Nutrition & Drugs - Ch. 6 Fats & Lipids

Olive oil is a rich source of _____. a) polyunsaturated fatty acids b) saturated fatty acids c) monounsaturated fatty acids

c) monounsaturated fatty acids

Pair the fatty acid with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation. Fatty acid: - omega-3 - omega-6 Effect: - decrease blood clotting and inflammation - increase blood clotting and inflammation

omega-3: decrease blood clotting and inflammation omega-6: increase blood clotting and inflammation

What are some characteristics of an alcohol dependent person? (select all that apply) a) they can easily control their alcohol consumption b) they experience withdrawal symptoms c) they develop tolerance to alcohol

b) they experience withdrawal symptoms c) they develop tolerance to alcohol

_____ is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed.

hypertension

True or False: Dietary fats often consist of fatty acids.

true

_____ cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells.

adipose

A person with slow breathing, pale skin, and who cannot be aroused might be suffering from _____ poisoning.

alcohol

_____ is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often via binge drinking), can damage every system in the body.

alcohol

A(n) _____ has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption.

alcoholic

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? (choose all that apply) a) steam meats b) use drippings from the pan to make sauces and gravies c) trim fat d) choose lean meats

a) steam meats c) trim fat d) choose lean meats

_____, which is often called "hardening of the arteries," is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries.

arteriosclerosis

Salmon, flounder, walnuts, and canola oil are food sources of: a) lecithin b) cholesterol c) omega-9 fatty acids d) omega-3 fatty acids

d) omega-3 fatty acids

_____ _____ is the process of recycling bile from the intestinal tract.

enterohepatic circulation

After heavy drinking, fat can accumulate in liver cells and cause a condition known as _____ _____.

fatty liver

How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat? a) 9 b) 7 c) 4

a) 9

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from: a) atherosclerosis b) osteoporosis c) angiogenesis

a) atherosclerosis

The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and to the liver is _____.

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is _____.

cholesterol

What are possible agencies to contact for help with alcohol abuse? (select all that apply) a) Alcoholics Anonymous (www.aa.org/) b) Al-Anon/Alateen (www.al-anon.alateen.org/) c) Food and Drug Administration (www.FDA.org)

a) Alcoholics Anonymous (www.aa.org/) b) Al-Anon/Alateen (www.al-anon.alateen.org/)

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as: a) a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length b) a fatty acid that contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms in length c) a fatty acid that contains 6 carbon atoms in length

a) a fatty acid that contains 14 or more carbon atoms in length

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids? (choose all that apply) a) alpha-linolenic acid b) linoleic acid c) gamma-palmitoleic acid

a) alpha-linolenic acid b) linoleic acid

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include (check all that apply): a) coronary artery disease b) cardiomyopathy c) stroke d) endocarditis

a) coronary artery disease c) stroke

The major adverse health conditions associated with consuming high amounts of fat are (choose all that apply): a) heart disease b) stroke c) certain cancers d) osteoporosis e) obesity f) asthma

a) heart disease b) stroke c) certain cancers e) obesity

The main characteristics that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are _____ in water. a) insoluble b) soluble

a) insoluble

Which statement(s) is/are true about how an emulsifier works? a) isolates individual fat droplets b) prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules c) causes fat droplets to clump together

a) isolates individual fat droplets b) prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules

Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids. a) keeping lipids dispersed in small particles b) clumping together of large fatty globules c) forming a micelle d) increasing the surface area of the lipid

a) keeping lipids dispersed in small particles c) forming a micelle d) increasing the surface area of the lipid

Choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis: (select all that apply) a) legs b) lungs c) kidneys d) eyes

a) legs c) kidneys d) eyes

Which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats? (multiple answers) a) olives b) sunflower seed oil c) corn oil d) peanuts

a) olives d) peanuts

When an alcoholic consumes a considerable portion of their energy as alcohol: (select all that apply) a) they displace nutrient dense foods from their diet b) they decrease their blood triglycerides c) they increase their blood glucose levels d) they increase their risk of malnutrition

a) they displace nutrient dense foods from their diet d) they increase their risk of malnutrition

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel? (select all that apply) a) trans fat (grams) b) calories from fat c) saturated fat (grams) d) total fat (grams) e) liquid forms of fat (mg) f) cholesterol (mg) g) solid forms of fat (mg)

a) trans fat (grams) b) calories from fat c) saturated fat (grams) d) total fat (grams) f) cholesterol (mg)

In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when _____ levels are low and _____ levels are high in the bloodstream.

HDL; LDL

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called: a) lecithin b) cholecystokinin (CCK) c) phospholipid lipase

b) cholecystokinin (CCK)

What are some common signs of brain damage that can occur in the heavy drinker? (select all that apply) a) dyslexia b) confusion c) loss of vision d) memory loss

b) confusion d) memory loss

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential? a) it can be synthesized by the body, so there is no need to consume it in the diet b) it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

b) it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

The nutrient that contributes to rich flavor, smooth texture, and the appetizing aroma of food is _____. a) carbohydrate b) lipid c) protein d) vitamins

b) lipid

Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can: (select all that apply) a) lead to alcohol dependency b) raise HDL cholesterol levels c) reduce blood levels of fibrinogen d) decrease platelet stickiness

b) raise HDL cholesterol levels c) reduce blood levels of fibrinogen d) decrease platelet stickiness

What are some good food sources of phospholipids? (select all that apply) a) broiled steak b) soy beans c) peanut butter d) wheat germ

b) soy beans c) peanut butter d) wheat germ

Choose all of the following statements about subcutaneous fat that are true: a) subcutaneous fat has no effect on body temperature b) subcutaneous fat protects vital organs c) subcutaneous fat stores energy

b) subcutaneous fat protects vital organs c) subcutaneous fat stores energy

Which statement is true? a) men are more prone to alcohol impairment compared to women b) women are more prone to alcohol impairment when compared to men

b) women are more prone to alcohol impairment when compared to men

A(n) _____ is someone who abuses alcohol, but has control over his or her intake and does not have a powerful craving for the drug nor suffers withdrawal symptoms. This person might experience problems at home, work, and school associated with their drinking habits. a) alcoholic b) alcohol-dependent person c) alcohol abuser d) alcohol tolerant person

c) alcohol abuser

Alcohol poisoning can result in death due to (select all that apply): a) severe diarrhea b) sudden blood clot and stroke c) aspirating vomit and choking d) slowing of the heart rhythm

c) aspirating vomit and choking d) slowing of the heart rhythm

Alcohol will contribute to _____ because it causes a person to lose fluid. This will result in impaired performance. a) hypertension b) muscle spasms c) dehydration

c) dehydration

Consuming _____ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness. a) frequent b) heavy c) light d) excessive

c) light

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport _____ through the bloodstream. a) carbohydrates b) water c) lipids

c) lipids

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol? a) bile b) chylomicron c) lipoprotein lipase d) monoglycerides

c) lipoprotein lipase

What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area? a) monoglyceride b) glycerol c) cholecystokinin d) bile salts

d) bile salts

What is an economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease?

eggs

True or False: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis.

false

_____ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

partial hydrogenation

An enzyme called _____ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.

lipase

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system. - triglycerides are packed in chylomicrons - triglycerides are reassembled - chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system - absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells

1) absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2) triglycerides are reassembled 3) triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons 4) chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Alcohol: (select all that apply) a) causes the kidneys to excrete more urine b) causes the kidneys to produce less urine c) suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland d) suppresses the production of alcohol by the liver

a) causes the kidneys to excrete more urine c) suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland

Clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow is called _____. a) an embolus b) a thrombus c) a plaque

b) thrombus

Match the blood lipid level with the American Heart Association's classification, Blood lipid level: - cholesterol >/= 240 - LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL - HDL cholesterol >/= 60 mg/dL - triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL AHA classification: - low risk - high risk - very low risk - borderline high risk

cholesterol >/= 240: high risk LDL cholesterol <100 mg/dL: very low risk HDL cholesterol >/= 60 mg/dL: low risk triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL: borderline high risk

A lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a(n):

sterol

Fats are not soluble in _____.

water

A _____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

triglyceride

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in: a) monounsaturated fat b) polyunsaturated fat

a) monounsaturated fat

Structurally, a trans fat resembles a(n) _____. a) unsaturated fatty acid b) saturated fatty acid c) polyunsaturated fatty acid

b) saturated fatty acid

A _____ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

triglyceride

Fats and cholesterol are _____, a class of nutrients.

lipids

A _____ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow. This can seriously affect health by blocking blood flow to the brain or getting lodged in an artery.

thrombus

_____ _____ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule.

pancreatic lipase

When you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal: (choose all that apply) a) increases the rate at which alcohol is removed from your blood b) delays alcohol absorption from the stomach c) enhances alcohol absorption from the small intestine d) slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood

b) delays alcohol absorption from the stomach d) slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood

What are some risk factors for CVD? (choose all that apply) a) being female b) excess body fat c) physical inactivity d) hypertension

b) excess body fat c) physical inactivity d) hypertension

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. Fatty acid: - saturated fatty acid - monounsaturated fatty acid - polyunsaturated fatty acid Structure: - two or more carbon-carbon double bonds - one carbon-carbon double bond - contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

saturated fatty acid: contains no carbon-carbon double bonds monounsaturated fatty acid: one carbon-carbon double bond polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

True or False: Alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications.

true

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule? a) a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and alcohol-containing base b) a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids c) a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and carbon-containing base

b) a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD? a) consume more saturated fats b) lose excess body fat c) decrease fiber intake d) use filtered cigarettes

b) lose excess body fat

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient? a) lipids b) proteins c) carbohydrates d) vitamins

a) lipids

Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids? a) liver b) small intestine c) anus d) pancreas

a) liver d) pancreas

The main product of lipid digestion is: a) monoglycerides b) diglycerides c) triglycerides

a) monoglycerides

What are the end products of fat digestion? (choose all that apply) a) monoglycerides b) triglycerides c) glycerol d) fatty acids

a) monoglycerides c) glycerol d) fatty acids

Compared to butter, solid margarine has: (choose all that apply) a) more saturated fat b) more unsaturated fat c) less cholesterol d) more trans fat

a) more unsaturated fat c) less cholesterol d) more trans fat

According to the Dietary Guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute: a) no more than 10% of total kilocalories b) no more than 300 mg per day c) no more than 5% of total kilocalories d) 20% to 35% of total kilocalories

a) no more than 10% of total kilocalories

Lipoproteins carry different amounts of (select all that apply): a) phospholipids b) stanols c) cholesterol d) monoglycerides e) protein

a) phospholipids c) cholesterol e) protein

An omega-3 fatty acid is: a) unsaturated b) saturated

a) unsaturated

Match the drinker classification with the number of drinks: Drinker: - abstainer - light - moderate - heavy # of drinks: - 1 to 13 drinks/month - 4 to 14 drinks/week - 3 or more drinks/day - less than 12 drinks/year

abstainer: less than 12 drinks/year light: 1 to 13 drinks/month moderate: 4 to 14 drinks/week heavy: 3 or more drinks/day

Excess protein, carbohydrates, and alcohol can all stimulate the production of _____, which leads to excess body fat accumulation.

triglycerides

Rank the following to describe the fate of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue if your body needs energy. - adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules - cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy - cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood - fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream

1) adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2) fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3) cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4) cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

Outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclerotic one by ranking the steps 1 through 4. - clots and plaque block the artery completely - cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation - artery has smooth lining - plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form

1) artery has smooth lining 2) cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation 3) plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form 4) clots and plaque block the artery completely

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack. - plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage - damage occurs in blood vessel lining - clot or spasm in plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack - as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity - pressure in artery is increased

1) damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2) plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3) as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4) pressure in artery is increased 5) clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

List in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine. - fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin - pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molcules - cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum

1) fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2) cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3) pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

Pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain. Type of fatty acid: - Cis fatty acid - Trans fatty acid Shape: - causes the carbon chain to bend - allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Cis fatty acid: causes the carbon chain to bend Trans fatty acid: allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

_____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans; saturated

Pair the fatty acid chain length with its correct path of absorption. Chain Length: - short and medium-chain fatty acids - long-chain fatty acids Absorption: - travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver - reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

short and medium-chain fatty acids: travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver long-chain fatty acids: reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Match the term on the left with the best description on the right. Terms: - thrombus - embolus Descriptions: - a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow - a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

thrombus: a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow embolus: a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream