhedonia

inability to experience/feel pleasure

anomia

inability to name things

false memory

inaccurate memory created by the power of imagination of suggestion

serial position effect

includes the primacy and recency effect; when information is presented serially in a list format, individuals are more likely to recall the first and the last items presented

positive levels of schizophrenia is related to what?

increased levels of dopamine

reaction formation

individual deals with an objectionable impulse by behaving in a manner diametrically opposite to that impulse e.g. being super sweet to a group of girls you greatly despise

long-term memory

information that is retained long-term, potentially indefinitely; it is believed to have an infinite capacity

ISPS

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; hyperpolarization

positive punishment

introduction of a negative or aversive stimulus following a behavior; tends to decrease the likelihood of that behavior

categorical variables

involve non-numeric groups or categories (ex. eye color, car brands, ethnicity)

norepinephrine

involved in the body's response to stressful stimuli

cultural relativism

judging another culture based on its own cultural standards

hippocampus

key structure in regulating stress and anxiety

infantile amnesia

lack of explicit memory for events that occurred before the age of roughly 3.5 years, while people are unable to recall memories from this part of their life, learning and memory do still occur, the reason for infantile amnesia is unknown

alogia

lack of speech

sapir-whorf hypothesis is also known as..?

linguistic relativity

duration of long term mem vs. short term mem?

long term = more than a few minutes short term = less than a minute sensory mem = a second or so

neuroticism

long term tendency to be in a negative emotional state; like emotionally unstable

cross-sectional analysis

looks at data collected at a single point in time

alpha waves

low amplitude, high frequency brain waves present in a relaxed state. Alpha waves are the first indicator that a person is read to drift off into sleep

social constructivism

maintains that what we consider "reality" is largely our own mental creation

manifest content vs. latent content

manifest content is the actual literal subject-matter of the dream while the latent content is the underlying meaning of these symbols

implicit (procedural) memory

memory that involves conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do things

short-term memory

memory that is limited in duration and in capacity

schemas

mental frameworks/blueprints that shape and are shaped by experience

meditation

mindfulness technique for training attention in a particular way; may involve intense focus on one object of attention or broad attention to a field of awareness

fundamental movement skills

movement patterns that involve different body parts. They are the foundation movements or precursor patterns to the more specialized, complex skills used in play, games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education and physical recreation. (Autistic children have the ability to master these)

polysomnography (PSG)

multimodal technique for measuring physiological processes during sleep, including EEG, EMG and EOG

ciliary muscle

muscle that helps focus light on the retina by controlling the curvature of the lens of the eye

overgeneralization

occurs when the individual comes to a conclusion based on one episode or bit of evidence; e.g. the subject has recently experienced a single episode of insomnia and consequently believes he or she is prone to suffering from it in the future

false consensus

occurs when we assume that everyone else agrees with what we do (even though they may not)

projection bias

occurs when we assume that others have the same feelings we do due to our tendency to look for similarities between ourself an others

gender bias in medicine

occurs when women and men receive different treatment for the same disease or illness

double-blind study

of or relating to an experiment or clinical trial in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are receiving the active medication, treatment, etc., and which are not: a technique for eliminating subjective bias from the test results.

SES (socioeconomic status)

often defined in terms of power; the ability to get other people to do something, property (sum of possessions and income), and prestige (reputation in society), because these three concepts tend to (but not always) be related in the US society

acting out

overt expression of unconscious emotions and impulses without insightful understanding of one's behaviore

nociceptors

pain receptors found everywhere in the body except the brain

authoritarian parenting

parenting style in which parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally in an attempt to control children. his style is demanding and often relies on punishment

permissive parenting

parenting style that creates few rules and demands and little discipline; parents are warm and loving to their children, but very lenient and allow their children

authoritative parenting

parenting style that places limits on behavior and consistently follows through on consequences, but also expresses warmth and nurturing and allows for two-way communication between parents and children

episodic buffer

part of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory that acts as a 'backup' store which communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory.

central executive

part of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory that oversees the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer. Responsible for shifting and dividing attention

phonological loop

part of Alan Baddely's model of working memory that allows for the repetition of verbal information to aid with encoding it into memory

agreeable

pleasant and easy to like

positive vs. negative in terms of operant conditioning

positive is added something while negative is taking something away

projective identification

process whereby in a close relationship, as between mother and child, lovers, or therapist and patient, parts of the self may in unconscious fantasy be thought of as being forced into the other person

encoding specificity principle

proposed by researchers Thomson and Tulving, states that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval; explains why a subject is able to recall a target word as part of an unrelated word pair at retrieval with much more accuracy when prompted with the unrelated word than if presented with a semantically related word that was not available during encoding; provides an general theoretical framework for understanding how contextual information affects memory

mindfulness-based stress reduction

protocol involving mindfulness meditation, shown to be effective for helping individuals with pain, stress and anxiety

stress diathesis model

psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability and a stress caused by life experiences

reinforcement vs punishment

punishment--doing something to stop the target behavior; reinforcement--doing something to encourage the target behavior

electroencephalogram (EEG)

recording of electrical impulses in the brain

electrooculogram (EOG)

recording of eye movements

electromyogram (EMG)

recording of skeletal muscle movements

miscenigation

refers to the mixing of racial and ethnic groups in intimate relationships

demand characteristics

refers to the phenomenon by which study participants pick up on subtle or overt clues about the purpose of the study, the hypothesis, or the expectations of the experimenters, and alter their behavior as a result

constancy

refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur

institutional discrimination

refers to unjust and discriminatory practices employed by large organizations that have been codified into operating procedures, processes, or institutional objectives (e.g. laws and decisions that reflect racism, such as the Plessy vs. Ferguson U.S. Supreme Court case. The verdict of this case ruled in favor of separate but equal public facilities between African Americans and non-African Americans.)

Broca's area

region of the brain located in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe. Involved with speech production. Damage to this part of the brain results in Broca's aphasia, where individuals know what they want to say but are unable to express it verbally

pineal gland

region of the brain responsible for the production of melatonin: a hormone that influences slepp/wake cycles and seasonal functions

regression vs. correlation

regression assumes that one variable influences another, while correlation simply describes the relationship between two variables without assuming the direction of influence or even the existence of influences at all

fixed-interval schedule

reinforcement schedule in which a reward is offered after a set period of time has passed

fixed-ratio schedule

reinforcement schedule in which reward is offered after a set number of instances of a behavior

reappraisal

reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening

it is estimated that approx 1% of adults in the US suffer from what?

schizophrenia

stereotype threat

situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group; Because of stereotype threat, students who are reminded of negative stereotypes about their race or gender before taking a test perform worse on those tests

max weber

sociological thinker whose theories of symbolic interactionism emphasize how individuals relate to society--one of his ideas was "iron cage" which led to disenchantment with society

insecure attachment

style of relating to others that forms when an infant has caregivers who are inconsistently responsive or unresponsive to needs; in Einsworth's experiments, these infants were found to be less likely to explore their surroundings in the presence of their mother; they may be extremely upset or demonstrate indifference when the mother returned to the room

insight learning

sudden flash of inspiration that provides a solution to a problem; the aha moment where previously learned ideas or behaviors are suddenly combined in unique ways

social-cognitive perspective

supported by Bandura focuses on modeling behavior observed in others (aka social learning)

humanistic perspective

supported by Maslow and Rogers focuses on the potential for self-fulfillment that resides among all human beings

savings

take less time to learn list second time around (when memorizing/learning)

eidetic memory

the ability to perfectly recall images, sounds, or objects without the use of memory aids, such as mnemonics; also called photographic memory

social perception

the ability to understand others in our social world; the initial info. we process about other people in order to try and understand their mindsets and intentions

glass escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

feature detection

the activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or patterns

retention interval

the amount of time elapsed since information was learned and when it must be recalled

crude death rate

the annual number of deaths per thousand people in a population

crude birth rate

the annual number of live births per thousand people in a population

general fertility rate

the annual number of live births per thousand women of child-bearing age within the population

auditory cortex

the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information

neuron

the basic functional and structural unit of the nervous system; it is a highly specialized cell designed to transmit action potentials

self-efficacy

the belief in one's own competence and effectiveness

optimism bias

the belief that bad things happen to other people but not to us

race

the biological, anthropological, or genetic origin of an individual, wand includes the following U.S> census categories: white, black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander

optic disc

the blind spot of the eye; this is where the axons of ganglion cells exit the retina to form the optic nerve; there are no photoreceptors here

iconic memory

the brief photographic memory for visual information which decays in a few tenths of a second

fluid intelligence

the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge; it involves the ability to identify patterns and relationships that underpin novel problems and to extrapolate these findings using logic.

beliefs

the convictions or principles that people within a culture hold

mortality

the death rate in a population

construct validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring, the appropriateness of inferences made on the basis of observations or measurements (often test scores), specifically whether a test measures the intended variable

parasympathetic nervous sytem

the division of the autonomic nervous system known as the "resting and digesting" system. it causes a general decrease in body activities such as heart rate, and blood pressure and an increase in blood flow to the GI tract and an increase in digestive function; because the paraganglionic neurons all originate from either the brain or the sacram, it is also known as the craniosacral system

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates and controls the visceral organs (everything but the skeletal muscles). It is also known as the involuntary nervous system and can be subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

social facts

the elements that serve some function in society such as laws, morals, values, religions, customs, rituals, and roles that make up a society

incongruity

the emotional result when the real self falls short of ideal self

religiosity

the extent that religion influences a person's life

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

global inequality

the extent to which income and wealth is distributed in an uneven manner among the world's population

bystander effect

the fact that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other people around

oral stage

the first Freud's 5 psychosexual stages; in this stage, the child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing

latency stage

the fourth of Freud's five psychosexual stages; in this stage, sexual interest subsides and is replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends, and sports

reinforcement schedule

the frequency and regularity with which rewards are offered; they can be based on a number of target behaviors (ratio) or on a time interval (interval); types include: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval

activation-synthesis theory

the hypothesis suggests that dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep. Suggests that the content of dreams is not purposeful or meaningful

looking-glass self

the idea that a person's sense of self develops from impersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others; according to this idea, people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them

principle of aggregation

the idea that an attitude affects a person's aggregate or average behavior, but cannot necessarily predict each isolated act

place theory

the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrane

depth of processing

the idea that information that is thought about at a deeper level is better remembered

social behaviorism

the idea that the mind and the self emerge through the process of communicating with others

absolute poverty

the inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, including clean drinking water, food, safe housing, and reliable access to healthcare

sensory memory

the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system; it is a very brief snapshot that quickly decays

retina

the innermost layer of the eyeball; it is made up of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and a layer of ganglion cells

manifest function

the intended or obvious consequences of a social structure; basically intended functions

intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

corpus callosum

the largest bundle of white matter (axons) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

organic amnesia

the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes, degenerative diseases, or any other of a multitude of other disruptions of neurological function

belief perseverance

the maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary

representativeness heuristic

the mental shortcut where one judges the likelihood of things based on typical mental representations or examples of those things; diff from availability (more instances and numbers) whereas rep is more stereotyping

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

mere presence

the most basic level of interaction between individuals; when people are simply in each other's presence either completing similar activities or just minding their own business

replacement level fertility

the number of children that a woman or couple must have in order to replace the number of people int he population who die

life expectancy

the number of years that an individual of a certain age can expect to life at present mortality rates

functionalism/ structural functionalism

the oldest of the main theories of sociology, which conceptualized society as a living organism with many different parts/organs, each of which has a distinct purpose (Prominent theorists include Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, Auguste Comte, Davis and Moore, Robert Merton, almond and Powell)

master status

the one status that dominates the other statuses and determines that individual's general position in society (e.g. occupation, disability, role, etc)

effector

the organ that carries out the command sent along a particular motor neuron

adrenal cortex

the outer region of the adrenal gland. The adrenal cortex produces cortisol in response to long-term (chronic) stress and aldosterone in response to low BP or low blood osmolarity

reticular activating system

the part of the brain that is involved in attention, sleep, and arousal

scapegoat

the people or group who are unfairly blamed for something, or at whom displaced aggression is directed

social support

the perception that one is cared for and part of a social network; supportive resources can be tangible or emotional

relative refractory period

the period of time following an action potential, when it is possible, but difficult, for the neuron to fire a second action potential, due to the fact that the membrane is further from threshold potential (hyperpolarized)

conformity

the phenomenon of adjusting behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others

social facilitation effect

the phenomenon that describes how people tend to perform simple well-learned tasks better when other people are present

group polarization

the phenomenon where groups tend to intensify the pre-existing views of their members until the average view is more extreme than it initially was

mere-exposure effect

the phenomenon where people develop a preference for things because they have been exposed to them sometimes repeatedly; e.g. listening to a song sounds better the second time; also called familiarity principle

social loafing

the phenomenon where people tend to exert less effort if they are being evaluated as a group than if they are individually accountable

hypophysis

the pituitary gland

healthcare disparities

the population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, and qualities of healthcare in different social groups

outer ear

the portion of the ear consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal; it is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

diencephalon

the portion of the forebrain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

social capital

the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility

endogamy

the practice of marrying within a particular group

mindguarding

the pressure to conform within a group causes individuals to censor their own opinions in favor of consensus which creates an illusion of unanimity

estrogen

the primary female sex hormone. It stimulates the development of the female secondary sex characteristics during puberty, maintains those characteristics during adulthood, stimulates the development of new uterine lining after menstruation, and stimulates mammary gland development during pregnancy

retrieval structure principle

the principle which states that experts develop memory mechanisms (called retrieval structure) to facilitate the retrieval of information stored int he long-term memory; these mechanisms operate in a fashion consistent with the meaningful encoding principle to provide cues that can be later regenerated to retrieve stored information effectively without a lengthy search

selective attention

the process by which one input is selected to focus on out of the field of possibilities in the environment

assimilation

the process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture. Generally, this individual is a member of a minority group who is attempting to conform to the culture of the dominant group

informational social influence

the process of complying because we want to do the right thing and we feel like others know something I don't know

role exit

the process of disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one's self-identity to take on a new role

relearning

the process of learning material that was originally learnt

immunosuppresion

the process of reduction in either the activation or the efficacy of the immune system as a result of stressful events

encoding

the process of transferring sensory information into the memory system

meninges

the protective connective tissue wrappings of the CNS (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater)

self selection bias

the reality that certain groups of people may be more willing than others to participate in a study, and therefore the sample may not be an accurate reflection of the population

cerebellum

the region of the brain that coordinates and smooths skeletal muscle activity

negative reinforcement

the removal of a negative or aversive stimulus following a behavior; tends to increase the frequency of that behavior

negative punishment

the removal of a positive or rewarding stimulus following a behavior; tends to decrease the likelihood of that behavior

deception

the research equivalent of lying to participants, frequently used to mislead participants so that they do not learn what the actual purpose of the research may be

dishabituation

the restoration to full strength of a response to a stimulus that had previously become weakened through habituation

anal stage

the second of Freud's five psychosexual stages, in this stage the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination

residential secgregation

the separation of groups into different neighborhoods, which most often occurs due to racial differences, ethnic differences, and/or socioeconomic differences; it is NOT based on laws, but rather enduring social patterns, which are attributed to suburbanization, discrimination, and personal preferences

social identity

the social definition of self including race, religion, gender, occupation, and the like

organ of corti

the structure in the cochlea of the inner ear made up of the basilar membrane, the auditory hair cells, and the tectorial membrane; the Organ of Corti is the site where auditory sensation is detected and transduced to action potentials

social reproduction

the structures and activities in a place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one generation to the next; cultural capital and social capital are two mechanisms by which social reproduction occurs; reproducing social inequality across generations

sociobiology

the study of how biology and evolution have effected human social behavior, primarily it applies Darwin's principle of natural selection to social behavior, suggesting there is a biological basis for many behaviors

sociology

the study of how individuals interact with, shape, and are subsequently shaped by the society in which they live

demography

the study of human population dynamics, including the size, structure, and distribution of a population, and changes in the population over time due to birth, death, and migration

social epidemiology

the study of the distribution of health and disease across a population, with the focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in a population

central nervous system

the subdivision of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

just world phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve; when bad things happen to others, it is the result of their actions or their failure to act, and when good things happen to us, it is because we deserve it

self-reference effect

the tendency to better remember information relevant to ourself, a prediction comes true because the individual accepts something as the truth and receives the feedback about his belief from at least one other person

actor-observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

negativity bias

the tendency to focus or remember the negative aspects of experiences

ethnocentrism

the tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one's own culture

the facial feedback hypothesis

the theory suggests that the physical expression of an emotion also activates the experience of that emotion

contact hypothesis

the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions

phallic stage

the third of Freud's psychosexual stages; in this stage, the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals

prejudice

the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings that someone holds about a group that are not based on an actual experience; a pre-judgment or biases thinking about a group and its members

object permanence

the understanding that things continue to exist once they're out of sight

latent functions

the unintended or less recognizable consequences or a social structure, can be considered beneficial, neutral, or harmful (e.g. A newspaper acting as a fly swatter)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

the universal authority on the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders; the current latest edition is the fifth edition of the DSM (the DSM-5)

norms

the visible and invisible rules of social conduct within a society; they help define what type of behaviors are acceptable and in accordance with a society's values and benefits; formal _____ are generally written down; laws are examples of formal _____. Informal _____ are generally understood, but are less precise and often carry no specific punishments

circadian rhythm

the waxing and waning of alertness throughout the 24-hour day

social stratification

the way that people are categorized in society; people can be categorized by race, education, wealth, and income, among other things

sclera

the white portion of the tough outer layer of the eyeball

Schachter-Singer Theory

theory of emotion that asserts that the experience of psychological arousal occurs first, and is followed by a conscious, cognitive interpretation/appraisal that allows for the identification of the experiences emotion

James-Lange Theory

theory of emotion that claims that emotional experience is the result of physiological and behavioral responses (e.g. forcing a smile makes you feel slightly happy)

control theory

theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society

social control theory

theory that explains deviance as the result of the weakening of social bonds

labeling theory

theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant

world systems theory

there are significant economic and social difference across countries based on their economic abilities and global positioning

Oedipus complex

this complex occurs during the phallic stage (the third of Freud's 5 psychosexual stages) when a male child is sexually attracted to his mother and hostile towards his father who is seen as a rival.

Electra complex

this complex occurs during the phallic stage (the third of Freud's five psychosexual stages) when a female child is sexually attracted to her father and hostile toward her mother, who is seen as a rival

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

this guy sought to explain human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs (demonstrated by a pyramid) at the base of this pyramid are physiological needs or the basic element necessary to sustain human life; in order, the rest of the needs include, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization; lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs

pearson correlation coeff.

this is calculated to compare the association between two variables

frustration-aggression principle

this principle suggests that when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can trigger anger, which can lead to aggression

cortisol

this steroid hormone is released during chronic stress; it shifts the body's use of fuel from glucose toward fats and proteins, thus "sparing" glucose for the brain's use. Prolonged release of cortisol is associated with suppressed immunity and increased susceptibility to illness

psychoanalytic therapy

this therapy approach uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are causing difficulties

difference threshold (aka the just noticeable difference or JND)

this threshold is the minimum noticeable difference between any two sensory stimuli 50% of the time

behavioral therapy

this type of therapy uses conditioning to shape a client's behaviors in the desired direction

ascribed status

those statuses that are assigned to a person by society regardless of the person's own efforts

achieved status

those statuses that are considered to be due largely to an individual's efforts

escape learning

through operant conditioning, this is the process of learning to engage in a particular behavior in order to get away from a negative or aversive stimulus

ego defense mechanisms

to cope with this anxiety and protect the ego, all people develop defense ego mechanisms that unconsciously deny or distort reality. Ego defense mechanisms are therefore normal, and become unhealthy only when taken to extremes; developed by Sigmund Freud

cognitive psychology

tradition of psychology that focuses on the brain, cognitions, and thoughts as mediating learning and stimulus-response behaviors

true or false: As the night progresses, less time is spent in slow-wave sleep

true

true or false: Each eye receives information from both the right and the left visual field. That information is then transferred to areas of the thalamus and/or midbrain before being sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

true

true or false: working memory is generally necessary to carry out cognitive tasks

true

true or false about stereotypes: stereotypes develop when all out-group members are viewed as similar (known as outgroup homogeneity). Rather than considering each individual based on merit or personal characteristics, it is easy to apply a stereotype to everyone in the group. We tend to see members of our own group, or in-group as different from one another relative to out-groups

true!

true or false: Maslow's hierarchy of needs dictates that higher needs do not produce drives until lower needs are met.

true!

true or false: REM rebound, or an increase in the amount of REM per sleep event, often occurs after periods of sleep deprivation or periods of sleep that do not involve REM sleep

true!

true or false: according to the theory of operant conditioning, when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer positively or negatively reinforced, it leads to a decline in that behavior, called extinction

true!

true or false: females exhibit less lateralization than males?

true!

true or false: increasing emotional arousal may cause a restriction of focus of attention

true!

true or false: frontal lobes are most closely associated with executive functions, which include both working memory and attention

true! -hippocampus is primarily involved in episodic memory formation

comorbidity

two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person. They can occur at the same time or one after the other. Comorbidity also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both

linear regression

used for prediction from independent variables

semantic networks

used to activate several memories linked by meaning

night terrors

usually occurs during stage 3 sleep, unlike nightmares; the individual may sit up or walk around, babble, and appear terrified although none of it is remembered the next morning

two aspects of emotion

valence and arousal

The payout system for scratch-off lottery tickets results in zero reinforcement for the majority of behaviors and sporadic positive reinforcement on rare, unpredictable occasions. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio; slot machines or other forms of gambling are very good examples of variable ratio--A variable-ratio schedule occurs when a person is rewarded at a certain overall average ratio, but the individual ratio of behaviors to reinforcement varies, and is therefore unpredictable to the subject.

continuous variables

variables that can take any numerical value and are measured (ex. age is a continuous variable because you are getting older each day--but is now considered more of a numerical value rounded to whole numbers; other examples are height, weight, intelligence)

psychodynamic therapy

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences

symbolic-interactionism theory

views society as a product of everyday social interactions of individuals; symbolic interactionists also study how people use symbols to create meaning

normative organization

voluntary membership based on shared goals

operational definitions

ways to measure and define a construct

which lobe is broca and which lobe is wernicke found in?

wernicke = temporal lobe broca = left frontal lobe

ambivalent attachement

when a child is visibly upset when his or her caregiver leaves the room, but is not comforted when the caregiver returns

generalized other

when a person tries to imagine what is expected of them from society, they are taking on the perspective of the ____.

mood-dependent memory

when learning occurs during a particular emotional state, it is most easily recalled when one is again in that emotional state

positive transfer

when old information facilitates the learning of new information

gender and age is considered intersectionality?

yes!


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