MGMT 473 Exam 1 - Budden
True or False, Stereotyping is an extension of social identity theory and a product of our natural process of organizing information through categorical thinking.
True
True or False, The MARS model identifies the four main factors that influence individual behavior: motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors.
True
True or False, Three challenges organizations are facing include globalization, increasing workforce diversity, and emerging employment relationships.
True
True or False, Values are stable, evaluative beliefs about what is important in a variety of situations.
True
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Employability
- "New deal" employment relationships - Continuously learning new skills
What are the types of stress?
- Functional Stress (eustress) - Dysfunctional Stress (distress)
True or False, The ideal situation in organizations is to have employees whose values are perfectly congruent with the organization's values.
False
Diversity
Increase in the workforce and leadership roles - Ethnic groups - Women - Generations
True or False, Attitudes represent a cluster of beliefs, motivation and feelings about an attitude object.
True
True or False, Beliefs are established perceptions about the attitude object.
True
True or False, Confirmation bias causes us to screen out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions.
True
True or False, Emotions generate a core affect that something is good or bad, helpful or harmful, to be approached or avoided.
True
True or False, In terms of cross-cultural values, people in the United States tend to have relatively high individualism, middle to high achievement orientation, and medium to low power distance.
True
True or False, Organizational behavior encompasses the study of how organizations interact with their external environments.
True
True or False, Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out.
True
True or False, People who believe that their successful completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution.
True
________ is the process of filtering information received by our senses.
Selective Attention
What is goal setting theory?
Setting goals that are acceptable, specific, and challenging yet achievable - Goal Specificity - Participative decision-making - Explicit Time Period - Performance Feedback
Define Values
Stable, long-lasting, evaluative beliefs
The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in an identifiable social category is called:
Stereotyping
Relationship Management
The ability to manage other people's emotions by consoling them, emotionally inspiring them, getting strangers to feel comfortable working with you, and dissipating coworker stress and other dysfunctional emotions they experience
Social Awareness
The ability to perceive and understand the emotions and situations of other people
Self-Awareness
The ability to perceive and understand the meaning of our own emotions.
Dysfunctional Stress (distress)
The degree of physiological, psychological, and behavioral deviation from healthy fuctioning
Define Motivation
The forces or needs that affect your voluntary behavior
What is emotional intelligence?
The non-cognitive ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions of self and others - Self-awareness - Self-management - Social awareness - Relationship management
Distributive Justice
The perception that appropriate decision criteria (rules) have been applied to calculate how various benefits and burdens are distributed.
Procedural Justice
The perception that appropriate procedural rules have been applied throughout the decision process.
Stereotyping
The perceptual process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category
What is attribution theory?
The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or external factors.
Define Perception
The process by which individuals give meaning (reality) to their environment by organizing and interpreting their sensory impressions
Selective Attention (Confirmation Bias)
The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information
What is Organizational Behavior?
The study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations - encompasses the study of how organizations interact with their external environment
Define Ethics
The values that judge actions and outcomes
Why do we study organizational behavior?
To understand, predict, and influence organizational behavior
Halo Effect
a perceptual error whereby our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, colors our perception of other characteristics of that person
Self-Management
ability to manage your own emotions by keeping your disruptive impulses in check by generating and suppressing emotions
Performance Feedback
information about the quality or quantity of past performance that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal
What is the MARS model?
motivation, ability, role perceptions, situational factors
Employment Relationships
1. Employability 2. Contingent Work 3. Work/Life Balance
List three challenges organizations are now facing in the workplace
1. Globalization 2. Increased workforce diversity 3. Emerging employment relationships
What is an organization?
A group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals
Functional Stress (eustress)
A necessary part of life because it activates and motivates people to achieve goals, change their environments, and succeed in life's challenges
Recency Effect
A perceptual error in which the most recent information dominates our perception of others
Primacy Effect
A perceptual error in which we quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information we receive about them
Define Personality
A relatively stable pattern and consistent internal states that explains a persons behavioral tendencies
What is cognitive dissonance?
A state of anxiety occurs when an individual's beliefs, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors are inconsistent with each other
What is the expectancy theory?
An individuals actions depend upon: - The expectation that the individual can preform the act - The expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome - The valence
What is corporate social responsibility?
An organizations moral obligation to its stakeholders, customers, suppliers, government, etc. Triple bottom line philosophy - Economic, social, and environmental
What is behavior modification?
Attempting to "mold" individuals - Modification Methods: -- Positive Reinforcement -- Negative Reinforcement -- Punishment -- Extinction
External Attribution
Behavior is attributed to situational factors
Some investors in the stock market become overconfident and ignore evidence that their strategies will lose money. This can be attributed to _____.
Confirmation Bias
Discuss Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in the 1940s. Maslow condensed and organized the dozens of previously studied needs into five basic categories organized in a hierarchy from lowest to highest: 1. Psychological 2. Safety 3. Belongingness 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
Contingent Work
- "Contract" or "Temp" workers - No contract for long-term employment
Valence
Anticipated satisfaction from the outcome
Organizations
Are groups of people who work independently toward a purpose
Internal Attribution
Behavior is attributed to personal factors
Explicit Time Period
a deadline for achieving the goal is set
List and discuss the shortcuts for judging others
- Assumed Similarity - Stereotyping - Halo Effect - Mental Models - Self-fulfilling Prophecy - Selective Attention (Confirmation Bias) - Primacy Effect - Recency Effect
Stressors
- Work Overload - Low Task Control - Harassment - Incivility
Globalization
Economic, social, and cultural connectivity (and interdependence) with people in other parts of the world Effects: - New organizational structures - More diverse work force - More competition and mergers - Global mindset - the capacity to empathize and effectively across cultures
Customer service representatives (CSRs) often conceal their frustration when serving an irritating customer. This behavior from the CSRs is an example of:
Emotional labor
The effort, planning ad control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.
Emotional labor
True or False, A global mindset excludes the capacity to empathize and act effectively across cultures.
False
True or False, Competencies refer to the complete set of motivations, abilities, role perceptions, and situational factors that contribute to job performance.
False
True or False, Emotions represent the cluster of beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions towards something or someone guided by conscious logical reasoning.
False
True or False, In order for something to be called an organization, it must have certain assets such as buildings and equipment.
False
True or False, Moods are less intense emotional states that are directed toward something or somebody in particular.
False
True or False, Motivation is an external force on the person that causes him/her to engage in specific behaviors.
False
True or False, OB can be used to fulfill the need to understand and predict the behavior of others in the organization. However, it is not helpful in influencing others to getting things done in organizations.
False
True or False, The perceptual process begins by attributing behavior to internal or external causes.
False
Which of the following terms best represents the positive or negative evaluations of the attitude object?
Feelings
What is equity theory?
If the perception of inequity exists, seek justice - If the ratios are perceived as equal, equity exists - If the ratios are perceived as unequal, inequity exists
Define Emotion
Intense feelings that are directed at specific objects
Mental Models
Knowledge structures that develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us
What refers to the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us?
Perception
Define Stress
Physical and psychological tension felt when confronted with extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.
Work/Life Balance
Priority for new workforce when looking for new jobs
The uncomfortable tension felt when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is called:
cognitive dissonance
Participative Decision Making
decision making in which individuals who are affected by decisions influence the making of those decisions
Anger, fear, joy, and sadness represent the:
different types of emotions
Positive Reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Assumed Similarity
the assumption that others are like oneself
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
What is emotional labor?
the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions
Goal Specificity
the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous
What is organizational justice?
the perceptions of people in an organization regarding fairness - Distributive Justice - Procedural Justice
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
the perceptual process in which our expectations about another person cause that person to act more consistently with those expectations
Negative Reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus