nutrition chapt. 5

disaccharide

A disaccharide (di = two) is a sugar comprised of two monosaccharides.

What nonnutritive sweetener was banned in 1970?

In the United States, the safety of nonnutritive sweeteners has been under public and scientific scrutiny for decades. In 1970, the FDA banned the nonnutritive sweetener CYCLAMATE after research indicated that the substance caused bladder cancer in mice.

Bees

Bees make honey by consuming the sucrose-rich nectar from flowers and digesting most of it into glucose and fructose. The bees regurgitate (vomit) this material within the beehive, and eventually, it is collected by beekeepers for human processing and packaging

signs of metabolic syndrome

Large waist circumference ≥ 40 inches (men) ≥ 35 inches (women) Chronically elevated blood pressure (hypertension) ≥ 130 mm Hg systolic (upper value) or ≥ 85 mm Hg diastolic (lower value) or Drug treatment for hypertension Chronically elevated fasting blood fats (triglycerides) ≥ 150 mg/dl or Drug treatment for elevated triglycerides Low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) < 40 mg/dl (men) < 50 mg/dl (women) or Drug treatment for reduced HDL High fasting blood glucose

What can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer

Today, scientists think a healthy diet that supplies high-fiber foods, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

insoluable fiber

What is the type of fiber that does not dissolve in water and helps relieve constipation chewy

lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides (sugars)

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

starch- storage form of glucose in plants fiber-not digestible by humans glycogen- (form of glucose in animals, found in liver/muscle)

how much fiber a day!

25-38 grams

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are clusters of small rectal veins that can become swollen and inflamed, making them likely to bleed and cause discomfort and itching. This condition commonly affects adults and may be more likely to occur when a person sits for long periods or strains during bowel movements.

How many Americans over 65 have diabetes?

In 2012, an estimated 86 million adult Americans had pre-diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes increases with advancing age; an estimated 25% of Americans who are 65 years of age or older have diabetes.

What are added sugars used for in food?

In baked cereal products, added sugars contribute to the browning and tenderness of the food. Sugar also serves as a preservative by inhibiting the growth of molds and bacteria that would otherwise cause food spoilage.

Can those who are lactose intolerant have dairy?

Many people with lactose intolerance can consume small amounts of milk without experiencing intestinal discomfort.

Tooth decay

Tooth decay is clearly associated with consuming certain carbohydrates, particularly simple sugars that stick to teeth. If a person does not follow good dental hygiene practices, the debris becomes food for bacteria that live on teeth. As the bacteria metabolize carbohydrate for their energy needs, the acid they produce damages tooth enamel and results in decay

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune system cells malfunction and do not recognize the body's own beta cells. As a result, the immune system cells attack and destroy many of the beta cells, and the affected person must obtain insulin, usually by injecting the hormone into his or her body, regularly

symptoms of lactose intolerance

bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, gas

3 classes of macronutrients

carbohydrates (45-65%) protein (10-35%) fats (20-35%) of daily energy intake

Lactose

milk sugar

fructose

monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar" (fruit sugar or levulose) is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables, particularly cabbage, green beans, and asparagus. Since fructose tastes much sweeter than glucose and is easily made from corn, food manufacturers use large amounts of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a food additive to satisfy Americans' demand for "regular" soft drinks, candies, and baked goods. The body has little need for fructose, but it can convert the monosaccharide to fat or glucose

Carbohydrates

primary source of energy for the human body

disacharidases

sucrose- table sugar, sugar cane, sugar beets lactose- (milk sugar) found in dairy maltose- (malt sugar) uncommon

Aspartame

Aspartame, better known by its trade names "NutraSweet®" or "Equal®," consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid, two amino acids, the molecules that comprise proteins. Some people must avoid aspartame and certain protein-rich foods because they have phenylketonuria (PKU) (fen′-nul-keet′-en-yur′-e-ah), a rare inherited disorder. People with PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine properly Aspartame has been blamed for causing a variety of health problems, including cancer, certain immune system diseases, and chronic headaches. However, no scientifically reliable studies have linked aspartame to any health disorder.

How much energy should adequate diets provide from carbohydrates?

Nutritionally adequate diets should provide 45 to 65% of total energy from carbohydrates.

food pattern changes

People in Africa are starving!" As you grew older, your diet, your usual pattern of food choices, came increasingly under your control.

Major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia

Some people with diabetes experience hyperglycemia because their beta cells do not produce any insulin or do not produce enough to meet their needs. In other cases, the affected person produces some insulin, but his or her body does not respond properly to the hormone (insulin resistance), and hyperglycemia results. Major signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia include excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and poor wound healing. Over time, hyperglycemia damages nerves, organs, and blood vessels. In fact, poorly controlled diabetes is a major cause of heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and lower limb amputations.

Are sugars nutritive sweeteners?

Sugars are nutritive sweeteners because they are carbohydrates that contribute energy to foods. Each gram of a mono- or disaccharide supplies 4 kcal.

What 6 sweeteners has the FDA approved of?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of six high-intensity sweeteners: saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, neotame, and Advantame.

Difference in simple sugars to honey?

The simple sugars in honey are not superior to those that comprise sucrose, and your body does not distinguish whether glucose or fructose came from honey or table sugar.

monosaccharide

The simplest type of sugar, the monosaccharide (mono = one; saccharide = sugar), is the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates

At what glucose levels does someone have diabetes and what are they at risk for?

People with pre-diabetes ("impaired glucose tolerance") have fasting blood glucose levels that are between 100 and 125 mg/dl. Although a person with pre-diabetes does not have diabetes, he or she has a high risk of cardiovascular disease and eventually developing type 2 diabetes. Individuals who have fasting blood glucose levels of 126 mg/dl or more have diabetes

Lactose Intolerant

25% of american adults and 75% of adults suffer from lactose intolerance worldwide

Does Sugar Cause Hyperactivity?

Although scientists do not know what causes ADHD, it probably involves genetic and environmental factors. The results of scientific studies do not indicate that eating sugary foods or drinks increases children's physical activity levels, causes ADHD, or has any other negative effects on their behavior

High-intensity sweeteners

High-intensity sweeteners are a group of nonnutritive sweeteners that have an extremely sweet taste when compared to the same amount of table sugar

Who typically develops lactose intolerance?

Many older children and adults, particularly those with African, Asian, and Eastern European ancestry, are lactose intolerant and experience some degree of abdominal discomfort after drinking milk

Hypoglycemia

(hypo = low) is a condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for cells. Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is less than 70 mg/dl

gestational diabetes

About 9% of pregnant American women develop a form of diabetes (gestational diabetes), usually after the fifth month of pregnancy.23 Pregnant women who have a family history of type 2 diabetes, are overweight, or have high blood pressure are more likely to experience gestational diabetes than pregnant women who do not have these characteristics. Pregnant women with poorly controlled diabetes or gestational diabetes are more likely to have miscarriages, stillbirths, and premature deliveries

type 2 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production. (lifestyle related disease)

Glucose

Fruits and vegetables, especially berries, grapes, corn, and carrots, are good food sources of glucose. Glucose is the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells. In fact, red blood and nervous system cells, including brain cells, must use glucose for energy under normal conditions. Thus, a healthy body maintains its blood glucose levels carefully. Glucose is also called dextrose and may be referred to as blood sugar.

Carbohydrates.

Plants use the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water to make glucose. As a result of this process, oxygen gas is released. Plants can use glucose to make fiber, starch, and other sugars

ketoacidosis

Signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and a blood glucose level of more than 250 mg/dl. Individuals with the condition may also have nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion. The breath of a person with ketoacidosis typically has a "fruity" or acetone odor; acetone is a chemical that is often in fingernail polish remove

Soluble fiber

Soluble types of fiber, such as pectins and gums, dissolve or swell in water.

Major form of starch made by plants

Starch and glycogen. (a) Amylopectin is the major form of starch made by plants. (b) The chains of glycogen are more highly branched than those of amylopectin.

soluble fiber

dissolves in water and is fermented by intestinal bacteria (becomes gel like) such as viscous & fruits (citrus, apple), oats & barely, seeds, beans soft/sticky it reduces cholesterol level and risk of cardiovascular disease

Monosaccharides

glucose- in most plant foods, most abundant, primary source of energy fructose- (fruit sugar) sweetest of natural sugars galactose- part of lactose

Classifying Fiber

According to food labeling guidelines issued by the FDA, whole grains are the intact, ground, cracked, or flaked seeds of cereal grains. Such grains may include wheat, buckwheat, oats, corn, rice, wild rice, rye, barley, bulgur, millet, and sorghum. If a "whole-grain" product is made from ground, cracked, or flaked cereal grains, the forms must contain the starchy endosperm, oily germ, and fiber-rich bran seed components in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact grain

fiber health benefits

Eating high-fiber foods may reduce your risk of obesity, diabetes, certain intestinal tract disorders, and cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke People who often eat foods that contain adequate amounts of fiber have softer stools and more regular bowel movements, and they are less likely to strain while having bowel movements than people whose diets lack fiber.

Too much fiber can ...

Eating too much fiber may interfere with the small intestine's ability to absorb certain minerals. In rare instances, consuming too much dietary fiber results in intestinal blockage, especially if fluid intake is low.

hemoglobin

About 4.5 to 5.7% of a healthy person's hemoglobin is HbA1c. A person with poorly controlled diabetes often has blood glucose levels that are much higher than normal. As a result, this individual's hemoglobin will have a higher percentage of HbA1c. Most people with diabetes should strive to maintain their HbA1c level below 7%.

How much intake of added sugars should people who follow a 2000 kcal/day diet intake?

According to the Dietary Guidelines, people who follow a 2000 kcal/day diet should limit their intake of added sugars to no more than 12 teaspoons per day (about 200 kcal)

Alternative nutritive sweeteners contain what?

Alternative nutritive sweeteners include sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xylitol (zigh′-lih-tol), and mannitol. Unlike sugars, sugar alcohols do not promote dental decay. Thus, these compounds are used to replace sucrose in products such as sugar-free chewing gums, breath mints, and "diabetic" candies. Sugar alcohols are not fully absorbed by the intestinal tract, and as a result, they supply an average of 2 kcal/g. However, sugar alcohols may cause diarrhea when consumed.

Sucrose

Disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Sucrose (table sugar) consists of a molecule of glucose and one of fructose

Whats the deadly spores honey can contain called?

Honey can contain spores, the inactive life stage, of the deadly bacterium Clostridium botulinum that resist being destroyed by food preservation methods. These spores can become active bacteria within an infant's intestinal tract and produce a poison that is extremely toxic to nerves.

diverticulitis

In most people, diverticula do not produce symptoms, but they can bleed or become painfully inflamed when bacteria or feces are trapped within them. When this condition (diverticulitis) occurs, the affected person may need surgery to remove the damaged section of large intestine.

Insoluble fiber

Insoluble forms of fiber, such as cellulose and lignin, generally do not dissolve in water. Oat bran and oatmeal, beans, apples, carrots, oranges and other citrus fruits, and psyllium (sill′-e-um) seeds are rich sources of soluble fiber; whole-grain products, including brown rice, contain high amounts of insoluble fiber

dietary fiber (fiber)

Most forms of dietary fiber (fiber) are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are connected to each other by bonds that humans cannot digest. Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages are carbohydrate forms of fiber; lignin is the only type of fiber that is not carbohydrate. Although fiber is not digested, it may be metabolized (fermented) by gut microbiota

Where does the human body store glucose and glycogen?

The human body stores limited amounts of glucose as glycogen (see Fig. 5.5b). Muscles and the liver are the major sites for glycogen formation and storage.

lactose intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose. lactose builds up in the intestine

What's the sign of diabetes?

The primary sign of diabetes is hyperglycemia (hyper = excess; glycemia = blood glucose), abnormally elevated blood glucose levels.

Recommended fiber intake

The recommended Adequate Intakes (AIs) for fiber are 38 and 25 g/day for young men and women, respectively, but the typical diet of adult Americans supplies only about 17 g of dietary fiber/day.9

three most important dietary monosaccharides

The three most important dietary monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose

How many types of dietary fiber?

There are two types of dietary fiber, soluble fiber and insoluble fiber

galactose

Unlike glucose and fructose, galactose is not commonly found in foods. Galactose is a component of lactose, the form of carbohydrate in milk. After a woman gives birth, special glands in her breasts convert glucose into galactose, which is necessary for production of lactose, the form of carbohydrate in breast milk

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) compounds comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together are comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together. Plants and animals use complex carbohydrates to store energy or make certain structural components such as stems and leaves. The most common dietary polysaccharides consist of hundreds of glucose molecules and include digestible and nondigestible forms

Sucralose

Sucralose, sold under the brand name "Splenda®," is made from a molecule of sucrose that has been chemically modified to escape digestion and absorption. As a result, sucralose sweetens foods and beverages without increasing their caloric value. During normal cooking conditions, sucralose is not destroyed by heat, a feature that makes it better for sweetening baked products than aspartame

Sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with?

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are one of the major sources of added sugars in the diets of Americans who are 6 years of age and older.15 According to results of large epidemiological studies, risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke are associated with the highest intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Under normal conditions, the liver does not store fat, but the organ can accumulate the lipid in response to alcohol consumption and develop fatty liver. Fatty liver also occurs in people who drink little or no alcohol but are obese or have diabetes (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]). Although there is no specific treatment for NAFLD, losing excess body fat, avoiding alcohol, and eating a healthy diet may allow the liver to heal and avoid inflammation.

Where do you find sucrose?

Although sucrose occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, much of the sucrose in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets.

Can type 1 diabetes occur at any age?

Although type 1 diabetes is more likely to occur in children and young adults, the disease can strike at any age. The majority of people with diabetes have type 2, which used to be called "adult-onset diabetes."

Does ancestry affect type 2 diabetes

Americans who have Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander ancestry are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than Americans who are not members of these racial/ethnic groups.

type 1 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Maltose

Disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose (malt sugar) has two glucose molecules bonded together