Musculoskeletal

shock

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its function

NSAIDS Side Effects

Fatigue is a major problem. Rest 8-10 hours of sleep a night w 2 hour nap

Types of Body Movements

Flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, ,supination, pronation, dorsiflexion , plantar flexion

Fat embolism

Freely floating fat globule in the blood stream, which can obstruct blood circulation to vital organs (e.g., heart, brain). Usually caused by injury to subcutaneous tissue or a bone fracture that allows fat release.

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

open fracture

bone fracture that breaks through the skin

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

closed fracture

broken bone with no open wound

Vitamin D function

calcium absorption

Fibromyalgia

chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue

Articulations

joints

Four classifications of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

Effects of Bed Rest on the Musculoskeletal System

- Atrophy - Contractures - Osteoporosis At risk for pathological fractures

Volkmann's contracture

-also known as Volkmann's ischaemic contracture, is a permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers. Passive extension of fingers is restricted and painful. It is excruciatingly painful and disabling. -permanent shortening of forearm muscles, usually resulting from injury

Salicylates (Aspirin)

Adverse effects: Gi bleeding

ACCESS leads to osteoporosis

Alcohol use Corticosteroid use Calcium low Estrogen low Smoking Sedentary lifestyle

callus

Beginning of bone replacement

Estrogen and alendronate

Calcium supplements

tophi with chronic gout

Calculi containing sodium urate deposits , seen around rim of the ear .

ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic progressive disorder of the sacroiliac and hip joints, the synovial joints of the spine , and the adjacent soft tissues

Epimysium

Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle

Pott's fracture

End of fibula

knee joint

Most susceptible to sports injuries

Indomethacin (Indocin)

NSAID (anti-inflammatory) for gout

gas gangrene

Necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas forming bacillus, the most common etiologic agent being Clostridium perfringens.

Fosamax (alendronate)

Osteoporosis treatment take in the am and remain upright for 30 minutes to prevent esophagitis

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Partial knee replacement , can resume walking 3-4 hours after surgery.,

Sulfinpyrazone (Anturane)

Prevents development of tophi

walking/weight bearing exercise

Promotes bone health and prevention of osteoporosis

Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine)

Relieves muscle spasm

muscle tone

The state of partial contraction in a muscle, even when the muscle is not being used

Paget's disease

a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

spiral fracture

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

fasciotomy

a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

decreases uric acid production , drink at least 3 quarts of water

Dowager's hump

forward curvature of the spine resulting in a stoop, typically in women with osteoporosis, caused by collapse of the front edges of the thoracic vertebrae.

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Colles fx

fx of distal radius

compartment syndrome

injury caused when tissues such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a space as from swelling or from a tight dressing or cast

Functions of the muscular system

movement, posture, joint stability, heat production

strain

muscle tear

Synarthrosis

no movement

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

normal range of 0-20 mm/hr; anything over 20 is considered inflammation for men 0-29 mm for women

transverse fracture

occurs straight across the bone

greenstick fracture

one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken

Osteoporosis

reduction in bone mass

Methotrexate (Rheumatrex)

rheumatoid arthritis treatment,can cause kidney damage , drink 2l water/day. autoimmune/chemo drug

axial skeleton

skull, neck ,vertebral column, thorax

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

Functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)

surgical alignment of fractured bones using screws, pins, wires, or nails to maintain bone alignment

hip arthroplasty

total hip replacement

knee arthroplasty

total knee replacement

Tendon

tough connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bones

Fosamax (alendronate)

treatment for osteoporosis , give in am remain upright for 30 minutes to prevent esophagitis

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles

Muscle stimulus

when a muscle cell is adequately stimulated, it will contract