Nutrition: Chapter 9
What are some negative effects of alcohol?
Slows down reaction time to stimuli Confuses thoughts Impairs judegment Impairs balance and coordination Induces sleepiness Death Brain shrinkage Alters vision, speech, and reasoning Interfears with breathing and heart rate
Where is most alcohol absorbed?
Small intestine
Fatty liver
Stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis
Stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease; due to chronic inflammation.
Cirrhosis
Stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease in which liver cells die, causing severe scarring
What provides the sugar when processing beer?
Starch from grains
Binge drinking
The consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks by men, and 4 or more alcoholic drinks by women, in a very short time
Heavy drinking
The consumption of 5 or more drinks on the same occasion in each of 5 or more days in the past month.
Alcohol use disorder (AUD)
The continuation of alcohol concumption even though this behavior has created social,, psychological, and/or physical health problems
Distillation
The evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation
Distillation
The evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
The measurement of the amount of alcohol in your blood. BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, usually expressed as a percentage.
Fermentation
The process by which yeast converts sugars in grains and fruits into ethanol and carbon dioxide
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
The second major enzyme system in the liver that metabolizes alcohol
What do moderate drinkers need to watch out for?
The size of drinks and the frequency of drinking
Ethanol
The type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and liquor
Why are women more susceptible to alcohol?
They have less alcohol dehyrogenase in the stomach and less body water
How is liquor made?
Through distillation. The alcoholic beverage is heated, causing the ethanol to evaporate. The vapor is collected, cooled, and condensed into a very concentrated liquid.
What are the three stages of alcohol liver disease?
Fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis
What factors affect how quickly you absorb and metabolize alcohol?
Gender, body type, amount of food in stomach, and the amount of alcohol consumed
What fruit is used to provide the sugar for making wine?
Grapes
Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of
Heart disease and the risk of dying
How can alcohol cause death?
If enough alcohol is consumed, the activities of the brain stem, which controls breathing and heart rate, can be suppressed, and ultimately cause death.
What compound is found in rubbing alcohol?
Isopropanol
What happens to the alcohol not metabolized?
It will return to the blood and circulate throughout the body, including the brain.
Where is most alcohol metabolized?
Liver
One of the 12 leading causes of death among Americans
Liver disease
What compound is found in antifreeze?
Methanol
Blackouts
Periods of time when an intoxicated person cannot recall part or all of an event
What chemical compounds of alcohol are poisonous when ingested and what ones are considered safe for consumption?
Poisonous: Methanol and Isopropanol Safe: Ethanol
Why do people drink alcohol?
Relax, Celebrate, and Socialize
What in red wine acts as an antioxidant?
Resveratrol (a flavonoid and type of phytochemical)
How is ethanol made?
Through the fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in grains and fruits. The yeast breaks down sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide evaporates, leaving an alcohol containing beverage.
The best cure for a hangover is
Time and abstinence
12 Ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 oz of liquor contains the same amount of alcohol
True
Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver
True
Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk:
True
Alcohol is a depressant
True
Alcohol is a drug
True
Alcohol is a toxin
True
In the United States, more than half of adults consume at least one alcoolic beverage per month
True
Women are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol than men
True
Alcohol poisoning
When the BAC rises to such an extreme level that a person's central nervous system is affected and his or her breathing and heart rate are interrupted.
Alcohol tolerance
When the body adjusts to long-term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to the alcohol. More alcohol needs to be consumed in order to get the same euphoric effect.
Acetaldehyde
an intermediary by-product of the breakdown of ethanol in the liver
In the United States, it is illegal to have a BAC level of
0.08
The standard drinks of beer, wine, and liqor call contain how much alcohol?
0.5 ounces
Standard drink of liquor
1.5 oz
How long does it take for the liver to metabolize one standard drink?
1.5 to 2 hours
Standard drink of beer
12 oz
What percent of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach?
20%
The legal drinking age in the United States is
21
Standard drink of wine
5 oz
Alcohol calories
7
What percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine?
80%
Alcohol
A chemical class of substances that include ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol
Hangover
A collective term for the unpleasant symptoms, such as a headache and dizziness, that occur after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol.
Endotoxin
A damaging product produced by intestinal bacteria that travels in the blood to the liver and initiates the release of cytokines that damage liver cells, leading to scarring
Alcohol liver disease
A degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero. FAS is the most severe of the FDSDs; children with FAS will display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities
Enzymes in the liver, most importantly alcohol dehydrogenase, covert the alcohol to
Acetaldehyde
Enzyme in the liver that concerts alcohol to acetaldehyde
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Moderate alcohol consumption
An average consumption of up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, as well as no more than three drinks in any single day for women and no more than four drinks in a single day for men.
Why do women feel the effects of the same amount of alcohol before men will?
Because of having less alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach and less body water
Benefits of alcohol
Can increase "good" levels of HDL cholestrol levels (usually for women 55+ and men 45+)
Congeners
Compounds in alcohol that enhance the taste but may contribute to hangover symptoms
Short term effects of alcohol
Disrupts sleep, causing hangovers, interfering with hormones, adding excess calories, and displacing healthier food choices from diet
Liquors, such as rum, scotch, and whiskey, are made through what process?
Distillation
What is liquor commonly called?
Distilled Spirits
Social drinking
Drinking patterns that are considered acceptable by society
What is the scientific name for alcohol found in beverages?
Ethanol
Alcohol is an essential nutrient because it contains energy.
False
You should drink alcohol on an empty stomach
False
What are the three compounds in the chemical category of alcohol?
Ethanol, Methanol, and Isopropanol
Alcohol is an essential nutrient
False
Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
Alcohol dehydrogenase
one of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes found in the stomach and the liver