Nutrition

Last night, Sara ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy cole slaw. For dessert, she had a chocolate milk shake. About an hour after eating this food, she suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Sara probably has

gallstones

While sitting or having bowel movements, Fatima is alarmed because she has rectal pain. According to her doctor, she has hemorrhoids. Based on this information, Fatima is very likely to also be experiencing which of the following signs or symptoms? (Check all that apply.)

- Anal itching - Fresh blood in her feces

Nonnutritive ("artificial") sweeteners are intensely sweet yet supply no energy. Identify which of the following are classified as nonnutritive sweeteners.

- Aspartame - Sucralose

Identify risk factors that increase an American's risk for developing type 2 diabetes. (Check all that apply.)

- Obesity - African ancestry - Personal history of gestational diabetes - Family history of type 2 diabetes

Which of the following groups of people should avoid eating shark, tilefish, swordfish, and king mackerel? (Check all that apply.)

- Pregnant women - Five-year old children - Women who are breastfeeding their babies

A physician should be contacted when vomiting is accompanied by which of the following signs or symptoms? (Check all that apply.)

- Severe abdominal pain - Failure to urinate for 8 hours - Headache

Which of the following statements is an anecdote? (Check all that apply.)

- Your best friend tells you to take a fish oil supplement each day, because it cleared up her skin blemishes, so it should make your skin look better, too. - Your best friend advises you to drink coconut milk, because it helped him stop losing his hair. - Your blood pressure is elevated, so your sister recommends that you take a garlic pill daily, because her high blood pressure declined after she started taking the herbal supplement.

Atherosclerosis contributes to cardiovascular disease by _____. (Check all that apply.)

- causing inflammation - slowing blood flow through the arteries and allowing clots to form - forming plaque in the carotid arteries that can reduce blood flow to the brain

Which of the following statements is true?

A diet that contains whole-grain foods may help relieve constipation.

Which of the following statements is true?

A diet that has variety contains many different kinds of nutritious foods.

Which of the following statements is true?

A person who uses a drink that contains vinegar as a cure for patients with lung cancer is practicing quackery.

Linda just finished taking the antibiotics prescribed by her physician to treat a bacterial infection. Linda is interested in using dietary supplements that contain probiotics and yogurt to re-establish the normal balance of beneficial bacteria in her colon. What should Linda look for on the container label when she is shopping for yogurt?

A statement that the product contains live and active cultures

Which of the following statements is true?

Acid reflux often results when the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to close properly.

Which of the following groups of Americans is most at risk of undernutrition?

Alcoholics

Which of the following functions is not a role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that involves food labeling?

Allowing a food manufacturer to claim that a food is "low-calorie" because it provides 100 kcal or less per serving

Antonio has severe heartburn. To reduce his risk of having frequent heartburn and developing esophageal cancer, his physician recommended that he

Avoid overeating during meals

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)?

Baked potato

Which of the following statements is true?

Before scientists begin their research, they usually develop a question to guide their study.

Which of the following substances is a phytochemical?

Caffeine

Which of the following conditions is a leading cause of death in the United States that's related to dietary practices?

Cancer

A serving of food supplies 18 g protein, 20 g carbohydrate, 7 g fat, 18 mg vitamin E, 2 mg iron, and 100 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?

Carbohydrates provides the most food energy

Choose the answer that best describes human cells.

Cells use nutrients from food to carry out their metabolic activity.

Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per four-ounce serving?

Chocolate cupcake

Which of the following foods is the richest source of saturated fat?

Cocoa Butter

Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Diabetes mellitus

When Austin tried to make pancakes, he kept stirring the ingredients, but they separated into oily and watery portions. His pancake ingredients were whole-wheat flour, milk, canola oil, and a little cinnamon and sugar. Which of the following ingredients could he add to keep the other ingredients from separating after they're stirred together?

Eggs

What feature is required on labels of dietary supplements?

FDA disclaimer if the FDA has not reviewed a claim.

If your body does not secrete bile after you eat a meal, your intestinal tract would have difficulty absorbing which of the following substances?

Fat

A serving of food supplies 25 g carbohydrate, 15 g fat, 18 g protein, and 100 g water. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?

Fat provides the most food energy

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?

Fat-free Milk

Mitch recently tried a hair-restoring product that he purchased from an Internet website. The package's label displayed the following claim: "Rubbing a tablespoon of 'NutraTerraMino' on your scalp each day will cure the hair loss associated with the aging process." After a month of using "NutraTerraMino" daily, he stopped because the product made his hair fall out. Based on this information, Mitch should file a complaint with the

Federal Trade Commission.

You recently watched an infomercial at an Internet website in which an actor promoted a new weight loss product. The actor stated that you'll lose weight almost instantly by consuming the product, because it contains a secret herbal formula that's both safe and effective. The promoter also said that you can continue to eat all of your usual foods and still lose weight, while taking the herbal formula. You're concerned that people might waste their money on this product. Which agency should you contact to file a complaint about the website?

Federal Trade Commission.

Mariele purchased a box of cereal that had the following claim on the label: "Eat one bowl of this cereal a day for a month, and your skin with be healthier." Mariele is skeptical about the honesty of the claim. She should report her concern about the claim to the

Food and Drug administration

Which of the following foods is a source of phytochemicals?

Fresh blueberries

Which of the following nutrients is a micronutrient?

Iron

Which of the following substances is an essential nutrient?

Linoleic acid

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes?

Losing excess body fat

Which of the following foods is a natural source of trans fat?

Meat

During Thanksgiving dinner, Harry ate too much bread stuffing, rolls, sweet potatoes, and pie. What happened to the excess glucose in his body?

Most of the glucose was converted to fat and stored in his waistline.

A group of researchers wants to conduct a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that affect the development of obesity. Which of the following activities is likely to be the first step of their research efforts?

Observing the general dietary practices of obese people

Which of the following statements is true?

Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children.

Undernutrition and overnutrition are both problems in the United States. All of the following statements are true except

Overnutrition is less common in the United States than undernutrition is.

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) contain trans fatty acids. Because scientists have determined that PHOs are harmful to health, their use in foods will be be banned in mid-2018. Why did food manufacturers use PHOs in processed foods?

PHOs increased a food's shelf life.

Which of the following statements is true?

People who drink sugar-sweetened soft drinks may gain body fat, especially if they don't reduce their intake of energy from solid foods.

Which of the following statements is untrustworthy or misleading because it contains a "red flag" of unreliable nutrition-related information?

People who have cancer should take vitamin C pills because the pills have been clinically proven to cure cancer.

Which of the following foods is a major source of saturated fat in American diets?

Pizza with mozzarella cheese and pepperoni slices

Which of the following foods is energy dense?

Potato Chips

Which of the following statements is true?

Promoters of nutrition misinformation often take advantage of the general public's mistrust of scientists.

Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy?

Protein

Which of the following foods is a rich source of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)?

Regular sweetened soft drinks

According to numerous scientific studies, low levels of physical activity are associated with increased chances of developing excess body fat and type 2 diabetes. Based on this information, lack of physical activity is a

Risk factor

Which of the following cellular activities is an example of anabolism?

Skin cells using protein to replace burned skin tissue

Which of the following behaviors is a risk factor for heart disease?

Smoking cigarettes

Which of the following lifestyle choices is the primary cause of most preventable cancer deaths in the United States?

Smoking cigarettes

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber?

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water.

Salivary glands secrete an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _____ to be digested in the mouth.

Starch

Alicia has PKU. She would like to sweeten her iced tea with a substance that provides 0 kcal/g. Based on this information, which of the following sweeteners supplies 0 kcal/g and is safe for her to use?

Sucralose

Which of the following menu items contains a lot of empty calories?

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks

Which U.S. federal agency enforces consumer protection laws and investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims that are used in advertising?

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

A scientist conducts a study to determine the effects of the mineral cadmium on the weight of mice. She adds 5 mcg of the mineral to the daily diet of 100 4-week-old laboratory mice. Every week, the researcher records the weight of each mouse. At the end of the study, the scientist notes that 3 mice died, 40 mice lost weight, 40 mice gained weight, and the remaining 17 mice didn't gain or lose weight during the 12-week period. Based on this information, what would you tell the researcher about her findings?

The findings are not meaningful because of the way the scientist designed her study.

Which of the following statements is true?

To remain healthy, your fasting blood glucose level should be between 70 and 100 mg/dl.

Which of the following foods is an example of an "enriched" food?

Uncooked white rice that has iron added to it

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that doesn't supply any energy for the human body?

Vitamin C

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat, but it is also the site of some bacterial nutrient production. Which of the following nutrients are produced by certain bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K and biotin

Which of the following nutrients is the most essential for life?

Water

Scientists at a major university have isolated a chemical from grapes. Which of the following features is an indication that this chemical could be a vitamin?

When a person's diet lacks the chemical, his or her body experiences abnormal functioning.

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?

Whole grain bread

Derek consumes a protein-rich drink before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the drink to his diet. His report about the positive effects of the special drink is an example of a(an)

anecdote

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily. Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day, because she's heard the practice strengthens fingernails. The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(an)

anecdote

Carter wants to lower his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, he should limit his intake of

butter and beef

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?

canned salmon

Glycogen is the

carbohydrate that is stored in liver and muscle tissue.

Which of the following foods naturally contains cholesterol?

chicken

Chylomicrons transport

cholesterol

The stomach

churns food, mixing it with gastric juice.

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into

chylomicrons.

Hillary would like to add more soluble fiber to her diet. Which of the following foods should she add?

citrus fruits

Having a control group enables researchers to

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

Wyatt is a healthy 23-year-old graduate student. When Wyatt hasn't eaten for a few hours, his blood glucose level ____ and he begins to feel hungry.

decreases

A researcher observes that first-grade children who only eat foods sweetened with honey seem to behave the same as first-grade children who eat foods sweetened with cane sugar. After making the observation, the researcher decides to conduct a study to explore whether eating honey has any affect on school-age children's behavior. The researcher wants to follow the basic steps of the scientific method. Now that he's made the observation, his next step will be to

develop a question that's based on his observations of the children's behavior and their intakes of sweeteners such as honey.

Tia experiences acid reflux from time to time. To help prevent bouts of acid reflux, Tia should take all of the following steps, except

drink milk and cream with meals.

Jamie has reactive hypoglycemia. Based on this information, Jamie should

eat smaller, more frequent meals.

All of the following are factors that increase the risk of peptic ulcers, except

eating fatty foods

Proteins that help chemical reactions occur are

enzymes

All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases except

family history of chronic disease

If your diet doesn't provide an adequate amount of carbohydrate, your body alters its metabolism of other nutrients to meet your energy needs. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies in the bloodstream. Ketone bodies result from the partial breakdown of _____.

fat

According to the latest version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, _____ is a "nutrient of public health" concern.

fiber

A baby's body needs essential fatty acids

for nervous system system development.

A primary fuel for muscles and other cells is

glucose

Sylvia has a disease that blocks the delivery of bile and pancreatic amylase to her small intestine. Which of the following conditions is a sign or symptom of this disease?

greasy stools that float

Two-month-old Jacob's diet lacks alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids. Based on this information, Jacob isn't _____.

growing properly

Amanda is a three-year-old who has a disease that affects the functioning of her pancreas. Based on this information, she

has difficulty digesting food

Individuals with type I diabetes

have cells that do not produce insulin

Insulin

helps glucose enter cells.

Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should

increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.

Which of the following characteristics is a known risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

increasing age

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who wants to follow the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning the intake of trans fat. Therefore, Regina should

keep her trans fat intake as low as possible while following a healthy diet.

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into chylomicrons and enter

lacteals within the villi.

The _____ helps form feces by absorbing some excess water and minerals from chyme.

large intestine

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and

learning ways to manage stress effectively.

The accessory organ of the digestive system that produces bile is the

liver

A scientist would like to collect information concerning the health of a large group of older adults. To obtain this information, the scientist conducts a

medical history survey

Shawn's waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure is consistently high, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl. Based on this information, Shawn has

metabolic syndrome.

The process of digesting food begins in the

mouth

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by your diet

A group of scientists designed a clinical study to investigate the effects of cholesterol deficiency in humans. For the duration of the 8-week study, the adult subjects must live in a special research unit of a hospital. The only food the subjects can consume is a man-made formula that contains all known nutrients, except cholesterol. Based on this information, you would expect

none of the subjects to show signs and symptoms of a cholesterol deficiency during the entire study.

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

optimalhealthandnutrition4ever.com/tips

Glucagon is a hormone that is secreted by your pancreas. Glucagon

raises your blood glucose to normal level.

Solid fats generally have a high proportion of ____ fatty acids.

saturated

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they're not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n)

scare tactic

The carbohydrates in your diet can contribute to tooth decay by

serving as food for the acid-producing bacteria that live on your teeth and gums.

Regina is pregnant and concerned about the safety of eating fish and seafood during pregnancy. Because certain kinds of fish and seafood can contain harmful amounts of methylmercury, Regina should avoid eating ____ while pregnant.

shark

Most lipid digestion occurs in the

small intestine

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

When she sampled a spoonful of hot soup, Bekha burnt the tip of her tongue. During the 24 hours that followed the injury, Bekha had difficulty detecting foods that tasted

sweet

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing an herbal product for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a(n)

testimonial

Metabolism is

the total of all chemical changes that occur in cells.

Five-year-old Layla consumes a lot of sugary snacks. Based on this information, Layla has a high risk of

tooth decay

Identify all of the characteristics that are usually associated with reliable sources of nutrition information.

- Information about the articles' authors, including their sources of funding - Longer, more scientific articles

Identify which of the following substances are essential fatty acids. (Check all that apply.)

- Linoleic acid - Alpha-linolenic acid

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following foods would not be a component of a healthy diet pattern? (Check all that apply.

- Energy drink - Whole milk - Bacon

Which of the following organs are an accessory organ of the digestive system? (Check all that apply.)

- Gallbladder - Pancreas - Liver

Identify which of the following nutrients are major sources of ATP-energy for your cells. (Check all that apply.)

- Glucose - Fat - Iron

Which of the following substances is a normal component of gastric juice? (Check all that apply.)

- Hydrochloric Acid - Water - Mucus - Enzymes

Ads for a popular over-the-counter cold remedy that contains vitamin C suggest that megadoses of the vitamin help prevent or minimize the effects of the common cold. If the label on the product's package states that each pill contains 1,000 mg of vitamin C, how many grams of vitamin C is in each pill?

1 gram of vitamin C

Martha wants to follow the Dietary Guidelines recommendations for saturated fat intake. She currently consumes a diet that supplies 2700 kcal per day. To meet the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines, she should limit her saturated fat intake to less than ____ grams per day.

30

According to the package label, a bag of potato chips weighs 24 ounces and each 8-ounce serving of the chips provides 170 kcal. While eating lunch, Lori consumed the contents of an entire bag of the chips. Based on this information, how many total kcal of the chips did she consume?

510 kcal

In the United States, which agency investigates complaints about false or misleading health-related claims that appear in food advertisements?

Federal Trade Commission

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the

Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Which of the following statements is true?

Infants should not be fed honey because it may contain botulism spores.

Yamiche is a biochemist with a company that manufacturers substances that can be added to foods to improve their flavor. She's discovered a chemical that she called "Agent X" in beet juice. Agent X prevents human cell membranes from being damaged by highly unstable substances that are in the environment. Based on this information, Agent X is a(an) ____.

antioxidant

Men's Journal and Family Circle may be unreliable sources of nutrition information, because

articles in such popular magazines generally do not undergo peer-review before they are published.

If your diet supplies more glucose than you need, the excess can be

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of saturated fat and cholesterol?

whole milk

Coretta has chronic heartburn. To reduce her risk of developing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), her physician recommended that she

lose excess body fat

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to _____ while he has this illness.

lose weight rapidly

Lipids play very important roles in your body. Which of the following statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

- Body fat helps insulate the body against cold temperatures. - Certain fatty acids help regulate inflammation. - Essential fatty acids are needed for proper growth and skin health. - Body fat cushions the body against injuries from blows and falls.

Regina is concerned that her dad may have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) because his father died after having a heart attack. Her father is 52 years of age, smokes, is overweight, has Italian ancestry, and does not exercise. Which of Regina's father's personal characteristics is a CVD risk factor that's not modifiable? (Check all that apply.)

- Family history of cardiovascular disease - Age - Ancestry

Javier is 5 years of age. Recently, his parents noticed Javier doesn't want to play as much as before. Plus, he has a dry cough, "runny" nose, constant urge to drink fluids, and slight fever. His parents are concerned that he may have type 1 diabetes. Which of Javier's signs and symptoms are associated with type 1 diabetes? (Check all that apply.)

- Unusual tiredness - Constant urge to drink fluids

From the choices below, check all the statements that apply to the description of white flour. (Check all that apply.)

- White flour consists of the endosperm part of the wheat kernel. - White flour is an example of a processed food.

A 6-ounce serving of a beverage contains 450 ml water, 20 g sugar and 5 g alcohol. How many kcal does this beverage supply?

115

Adam's usual caloric intake is 2200 kcal per day. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugars should contribute less than 10% of a person's total energy intake. Therefore, he should limit his added sugar intake to less than ____ kcal per day.

220

Jackson consumes an average of 2600 kcal/day. He would like to follow the recommendation concerning added sugars intake that is highlighted in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Based on this information, Jackson should limit his added sugar intake to less than ____ kcal/day.

260

Lipids play very important roles in your body. Which of the following statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

- Lipids help maintain cell membranes. - Certain fatty acids help regulate blood pressure and inflammation. - Fats provide energy. -

There is an abundance of nutrition misinformation spread by the media and individuals. Identify the reasons why there is so much misinformation. (Check all that apply.)

- Many people are willing to promote nutrition-related products, as long as they are paid for their testimonials. - Manufacturers may promote false or one-sided information about their products to make a profit. - The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of speech. - People can make a lot of money by writing books that include nutrition misinformation.

Over time, untreated or poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus ("diabetes") causes much harm to the body. Which of the following disorders, conditions, or events is a serious health consequence of poorly-controlled diabetes, including gestational diabetes? (Check all that apply.)

- Nerve damage - Kidney failure - Heart disease

Samantha is a 19-year-old college student with Italian ancestry. Although Samantha smokes cigarettes, she doesn't like the taste of alcohol. When choosing foods, she avoids refined grain products, dairy foods, and salads. She spends much of her time in class, texting friends, studying, watching videos, or sleeping. Which of the following characteristics increases Samantha's risk of chronic diseases later in her life? (Check all that apply.)

- Sitting - Smoking

Sharia is a 24-year-old college student with white ancestry. Sharia smokes cigarettes, eats nuts and whole-grains, but she doesn't like to consume vegetables. Which of the following characteristics increases Sharia's risk of chronic diseases later in her life? (Check all that apply.)

- Smoking - Avoiding vegetables

Dewayne is a 22-year-old obese college student with Asian ancestry, who smokes cigarettes, doesn't drink alcohol, and doesn't like to eat fruits and vegetables. Which of the following characteristics increases Dewayne's risk of chronic diseases later in his life? (Check all that apply.)

- Smoking - Being obese

Organic farming refers to certain agricultural methods that are different than conventional farming methods. Which of the following substances are not permitted to be used for growing or raising certified 100% organic foods? (Check all that apply.)

- Synthetic fertilizers - Antibiotics

Companies may manufacture functional foods for specific health-related benefits. From the list below, check all the statements that describe a functional food. (Check all that apply.)

- Yogurt contains live and active bacterial cultures, which may help people with certain intestinal disorders. - Frozen orange juice has calcium and vitamin D added to it, which may help people with brittle bones.

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. Select all of the dietary practices that may help Lisa meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. (Check all that apply.)

- eat yogurt and aged cheese - Drink milk that has been pre-treated with lactase - Drink calcium-fortified soy milk instead of cow's milk - Try drinking small amounts of milk

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the U.S. population should consume more _____. (Check all that apply.)

- nutrient dense fruits - fiber

Which of the following groups of people may need to take vitamin or mineral supplements because they need more than the RDA or AI amounts of nutrients? (Check all that apply.)

- older adults - pregnant women - children with chronic diseases

An antioxidant _____. (Check all that apply.)

- protects cells from harmful environmental factors - may reduce the risk of heart disease

Katelyn just learned that she's pregnant. She wants to increase her intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following foods can she eat to increase her intake of these fatty acids safely? (Check all that apply.)

- sardines - trout - catfish

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 4 ounces of water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ____ kcal.

117

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates is ______ g per day. This amount of carbohydrate is enough to prevent ____.

130; excess ketone formation

Roberta consumes an average of 1800 kcal/day. She would like to follow the recommendation concerning added sugars intake that is highlighted in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Based on this information, Roberta should limit her added sugar intake to less than ____ kcal/day.

180

A serving of food contains 24 g carbohydrate, 10 g protein, 3 ounces of water, 6 g fat, 25 mg vitamin B-12, and 1.8 mg iron. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ____ kcal.

190

Sondra is allergic to raw fruit. When she eats fresh apples, for example, her lips soon begin to swell and feel like they've been burned. Although she can't eat fresh fruit, she can consume cooked, canned, or juiced forms of fruit. According to the USDA, she can substitute ___ of canned applesauce for 2 small fresh apples.

2 cups

Although Alfonzo doesn't like many kinds of vegetables, he is willing to eat more servings of nutrient-dense, raw leafy vegetables each day. According the the USDA, Alfonzo can count ____ as a serving of a vegetable.

2 cups of raw spinach

Mike likes to drink a commercially prepared chocolate milk. According to the label, the flavored milk contains 2% milk, water, high-fructose corn syrup, saccharin, and natural vanilla flavoring. The sources of carbohydrate in this beverage are

2% milk and high fructose corn syrup

According to the package label, a bottle of a sugar-sweetened soft drink contains 32 ounces, and each 8-ounce serving of the drink provides 50 kcal. While eating lunch, Jared consumed the contents of an entire bottle of the drink. Based on this information, how many total kcal of the drink did he consume?

200 calories

According to the Dietary Guidelines, adults should limit their saturated fat intake to less than 10% of their total daily caloric intake. If you consume 2100 kcal per day, you should limit your saturated fat intake to fewer than ____ kcal per day

210

A serving of food contains 25 g carbohydrate, 10 g protein, 8 g fat, 5 mg vitamin iron, and 4 ounces of water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies ___kcal.

212

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy people should limit their sodium intake to _____ mg per day?

2300 mg

Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What's an emulsifier?

An emulsifier is a substance that helps fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds mix with each other.

Because she's pregnant, Regina's interested in eating more foods that contain high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods is an excellent source of EPA and DHA?

Baked Salmon

Which of the following foods is a natural source of trans fat?

Butter

Which of the following foods is the richest source of saturated fat?

Butter

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

Grapes

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues?

HDL

A nutrition researcher adds 30 mg of the mineral iron to the daily diet of 50 4-week-old laboratory mice. After ten weeks, the scientist takes blood samples from each mouse. According to his findings, the mice developed abnormal red blood cells. Based on this information and your knowledge of scientific research, what would you tell him?

He should consider his findings as an observation and redesign the study to include a control group.

What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States that are associated with poor diet?

Heart disease and cancer

Which of the following statements is true?

Honey is a rich source of fructose

A nutrition anecdote is not the same as a testimonial. Which of the following descriptions is an example of a testimonial?

In a TV commercial, a famous football player claims that a popular energy drink has helped improve his energy levels.

Kevin's total blood cholesterol level is 170 mg/dl, and he has more HDL cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. According to this information,

Kevin's total blood cholesterol level is within the healthy range.

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

Which of the following cellular activities is an example of catabolism?

Muscle cells breaking down glucose to release heat

Which of the following statements is true?

Nutrition departments at websites with .edu in their addresses are likely to provide reliable nutrition information.

Which of the following statements is true?

Nutritional needs of healthy people vary during different life stages, such as infancy and pregnancy.

A medical researcher asked 50 people with painful, arthritic knees to rub a cream that contained vitamin E on their knees for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, she asked the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. All 50 subjects reported improvement in their knee pain. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The results about the benefits of using a vitamin E cream for knee pain are questionable, because the researcher didn't have a control group.

Ryan is taking nutrition class and learning about the digestive process. When he learned that after a meal, the contents of the stomach become very acidic, he wondered why the acid in the stomach doesn't digest the organ. Why doesn't the acid break down the stomach's lining and cause holes to form in the stomach's walls?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

In 2018, food manufacturers will no longer be able to use partially hydrogenated oils in foods. Why were these substances banned?

They are harmful to health

Lauren wants to lower her risk of cardiovascular disease. Based on this information, she should

become more physically active

Most lipid digestion occurs in the

bile salts

After attending a summertime picnic, 24-year-old Samantha developed severe diarrhea. Which of the following treatments should she use to treat her condition?

consume watery fluids that contain sodium, potassium, and simple sugars

Which of the following practices is known to increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

consuming trans fat

Justin's blood cholesterol level is too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

cooked beans

Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index (70 or more)?

corn flakes cereal

Jacob has a rare medical condition that prevents his body from storing glucose as glycogen. Every four hours, day and night, Jacob has to consume a source of glucose that's slowly digested and absorbed by the intestinal tract. Which of the following foods should Jacob mix with water to form his life-saving solution?

corn starch

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

Devon has a rare condition characterized by the lack of saliva-producing cells. Based on this information, Devon probably has

difficulty swallowing

Bella is an omnivore, because she can

digest and absorb nutrients from a wide variety of sources.

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n)

disclaimer

Small pouches that form in the lining of the large intestine and can trap bacteria and feces are called

diverticula

Duncan was a subject in a clinical study that was designed to determine the effects of certain diets on health. While participating in the study, he had to live in a special medical unit at the university hospital. He wasn't permitted to eat anything other than the synthetic formula diet provided by the researchers. The formula contained vitamins, choline, minerals, animal protein, purified water, and corn starch. Within a few weeks, Duncan developed patches of scaly skin on his arms and legs and bald spots on his head. When _____ were added to his formula, the signs of the nutritional deficiency disappeared.

essential fatty acids

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

A healthy diet

generally changes during different stages of life.

Articles that appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association are reliable sources of health information because the editors

have other scientists review and react to the content of articles before publishing them.

Nikki has a disease that interferes with the production of lipase in her pancreas. Based on this information, a sign of this disease is

high amounts of fat in stools

To produce the maximum amount of energy from the breakdown of macronutrients, human cells require

oxygen

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw appears in television commercials in which he endorses "AminoProFix" for building muscle mass quickly and safely. His support of the product is an example of a(an)

paid testimonial

Bonnie has plaque in an artery in her lower left leg. This condition is a sign of

peripheral vascular disease.

Waves of muscular activity help propel food material through the digestive tract. This muscular action is called

peristalsis.

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are

placebos

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D on the human body. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin D to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are

placebos

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it wasn't helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are

quackery

Luisa is overweight and has a condition called pre-diabetes. She would like to locate a nutrition and diet expert to help her lose weight. She should seek a _____, because this person is a college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics.

registered dietitian who counsels patients in a hospital clinic

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Sam usually consumes 2800 kcal per day and maintains a healthy weight for his height by exercising daily. On average, his intake of added sugars is 160 kcal per day; his saturated fat intake is 9% of his total calorie intake; his sodium intake is 2700 mg per day, and his water intake is almost 10 cups per day. He would like to follow the recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Based on this information, his _____ intake doesn't meet the recommendations. (Check all that apply.)

sodium

Which of the following substances can interfere with the recycling of bile salts in the body?

soluble fiber

Nelson is a college freshman living on his own for the first time. He eats out a lot at fast food restaurants and snacks on foods that are high in empty calories from the vending machines on campus. Nelson spends much of his time sitting in classes or working online. Lately he has been noticing symptoms of constipation. All of the following recommendations might help Nelson alleviate his constipation, except

spend more of his leisure time resting.

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a new protein-containing product on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he's in the experimental group, because he's certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he didn't receive the new source of protein. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he's certain his muscle mass increased while he consumed the product. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of

the placebo effect

For the past few months, Jon hasn't been feeling well. His stomach hurts; he doesn't have any energy; and he often feels like he's going to vomit. He has no interest in eating, so he's lost several pounds. Yesterday, he went to the student health center, because he had bloody diarrhea. Based on this information, Jon should be tested for _____.

ulcerative colitis

April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts