Nutrition - Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D has three targets

1) GI Tract to absorb more Calcium and Potassium 2) Bones to release Calcium and Potassium 3) Kidney to retain more

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, K Require Fat for absorption Stay in Body Long

Vitamin D Function

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus Bone maintenance

Only Vitamin E form that is active in human body?

Alpha-tocopherol - only form that provides vitamin E activity in humans

Vitamin E Main Function

Antioxidant MX Red Blood Cell membranes

Groups at risk for Vitamin D Deficiency?

Babies being breastfed only and elderly

Which has the highest Vitamin A Activity?

Beta carotene has higher Vitamin A activity (compared to retinoids)

Which is the most potent Vitamin A precursor found in plants?

Beta-Carotene is potent precursor found in dark orange fruits and vegetables (apricots, sweet potatoes, carrots, red peppers)

Some blood things are antagonists to what vitamin

Blood Thinner can be antagonist to Vitamin K (Coumadin)

Vitamin A Carotenoids Sources

Carrotes, leafy greens, sweet potatoes, apricots

Vitamin K Function

Coenzyme for blood clotting proteins *Activates Prothrombin --> Thrombin*

Vitamin A Toxicity

Hypercarotenemia - stored in fat so your skin can turn orange if you eat too many carrots

Vitamin A in Digestive Tract

In small intestine, retinol and carotenoids combine with bile acids to form micelles which facilitate diffusion into mucosal cells

Where is 90% of Vitamin A stored in?

Liver

Fat Soluble Vitamins are Stored in

Liver and adipose tissue

Groups at Risk for Vitamin E Deficiency

Newborns premature newborns people on long term antibiotics

Vitamin A Deficiency

Night Blindless Keratinization of skin because cells not differentiating properly *Xeropthalmia*: eye issues

Vitamin K is also known as

Phylloquinones - Plant Form Menaquinone - Made by bacteria and found in animals

What type of Vitamin A is found in Plants?

Plants contain Provitamin A compounds called *carotenoids* Yellow, orange, and red pigments

Vitamin K Deficiency

Primary Deficient - rare - hemmorrhage Secondary Deficiency can occur if having issues digesting fats

Provitamin A versus Preform Vitamin A

Provitamin A - found in plants Preform Vitamin A - more absorbable form

What is Preformed Vitamin A

Retinoids (Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid) *Animal Foods: liver, fish, egg yolks, dairy provide Retinol attached to fatty acids* Retinoids are more absorbable

Which Vitamin A form is more easily absorbed? Carotenoids or Retinoids?

Retinoids are more easily absorbed

Vitamin A - Retinoid Sources

Retinol: liver, fish, fortified milk and margarine, butter, eggs

Vitamin D Deficiency Diseases

Rickets (abnormal growth) Osetomalacia (weak bones and pain)

What is the major Source of Vitamin D?

Sunlight other sources: liver, fatty fish, egg yolks

Vitamin E is also called

Tocopherol is chemical name for Vitamin E

Once Fat Soluble Vitamins are absorbed...

Transported with fats through lymphatic system in chylomicrons before entering blood

Vitamin K Sources

Vegetable Oils Leafy Greens *Made by intestinal bacteria as well*

Which fat soluble vitamin deficiencies are common in developing world?

Vitamin A and D

Plant versus Animal Version

Vitamin D2 --- Plant version Vitamin D3 --- Animal Version

Active Form of Vitamin D?

Vitamin D3

Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D3 - found in foods (fatty fish, egg yolks) Cholecalciferol is form of Vitamin D made in skin of animals by action of sunlight

Vitamin E Deficiency Disease

hemolytic anemia - results when RBC break open

Vitamin E sources

nuts, fats Vegetable Oils Leafy Greens Seeds, nuts, peanuts

Major Functions of Vitamin A

*Vision - promote clear cornea and converts light energy into nerve impulses* Support Fetal development Bone Remodeling Beta Carotene --> antioxidant *Promote Cell differentiation*

Dietary Vitamin D in inactive until altered in the....

liver and then kidney