Nutrition: Chapter 9

What are some negative effects of alcohol?

Slows down reaction time to stimuli Confuses thoughts Impairs judegment Impairs balance and coordination Induces sleepiness Death Brain shrinkage Alters vision, speech, and reasoning Interfears with breathing and heart rate

Where is most alcohol absorbed?

Small intestine

Fatty liver

Stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic hepatitis

Stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease; due to chronic inflammation.

Cirrhosis

Stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease in which liver cells die, causing severe scarring

What provides the sugar when processing beer?

Starch from grains

Binge drinking

The consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks by men, and 4 or more alcoholic drinks by women, in a very short time

Heavy drinking

The consumption of 5 or more drinks on the same occasion in each of 5 or more days in the past month.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD)

The continuation of alcohol concumption even though this behavior has created social,, psychological, and/or physical health problems

Distillation

The evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation

Distillation

The evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)

The measurement of the amount of alcohol in your blood. BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, usually expressed as a percentage.

Fermentation

The process by which yeast converts sugars in grains and fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

The second major enzyme system in the liver that metabolizes alcohol

What do moderate drinkers need to watch out for?

The size of drinks and the frequency of drinking

Ethanol

The type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and liquor

Why are women more susceptible to alcohol?

They have less alcohol dehyrogenase in the stomach and less body water

How is liquor made?

Through distillation. The alcoholic beverage is heated, causing the ethanol to evaporate. The vapor is collected, cooled, and condensed into a very concentrated liquid.

What are the three stages of alcohol liver disease?

Fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis

What factors affect how quickly you absorb and metabolize alcohol?

Gender, body type, amount of food in stomach, and the amount of alcohol consumed

What fruit is used to provide the sugar for making wine?

Grapes

Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of

Heart disease and the risk of dying

How can alcohol cause death?

If enough alcohol is consumed, the activities of the brain stem, which controls breathing and heart rate, can be suppressed, and ultimately cause death.

What compound is found in rubbing alcohol?

Isopropanol

What happens to the alcohol not metabolized?

It will return to the blood and circulate throughout the body, including the brain.

Where is most alcohol metabolized?

Liver

One of the 12 leading causes of death among Americans

Liver disease

What compound is found in antifreeze?

Methanol

Blackouts

Periods of time when an intoxicated person cannot recall part or all of an event

What chemical compounds of alcohol are poisonous when ingested and what ones are considered safe for consumption?

Poisonous: Methanol and Isopropanol Safe: Ethanol

Why do people drink alcohol?

Relax, Celebrate, and Socialize

What in red wine acts as an antioxidant?

Resveratrol (a flavonoid and type of phytochemical)

How is ethanol made?

Through the fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains and fruits. The yeast breaks down sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide evaporates, leaving an alcohol containing beverage.

The best cure for a hangover is

Time and abstinence

12 Ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 oz of liquor contains the same amount of alcohol

True

Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver

True

Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk:

True

Alcohol is a depressant

True

Alcohol is a drug

True

Alcohol is a toxin

True

In the United States, more than half of adults consume at least one alcoolic beverage per month

True

Women are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than men

True

Alcohol poisoning

When the BAC rises to such an extreme level that a person's central nervous system is affected and his or her breathing and heart rate are interrupted.

Alcohol tolerance

When the body adjusts to long-term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to the alcohol. More alcohol needs to be consumed in order to get the same euphoric effect.

Acetaldehyde

an intermediary by-product of the breakdown of ethanol in the liver

In the United States, it is illegal to have a BAC level of

0.08

The standard drinks of beer, wine, and liqor call contain how much alcohol?

0.5 ounces

Standard drink of liquor

1.5 oz

How long does it take for the liver to metabolize one standard drink?

1.5 to 2 hours

Standard drink of beer

12 oz

What percent of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach?

20%

The legal drinking age in the United States is

21

Standard drink of wine

5 oz

Alcohol calories

7

What percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine?

80%

Alcohol

A chemical class of substances that include ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol

Hangover

A collective term for the unpleasant symptoms, such as a headache and dizziness, that occur after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol.

Endotoxin

A damaging product produced by intestinal bacteria that travels in the blood to the liver and initiates the release of cytokines that damage liver cells, leading to scarring

Alcohol liver disease

A degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero. FAS is the most severe of the FDSDs; children with FAS will display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities

Enzymes in the liver, most importantly alcohol dehydrogenase, covert the alcohol to

Acetaldehyde

Enzyme in the liver that concerts alcohol to acetaldehyde

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Moderate alcohol consumption

An average consumption of up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, as well as no more than three drinks in any single day for women and no more than four drinks in a single day for men.

Why do women feel the effects of the same amount of alcohol before men will?

Because of having less alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach and less body water

Benefits of alcohol

Can increase "good" levels of HDL cholestrol levels (usually for women 55+ and men 45+)

Congeners

Compounds in alcohol that enhance the taste but may contribute to hangover symptoms

Short term effects of alcohol

Disrupts sleep, causing hangovers, interfering with hormones, adding excess calories, and displacing healthier food choices from diet

Liquors, such as rum, scotch, and whiskey, are made through what process?

Distillation

What is liquor commonly called?

Distilled Spirits

Social drinking

Drinking patterns that are considered acceptable by society

What is the scientific name for alcohol found in beverages?

Ethanol

Alcohol is an essential nutrient because it contains energy.

False

You should drink alcohol on an empty stomach

False

What are the three compounds in the chemical category of alcohol?

Ethanol, Methanol, and Isopropanol

Alcohol is an essential nutrient

False

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

Alcohol dehydrogenase

one of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes found in the stomach and the liver