OB/GYN I Final Review
which of the following would an endometrial thickness of 8 mm be normal (3 answers) -a postmenopausal woman not on HRT -a woman in the later proliferative stage -a postmenopausal woman taking tamoxifen -a woman in the menstrual stage -a postmenopausal woman on HRT
-a woman in the later proliferative stage -a postmenopausal woman taking tamoxifen -a postmenopausal woman on HRT
If the fetal stomach appears small or absent, which of the following should the sonographer do? -immediately inform the pt -allow sufficient time for stomach to fill -check for diaphragmatic hernia -complete exam and send pt home without notifying physician -a and b -a and c -b and c -c and d -all the above
-b and c
3 causes of endometrial thickening
-endometriosis -ectopic pregnancy -carcinoma
symptoms of GTD (3 answers)
-enlarged uterus -vesicles passing through vagina -vaginal bleeding
3 reasons a scan might be ordered in the first trimester
-ensure it is an IUP -diagnose pregnancy failure -visualization of gestational sac
Which chamber of the fetal heart is normally located closest to the spine? -right atrium -left ventricle -left atrium -right ventricle
-left atrium
why would hCG levels be greater than expected (3 answers)
-multiple gestations -further along -gestational trophoblastic disease
4 functions of the placenta
-removes waste -supplies nutrients -produces hCG (and estrogen and progesterone) -transfers oxygen/CO2
what are the seven functions of amniotic fluid
-shock absorber (cushion) -maintains temp -source of nutrients -prevents infection -permits symmetric growth -prevents adhesions -allows development of organ systems
figure the RI Peak 25 cm/s End 5 cm/s
.8
figure the pulsatility index Peak 35 cm/s End 15 cm/s
.8
how many ovaries release an ovum each month
1
a normal embryo grows at a rate of _ per day -2 mm -1 mm -1 cm -2 cm
1 mm
the follicular phase of the ovulatory cycle is which days - 15 to 28 - 1 to 5 - 1 to 14 - just day 14
1 to 14
the follicular phase of the ovulatory cycle is which days -15 to 28 -1 to 14 -just day 14 -1 to 5
1 to 14
Which of the following may increase the occurrence of placental previa? Smoking Drug abuse Previous history of Cesarean Section Advanced maternal age -1, 2, 3 -1, 3, 4 -2, 3, 4 -1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
Placental previa can be which of the following: Complete Incomplete Marginal Low-Lying -1, 2, 3 -1, 3, 4 -1 and 4 -2 and 3
1, 3, 4
the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle is which days - 1 to 14 - 1 to 5 - day 14 - 15 to 28
1-5
The fetal heart should occupy ____________ of thoracic cavity. -1/3 to 1/2 -2/3 -1/4 to 1/3 -3/4 -1/4
1/3 to 1/2
Diaphragm motion can be visualized sonographically as early as ________ weeks. -9 -10 -11 -12
10
functional kidney tissue and major organ systems are established by week -7 -8 -9 -10
10
what week does the placenta take over during pregnancy -6 weeks -8 weeks -10 weeks -12 weeks
10 weeks
what is the hCG level range that most labs use to indicate pregnancy should be visible -1000 to 2000 mIU/mL -2000 to 3000 mIU/mL -3000 to 4000 mIU/mL -5000 mIU/mL -50,000 mIU/mL
1000 to 2000 mIU/mL
the bladder is usually visualized at _ weeks
11 to 13
LH will peak approximately _ hours before ovulation - 6 - 12 - 14 - 24
12
LH will peak approximately _ hours before ovulation -6 -12 -14 -24
12
the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovaries is _ or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm that press on follow-up studies -6 -9 -10 -12
12
the time range for the first trimester is _
12 weeks after the first day of LMP
By week _____, the bowel should return to its intra-abdominal position. ABSOLUTELY NO LATER THAN _____. -12; 16 -9; 20 -20;30 -10; 20
12; 16
during a normal 28 day menstrual cycle, ovulation typically occurs on day
14
ovulation occurs on what day of the cycle
14
ovulation occurs on which day of the cycle
14
the luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle is which days - 14 to 28 - 1 to 5 - 1 to 14 - day 14
14 to 28
the luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle is which days -1 to 14 -1 to 5 -14 to 28 -day 14
14 to 28
fertilization of the ovum typically occurs on what day -14 -15 -16 -20
15
the morula is a _ cell cluster -13 -14 -16 -25
16
Typically, ultrasound evaluation of fetal anatomy is performed between ________ and __________ weeks of gestation. -10; 20 -10; 15 -16; 22 -15; 25
16; 22
the morula will leave the fallopian tube on what day -15 -18 -20 -21
18
how many folds make up the broad ligament
2
a mature follicle typically measures _ cm right before ovulation - 1 - 1.5 - 2 - 3
2 cm
the mature follicle that ovulates each month should be approximately _ in size at the time of ovulation - 1 cm - 2 cm - 2 in - 2 mm
2 cm
what is the occurrence of choriocarcinoma -25% -10 to 15% -2 to 3% -80 to 95%
2 to 3%
a female is born with approximately how many oocytes -200,000 -100,000 -300,000 -2,000,000
200,000
what % of benign tumors do epithelial tumors make up -25% -50% -75% -90%
25%
what % of endometroid tumors are bilateral -25% -50% -75% -90%
25%
what percentage of benign tumors do serous cystadenomas make up -25% -50% -70% -90%
25%
which of the following hCG levels would be consistent with GTD -5,000 IU/mL -10,000 IU/mL -80,000 IU/mL -250,000 IU/mL
250,000 IU/mL
Typically, choroid plexus cyst will disappear by ______ weeks -16 -28 -24 -20
28
implantation should be complete by day _
28
the female cycle is usually _ days in length
28
Normally, cisterna magna should measure between _____ mm to _____ mm. -16; 22 -1; 2 -2; 10 -10; 20
2; 10
the malignant forms (PTN forms) of gestational trophoblastic disease are which of the following 1. partial mole 2. invasive mole 3. choriocarcinoma 4. complete mole
3 only
figure the S/D ratio Peak 40 cm/s End 13 cm/s
3.07
figure ovarian volume 2.5 x 2.5 x 1.0 cm
3.27 cm
when data is collected in volume form it is termed -US guided ovum retrieval -sonohysterography -2D sonography -3D sonography
3D sonography
which of the following is the most common method used for measuring serum hCG levels -2IS -1st IRP -3rd IRP -none
3rd IRP
the earliest a sonographer would expect to visualize the amnion, and consequently the double bleb sign, would be at _ weeks -6 weeks -3.5 weeks -5.5 weeks -4 weeks
4 weeks
The ____________ view is considered to be the single most important view of the fetal heart. -RVOT -4-chamber -aortic arch -ductal arch -all of the above
4-chamber
typically, at which gestational age can a small gestational sac be visualized with TV ultrasound -2 weeks -3 to 5 weeks -4.5 to 5 weeks -5.5 to 6 weeks
4.5 to 5 weeks
in postmenopausal pt's who are not on HRT, an endometrial thickness less than _ mm is considered normal - 2 - 3 - 5 - 8
5
it is usually recommended the an ovarian cyst measuring greater than _ be surgically removed -3 mm -0.5 cm -2.5 cm -5 cm -5 mm
5 cm
if a post menopausal woman with no other history comes for a pelvic scan, her endometrium should measure less than or equal to which -5 cm -8 cm -5 mm -8 mm
5 mm
when a postmenopausal woman NOT on HRT comes in for a pelvic scan you should expect her endometrium to be no thicker than: -5 mm -5 cm -8 mm -8 cm
5 mm
the embryo can be visualized at _ weeks with TV ultrasound
5 to 6
the heart is visualized by weeks(s) -4 to 5 -5 to 7 -6 to 8 -10 to 12
5 to 7
menopause usually occurs around age _
50
what percentage of malignant tumors do serous cystadenocarcinomas make up -25% -50% -75% -90%
50%
an endometrioid tumor occurs most frequently in what decade of life -3rd to 4th -4th to 7th -5th to 6th -none
5th to 6th
how long are the fallopian tubes -5 to 6 cm -7 to 12 cm -8 to 14 cm -7 to 15 cm
7 to 12 cm
the normal size of the nulliparous uterus is -6x2 -7x4 -3x5 -2x3
7x4
the umbilical cord is usually visualized at _ weeks
8
a postmenopausal woman who is on HRT could have an endometrial measurement of -8 cm or less -5 cm or less -5 mm or less -8 mm or greater -8 mm or less
8 mm or less
how long is the vagina -9 cm -7 cm -12 cm -5 cm
9 cm
figure ovarian volume 5.0 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm
9.8 cm
what % of malignant tumors do epithelial make up -25% -50% -90% -1000%
90%
which of the following structures make up the double bleb sign -yolk sac -chorion -amnion -inner cell mass -A and B -A and C -B and C -C and D
A and C (yolk sac and amnion)
when the amniotic fluid is measured and put into units this is called -CRL -AFC -AFR -AFV
AFV
which of the following is used to help determine fetal well-being -AFV -CRL -HC -BPD
AFV
which of the following structures produces hCG -yolk sac -inner cell mass -embyronic disk -placenta -trophoblastic cells -A and B -A and D -C and D -D and E
D and E (placenta and trophoblastic cells)
drug used to reduce SAB; had ill effects on offspring
DES
when estrogen in the system reaches its peak, it will trigger the stop of which of the following hormones -FSH -hCG -GnRH -LH
FSH
which hormone stimulates the growth of follicles on the ovaries
FSH
which hormone stimulates the growth of follicles on the ovaries -GnRH -LH -FSH -estrogen
FSH
you are scanning a 30 year old female pt that has presented with pain and vaginal bleeding. You find this in the right adnexa -dermoid -Fallopian tube carcinoma -immature teratoma -thecoma
Fallopian tube carcinoma
what is a cyst in the vagina called
Gartner's duct cyst
these cysts are most common cystic lesions found in the vagina -nabothian cysts -baker's cysts -gartner's duct cysts -pilar cyst
Gartner's duct cysts
which of the following hormones is secreted by the hypothalamus -FSH -GnRH stimulating -LH -hCG -estrogen
GnRH stimulating
corpus luteum cysts are always seen in conjunction with _
IUP
when the uterine contour is normal but the endometrium is duplicated which has occurred? -failure of Müllerian ducts to fuse -Müllerian ducts fused, but midline septum did not reabsorb
Müllerian ducts fused, but midline septum did not reabsorb
cysts found in the cervix are termed what -uterine cysts -cervical cysts -gartners duct cysts -Nabothian cysts
Nabothian cysts
list 2 conditions that would be associated with a younger woman (in reproductive years) being diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia
PCOS or persistan anovulatory cycles
which of the following labs is used to help in diagnosis of endometrial cancer -beta hCG -PSA -Serum CA 125 -alpha feta protein
Serum CA 125
Which of the following statements regarding a normal fetal heart is not true: -Heart apex points left 45 degrees & touches anterior chest wall -Right ventricle lies anteriorly, closest to chest wall -Tricuspid valve inserts on septum slightly superior to mitral valve -Valves separate both atrium from ventricles -Ventricles are approx same size (until later in pregnancy when right > left) -none of the above
Tricuspid valve inserts on septum slightly superior to mitral valve
what is the treatment for GTD -IV antibiotic -oral medication -UT evacuation -embolization
UT evacuation
If you are scanning and see the "hanging noose sign", this should alert you to -a short cord -a two vessel cord -a normal cord varint -a true knot
a true knot
An OB patient has arrived for her 20 week ultrasound exam for fetal anatomy, size, and dates. As part of the assessment, maternal anatomy is also evaluated. You should exam and document which of the following? -uterus -adnexa -cervix -a and b -a and c -b and c -a, b, and c
a, b, and c
amenorrhea: -shortened cycles -heavy menstruation -absence of menstruation -extremely long cycles
absence of menstruation
with torsion, there is _ blood flow, free fluid, hypoechoic ovaries that are enlarged
absent
when a pt has Fallopian tube carcinoma, it will most likely be what histological type of cancer -teratocarcinoma -adenocarcinoma -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma -krukenberg tumor
adenocarcinoma
a 36 year old female has come for a pelvic ultrasound. She has a hx of pelvic pain, very heavy menstrual bleeding, and dysmenorrhea. Her physical exam showed an enlarged uterus. Upon sono exam, her uterus is enlarged by has normal contour. The pt's myometrium demonstrates characteristics seen
adenomyosis
when the endometrium extends into the myometrium it is termed -adenomyosis -AV malformation -leiomyosarcoma -diffuse fibroids
adenomyosis
which ethnic group are fibroids most common in -caucasian women -asian women -hispanic women -african american women
african american women
a females reproductive years begin at
ages 11-13
GTD can cause which of the following complications -hyperthyroidism -hyperemesis -pre eclampsia -all of the above
all of the above
The umbilical cord should be imaged in which plane(s)? -transverse -sagittal -all of the above
all of the above
Which fetal membrane is contiguous with the membrane lining the umbilical cord?
amnion
what is the thin line shown in the gestational sac -amnion -yolk sac -fetal pole -chorion
amnion
the chorion surround the (3 answers)
amnion, embryo, yolk sac
what is the cavity in which the fetus exists
amniotic cavity
This measurement is obtained by measuring the vertical depth of fluid in the 4 quadrants of the uterus. The measurements are then added together to obtain:
amniotic fluid index
fertilization typically occurs in which portion of the fallopian tube -isthmus -interstitial portion -infundibulum -ampulla
ampulla
which of the following portions of the Fallopian tube is where fertilization occurs -isthmus -infundibulum -interstitial -ampulla
ampulla
what leads to or causes a complete molar pregnancy
an abnormal egg is fertilized by normal sperm
A mother with Maternal Diabetes or Rh sensitivity might have: -a very aged placenta -an enlarged placenta -a small placenta -a normal placenta
an enlarged placenta
which of the following is NOT a sonographic appearance of adenomyosis -anechoic area with mosaic color flow -Venetian blind shadowing -myometrial cysts -UT enlargement
anechoic areas with mosaic color flow
what is the modality used that to confirm diagnosis of an AV malformation -cat scan -angiography -ultrasound -MRI
angiography
when the fundus and body of the uterus is bent forward (possibly touching the cervix) even when the bladder is full is termed: -anteflexion -anteversion -retroversion -retroflexion
anteflexion
this pelvic space is located between the uterus and the pubic bone -posterior cul-de-sac -pouch of douglas -anterior cul-de-sac -space of retzius
anterior cul-de-sac
Which femur is used when obtaining femur length measurement? -posterior femur -anterior femur -either femur can be used
anterior femur
bending forward of the fundus and body of the uterus towards the cervix when the bladder is empty describes which: -anteflexion -retroversion -retroflexion -anteversion
anteversion
when the fundus of the uterus is mildly indented because of the median septum (endometrium) it is termed: -unicornuate -septate -arcuate -partial septate
arcuate
the arteries seen in the myometrium of the uterus are -ovarian arteries -uterine arteries -arcuate arteries -endometrial arteries
arcuate arteries
a young woman comes into the ER with severe vaginal bleeding. She suffered pelvic trauma a few days ago. Her blood lab values show decreased hemoglobin. While performing US you noticed multiple anechoic structures throughout the myometrium. Color doppler reveals abundant blood flow. What pathology do you suspect?
arteriovenous malformation
The umbilical ____________ return deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta for purification. -vein -arteries
arteris
endometrial adhesions are also known as _ syndrome -akerman's -leventhal's -asherman's -anderson's
asherman's
the highest incidence of GTD occurs in which ethnic group -african american -indian -white -asian
asian
where does normal bowel herniation occur
at the base of the umbilical cord
When the umbilical cord is attached to the edge of the placenta it is termed: -battledore placenta -velamentous placenta -succenturate placenta -circumvallate placenta
battledore placenta
normally, in a postmenopausal woman, you would expect the ovaries to _ -contain multiple follicles -to remain unchanged from appearance prior to menopause -be atrophied -be hypertrophied
be atrophied
cystic teratomas are almost always malignant or benign
benign
transitional cell tumors are typically uncommon, asymptomatic, and almost always _ -malignant -cause ascites -rupture -benign
benign
thecomas are typically _ and fibromas are _
benign, benign
When during a pregnancy should you normally see abdominal wall gut herniation? (I am not asking when is it supposed to return, but when is it supposed to OCCUR). -between 9-11 weeks -between 18-20 weeks -between 12-16 weeks -between 4-8 weeks -none of the above
between 9-11 weeks
are theca-lutein cysts unilateral or bilateral
bilateral
is polycystic ovarian syndrome unilateral or bilateral
bilateral
combination of estrogen/progesterone used to prevent pregnancy
birth control pills
the umbilical cord can be visualized around what anatomical structure -bladder -stomach -liver -kidneys
bladder
what implants in the uterine cavity (endometrium)
blastocyst
what are the 4 parts of the uterus -internal os, external os, cervix, fundus -vagina, cervix, body, isthmus -cervix, vagina, ovaries, isthmus -body, fundus, cervix, isthmus
body, fundus, cervix, isthmus
Single umbilical artery may be associated with -fetal abnormalities -nothing if found alone -both of the above are correct
both of the above are correct
what is another name for transitional cell tumor -wilm's -brenner -sertoli -leydig
brenner
during a pelvic ultrasound exam, the sonographer notices a hypoechoic solid mass in the rt ovary. The outer wall of the mass is hyperechoic, suggesting some calcification of the tumor wall. The sono appearance is similar to an ovarian fibroma or thecoma. What is the pathology? -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma -brenner tumor -clear cell tumor -serous cystadenoma
brenner tumor
this tumor was found incidentally during a pt's abdominal surgery. The pt had not had any symptoms. This was removed and found to be benign. It is very uncommon -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma -brenner tumor -serous cystadenoma -clear cell tumor
brenner tumor
the endometrial canal will present as a thin _ reflective stripe
bright
paraovarian cysts are located in _ -vesicouterine ligament -cardinal ligament -broad ligament -round ligament
broad ligament
which of the following ligaments is NOT a major supporting ligament of the uterus/cervix -round ligament -broad ligament -cardinal ligament -none of the above
broad ligament
how do you determine a paraovarian cyst
by demonstrating a normal ovary close to but separate from the cyst
Define: aortic arch
candy cane appearance
the portion of the vascular bed that is missing in an AV malformation is -vein -artery -capillary -none of the above
capillary
What gives fetal kidneys an echogenic border in 3rd trimester? -maturation of renal arteries -capsule -renal cysts -renal calculi -none of the above
capsule
Which of the following fetal assessments is documented using M-mode? -placenta -amniotic fluid -cardiac activity -cerebral evaluation -respirations -umbilical vessels
cardiac activity
the ligament that supports the cervix is termed -round ligament -cardinal ligament -ligamentum venosum -broad ligament
cardinal ligament
What is the most common fetal presentation -cephalic -shoulder -complete breech -footling -frank breech
cephalic
The cisterna magna is a cerebral spinal fluid space located between the _________ and the __________. -corpus callosum and frontal bone -cavum septum pellucidum and occipital bone -cavum septum pellucidum and corpus callosum -cerebellum and occipital bone
cerebellum and occipital bone
the localized form of endometriosis is a discrete mass called an endometrioma or _ -endometriosis cyst -localoma -teratoma cyst -chocolate cyst
chocolate cyst
A benign vascular tumor of the placenta is a: -lymphoma -choriocarcinoma -chorioangioma -hemangioma
chorioangioma
which of the following will rapidly metastasize to the lung, liver, brain, GI tract, or skin -invasive mole -choriocarcinoma -PSTT -all of the above
choriocarcinoma
all of the following develop from the inner cell mass except -embryonic disk -amnion -primitive yolk sac -chorion
chorion
the yolk sac is within this cavity:
chorionic cavity
what are the fingerlike projections that help form the chorion
chorionic villi
what is the invasive diagnostic test that samples cells from placenta tissue
chorionic villi sampling
When the placental membranes attach to the fetal surface of the placenta rather than to the underlying villous placental margin it is termed: -circumvallate/circummarginate placenta -succenturate placenta -battledore placenta -velamentous placenta
circumvallate/circummarginate placenta
this is a malignancy that was found in a pt who was 66 and also found to have endometriosis -serous cystadenoma -clear cell tumor -mucinous cystadenoma -endometrioid tumor
clear cell tumor
Which of the following may be used to help better visualize the cord around the neck of the fetus? -M-mode scanning -gray scale scannig -A-mode scanning -color doppler
color doppler
another term for vagina
colpos
when the Müllerian ducts fail to fuse properly and the result is 1 vagina, 2 uterus -unicornuate -complete bicornuate -subseptate -arcuate -partial bicornuate -didelphys
complete bicornuate
this pt has very elevated levels of hCG and both ovaries are covered with multiple large cysts. What is this? -complete mole -normal pregnancy -partial mole -retained products of conception
complete mole
when the median septum (endometrium) is duplicated throughout the uterus all the way to the cervical os it is termed: -partial bicornuate -arcuate -complete septate -partial septate
complete septate
You are performing a BPP exam on an OB patient who is 36 weeks. You have been observing the fetus for 18 minutes and have yet to observe adequate fetal movement. What should you do? -send pt to ER -continue observing for full 30 minutes -record the score for fetal movement as 0 -end exam and reschedule pt for another day
continue observing for full 30 minutes
If an ovarian cyst is visualized early in the pregnancy, it is most likely a _____________ cyst. -follicular cyst -chocolate cyst -corpus luteum -dermoid cyst -none of the above
corpus luteum
these cysts tend to be unilateral, are more prone to hemorrhage, and may accompany an IUP -paraovarian cyst -theca lutein cyst -follicular cyst -corpus luteum
corpus luteum cyst
a 26 year old female comes to the ER for severe RLQ pain. The physician order a pelvic exam to rule out an ectopic pregnancy since the pt has irregular menstrual cycles. The pt has a positive urine pregnancy test. She states the first day of her LMP was 3 weeks ago... when performing the exam you see this. What is probably causing the pain -corpus luteum with hemorrhage -large follicular cyst -ovarian torsion -paraovarian cyst
corpus luteum with hemorrhage
the central medulla of the ovary is surrounded by the -germinal epithelium -cortex -linea terminalis -tunica albuginea
cortex
which of the following is the most accurate way of dating a pregnancy sonographically -crown rump length -mean sac diameter -measurement of yolk sac -by fetal heart rate -head circumference
crown rump length
what is the corpus luteum
cyst that secretes progesterone and estrogen
dermoid cyst is another name -cystic teratoma -serous cystadenoma -dysgerminoma -yolk sac tumor
cystic teratoma
typically, serum hCG will double every 2 to 3 _ -hours -minutes -weeks -days
days
what is the glycogen-rich mucosa that nourishes early pregnancy
decidua
what layer is the maternal contribution to the placenta that develops where the blastocyst implants
decidua basalis
what layer overlies the part of the gestational sac facing the uterine cavity
decidua capsularis
which of the following is not a layer of the endometrium in the pregnant state -decidua parietalis -decidua basilis -decidua capsularis -decidua media
decidua media
what layer is the most peripheral and unoccupied by the implanted ovum
decidua vera
which of the following is NOT a reason for a woman to be on HRT -decreases mood swings -decreases risk of breast cancer -decreases hot flashes -decreases risk of osteoporosis
decreases risk of breast cancer
Define: oligohydramnios
deficiency of amniotic fluid
in some cystic teratomas, floating hair can create multiple hyperechogenic interfaces within the cyst, as demonstrated in the image below what sign is this? -tip of the iceberg -dermoid plug -starry night -dermoid mesh
dermoid mesh
this pt is a 33 year old female who is scheduled for a pelvic ultrasound. During her checkup, the physician felt a mass in LLQ. Lab values were within normal range, there has been no pain and menstrual cycles have been normal. What did you find? -yolk sac tumor -ectopic pregnancy -fibroma -dermoid plug
dermoid plug
Define: fetal lie
determined by relationship of long axis of fetus to long axis of mother
ovarian cancer has highest mortality rate of gynecological malignancies due to -lack of professional knowledge regarding the disease -diagnosis typically occurs in late stages of disease -lack of effective treatment options -all of the above
diagnosis typically occurs in late stages of disease
which of the following will occur when the 2 Müllerian ducts fail to fuse leaving 2 vaginas, 2 cervix, 2 uterus -complete bicornuate -unicornuate -separate uterus -partial bicornuate -didelphys
didelphys
this pt has come in for a pelvic scan and while you are scanning you notice 2 vaginas, 2 cervix, and 2 uterus. It is very prominent in trans. What anomaly is this
didelphys uterus
there are two forms of endometriosis.. which is the more common form? -diffuse -localized
diffuse
which portion of the Fallopian tube is usually the involved portion when Fallopian tube carcinoma is present -ampulla -isthmus -distal -proximal
distal
yes
does this image show malignant characteristics
what is shown in the gestational sac in this image -double bleb -yolk sac -fetal pole (CRL) -abnormal pregnancy
double bleb
what is the interface between the decidua capsularis and is echogenic and highly vascular
double decidua sign
what is the thick echogenic area around the gestational sac called -double bleb -double decidual reaction -GTD -abnormal gestational sac
double decidual reaction
which of the following malignant germ cell tumors have the sono appearance of being solid, echogenic masses possibly with small anechoic areas? The tumor have a high survival rate due to being radiosensitive -dysgerminoma -dermoid -immature teratoma -yolk sac tumor
dysgerminoma
which of the malignant germ cell tumors is identical to the testicular seminoma found in males -yolk sac tumor -dermoid -immature teratoma -dysgerminoma
dysgerminoma
painful or difficult menstruation is termed -polymenorrhea -menorrhea -dysmenorrhea -amenorrhea
dysmenorrhea
the common clinical symptoms for endometriosis include all of the following except -dysmenorrhea -infertility -dysuria -dyspareunia
dysuria
sono appearance of PTN is usually focal _ myometrial nodule
echogenic
the uterus basal layer should appear highly _
echogenic
what is the echogenic solid structure called inside the gestational sac
embryo
the yolk sac tumor is also called the -dermoid cyst -endodermal sinus tumor -teratoma -androblastoma
endodermal sinus tumor
a pt has been having difficulty getting pregnant, upon asking her history you find out she has a history of pelvic surgery. You don't see anything transabdominally or transvaginally, the radiologist recommends a sonohyserography exam. What does he suspect this pt has? -endometrial cancer -endometrial adhesions -endometritis -endometrial hyperplasia
endometrial adhesions
scar tissue in the endometrium is -endometrial hyperplasia -endometritis -endometriosis -endometrial adhesions
endometrial adhesions
what is the most common gynecological malignancy in North America? -endometrial carcinoma -cervical carcinoma -leiomyosarcoma -ovarian carcinoma
endometrial carcinoma
Your pt is a 59 year old female who is postmenopausal. She has been experiencing some intermittent vaginal bleeding for the past 2 months. She is on estrogen replacement therapy to alleviate some postmenopausal symptoms. What is being demonstrated:
endometrial hyperplasia
abnormal proliferation of the endometrial tissue is called: -endometrial cancer -endometrial hyperplasia -adenomyosis -endometritis
endometrial hyperplasia
which of the following is most commonly a precursor for endometrial carcinoma -endometrial polyps -endometrial adhesions -leiomyomas -endometrial hyperplasia
endometrial hyperplasia
This image was taken during a pelvic exam of a postmenopausal woman who was experiencing a small amount of vaginal bleeding. What is demonstrated?
endometrial polyps
of all the types of epithelial-stromal tumors, which malignancy has a better prognosis than the others -clear cell tumor -serous -endometrioid -mucinous -brenner
endometrioid
_ is a common condition in which functioning endometrial tissue is located outside of the uterus -peritoneal inclusion cyst -endometritis -pelvic inflammatory disease -endometriosis
endometriosis
what is associated in 50-70% of patients with clear cell tumors
endometriosis
inflammation of the endometrium is -endometriosis -endometrial hyperplasia -endometrial cancer -endometritis
endometritis
your pt had a D&C three days ago. She has been running a fever for 24 hours. Her endometrium is thick and irregular with fluid in it and some reverberation artifact. What pathology is this? -endometrial cancer -endometritis -endometrial hyperplasia -endometrial adhesions
endometritis
which of the following is a layer of the uterus that is "stripe" like -cervix -endometrium -periometrium -myometrium
endometrium
PCOS looks like bilaterally _ polycystic ovaries with several small cysts around the ovary
enlarged
abnormal ovaries suggestive of malignancy are typically defined as _ and _ ovaries
enlarged and echogenic
fibroids are fed by which of the following hormones -progesterone -estrogen -FSH -hcG
estrogen
follicles secrete which hormone
estrogen
follicles secrete which hormone -estrogen -FSH -progesterone -LH
estrogen
which of the following hormones stimulate the growth of the endometrium -estrogen -progesterone -FSH -LH
estrogen
which of the following hormones stimulates growth o the endometrium -estrogen -FSH -LH -progesterone
estrogen
which of the following are hormones that are produced by the ovary (2 answers) -hcG -LH -estrogen -progesterone -FSH
estrogen and progesterone
what is the most common risk factor for endometrial carcinoma
estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
Define: polyhydramnios
excess of amniotic fluid
Define: mega-cisterna magna
excessive enlargement of cisterna magna
small amounts of fluid in the endometrial canal may be considered normal in an asymptomatic pt. This fluid should be _ from the endometrial measurement
excluded
list 2 common locations where ectopic endometrial tissue may be found
fallopian tube and ovary
what is the least common gynecological cancer
fallopian tube carcinoma
(T or F) a normal umbilical cord contains 2 umbilical veins and 1 umbilical artery
false
(T or F) clear cell tumors are almost always benign
false
(T or F) endometrial hyperplasia results from unopposed progesterone stimulalion
false
(T or F) endometrial polyps are a rare benign lesion of the endometrium
false
(T or F) endometrial tissue is NOT highly curable
false
(T or F) serum hCG becomes detectable at approximately the same time as gestational sac is visualized TV
false
(T or F) sonography is a common, reliable way to diagnose diffuse endometriosis
false
(T or F) the correct way to obtain crown rump length is to measure from top of head to bottom of rump, including legs
false
(T or F) the rhombencephalon is the middle brain
false
(T or F) typically, the Fallopian tube is NOT involved in an ovarian torsion
false
(T or F) unopposed estrogen decreases risk of endometrial carcinoma
false
True or False: A normal ureter is 1-2 mm in diameter and is usually visible during the OB ultrasound exam. -true -false
false
True or False: Adnexal cysts are an uncommon finding during gestation. -true -false
false
True or False: By 10 to 12 weeks, most of cerebral structures of the fetus can be sonographically identified. -true -false
false
True or False: Each vertebra develops 4 ossification centers. -true -false
false
True or False: Presence of choroid plexus cyst is always associated with presence of Trisomy 18. -true -false
false
True or False: The abdominal circumference should be taken at the level of the stomach and umbilical cord insertion. -true -false
false
True or False: The heart position and axis are variable in a normal fetus. -true -false
false
True or False: When measuring femur length, the ossified diaphysis and epiphyseal cartilage are included in the measurement. -true -false
false
which of the following risk factors for ovarian cancer is considered to be the most important -nulliparity -family history -pt history of breast, endometrial, or colon cancer -increasing age
family history
Define: footling presentation
feet are presenting
While obtaining an amniotic fluid measurement, the area should be free of ________________ and ___________________.
fetal anatomy; umbilical cord
Define: frank breech presentation
fetal hips flexed and knees extended
Define: complete breech presentation
fetal hips flexed and knees flexed
What accounts for the majority of the total amount of amniotic fluid by the second half of the pregnancy? -maternal fluid intake -fetal urination into amniotic sac -fetal activity level -maternal daily caloric intake
fetal urination into amniotic sac
Define: cephalic presentation
fetus head is positioned closest to cervical os
what is a common term for a leiomyoma -IUD -fibroid -polyp -adenomyoma
fibroid
a woman comes in for a routine pelvic scan with no symptoms, no pain, uterus mildly enlarged -leiomyosarcoma -adenomyosis -fibroids -AV malformation
fibroids
what do sonographers use to determine the gestational age or menstrual age of an embryo/fetus -first day of LMP -last day of LMP -day 14 of normal menstrual cycle -date of conception
first day of LMP
what is fetal vernix
flakes of skin
when a pt comes in for serial scans to measure follicles for their size to determine if ovulation will occur soon this study is called
follicle monitoring
list the 3 ovulatory phases
follicular, ovulatory, luteal
what is the prosencephalon
forebrain
the four areas of the vagina that surround the cervix are termed: -external os -endocervix -exocervix -fornices
fornices
the largest part of the uterus is the _
fundus
this tumor is the most common ovarian malignancy found in children and young women -metastatic tumor -epithelial tumor -germ cell tumor -sex cord stromal tumor
germ cell tumor
what surrounds the tunica albuginea -cortex -germinal epithelium -follicles -corpus luteum
germinal epithelium
a _ is the first reliable sign of an IUP with gray-scale sonography -gestational sac -increased levels of hCG -primitive yolk sac -secondary yolk sac
gestational sac
you are scanning a pt to verify she is pregnant and approximate the gestational age of the pregnancy. When you asked for her first day of LMP, she said she doesn't remember, but she has been experiencing some light bleeding during the past 3-4 days. The lab report shows her hCG level is 950 mIU/mL. What is being demonstrated in TV exam image? -gestational sac in the decidua -yolk sac -endometrial cyst -free fluid in the endometrial cavity
gestational sac in the decidua$
when fetal parts start to develop, but fail to develop appropriately and then there is proliferation abnormally of the trophoblastic tissue, this is termed -ectopic pregnancy -gastroschisis -gestational trophoblastic disease -missed abortion
gestational trophoblastic disease
which of the following would not be a cause of lower-than-expected hCG levels -embryonic demise -incorrect dates and pregnancy is not as far along -gestational trophoblastic disease -ectopic pregnancy
gestational trophoblastic disease
a mature follicle is known as a _ follicle
graafian
what is the name of the follicle that reaches maturity each month and ovulates -lutein follicle -corpus luteum -anovulatory follicle -grafiaan follicle
grafiaan follicle
this tumor occurred in a 7 year old girl. She showed major signs of puberty and lab tests revealed an abnormal increase in her estrogen levels -yolk sac tumor -fibroma -granulosa cell tumor -thecoma
granulosa cell tumor
which of the following is the most estrogen-active ovarian tumor -yolk sac tumor -dysgerminoma -granulosa cell tumor -thecoma
granulosa cell tumor
which of the following produces sexual precocity in premenarchal girls -androblastoma -fibroma -immature teratoma -granulosa cell tumor
granulosa cell tumor
which of the following hormones being secreted is going to lead to the maintaining of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion -GnRH -hCG -FSH -estrogen
hCG
which is a feature of the placental site trophoblastic tumor that makes it different from the other forms of PTN -hCG marker is unreliable -it has no symptoms -hCG marker is very reliable -it is cancerous
hCG marker is unreliable
blood in the uterus is _
hematometra
_ is the accumulation of secretions and blood in the uterus and/or vagina due to an obstruction. This term is used after a girl has begun menstruating -hydrometrocolpos -hyperplasia -endometritis -hematometrocolpos
hematometrocolpos
blood in uterus and vagina is _
hematometrocolpos
this pt has a known cyst on her ovary. She has been coming in for follow ups regularly but recently came to the ER with a bout of acute pelvic pain. What could this be?
hemorrhagic cyst
during a pelvic exam on a 31 year old female with a history of acute onset pelvic pain, you find what appears to be a mass in the rt ovary. Color doppler shows no flow in the mass, but there is flow in the ovaries. What pathology is demonstrated? -hemorrhagic cyst with retracting clot -polycystic ovarian syndrome -ovarian torsion -ectopic pregnancy
hemorrhagic cyst with retracting clot
All of the following describe the normal sonographic appearance of fetal lungs except: -granular appearance -homogeneous -heterogeneous -slightly more echogenic than liver
heterogeneous
what forms the anterior/later border of the pelvic cavity
hip bones and obturator internus muscles
Define: ducatal arch
hockey stick appearance
Sonographically, during the first portion of a pregnancy, the placenta should have ___________ pebble-gray appearance. -anechoic -heterogeneous -homogeneous -echogenic
homogeneous
all of the following are considered to be sono characteristics of endometrial carcinoma except -change in shape of uterine parenchyma -poorly defined, irregular margins -heterogenous echogenicity of endometrium -homogenous sono appearance of uterine parenchyma -enlarged uterine size
homogenous sonographic appearance of uterine parenchyma
hCG stands for
human chorionic gonadotropin
the most common benign form of GTN is -PSTT -persistent trophoblastic neoplasia (PTN) -invasive mole -hydatidaform mole
hydatidaform mole
the snowstorm appearance describes which of the following -PSTT -missed abortion -hydatidform mole -invasive mole
hydatidform mole
fluid in uterus is _
hydrometra
_ is the accumulation of secretions in the uterus and/or vagina due to obstruction. This term refers to the the condition prior to the pt beginning her menstrual periods -hyperplasia -hydrometrocolpos -endometritis -hematometrocolpos
hydrometrocolpos
fluid in uterus and vagina is _
hydrometrocolpos
you are scanning a 10 year old female pt who has not begun menstruating yet. She presents with discomfort and pain in lower pelvis. What condition is present
hydrometrocolpos
what is vascularity like with PTN
hypervascular and abnormal
the uterus superficial layer will appear _ compared to the basal layer
hypoechoic
the pelvic portion of the peritoneal cavity extends between the _ _ to the pelvic diaphragm (sup to inf) and then to the _ _ to sacrum coccyx (ant to post)
iliac crests
which of the following muscle groups is in the false pelvis -iliopsoas -psoas major -rectus sheath -obturator internus
iliopsoas
this pt is a 6 year old child with a palpable mass. Upon scanning you find the image shown. The child had it removed and it is found to be malignant -dysgerminoma -immature teratoma -yolk sac tumor -dermoid cyst
immature teratoma
list the malignant germ cell tumors
immature teratoma, yolk sac tumor, dysgerminoma
what is the most common congenital cause of hydrometrocolpos/hematometrocolpos -endometriosis -fibrosis from radiation -cervical tumor -imperforate hymen
imperforate hymen
what is the most common congenital cause of hydrometrocolpos/hematometrocolpos -fibrosis from radiation -cervical tumor -endometriosis -imperforate hymen
imperforate hymen
Amniotic Band Syndrome is something that occurs due to: -properly fused amnion and chorion -preterm delivery -placental abruption -improperly fused amnion and chorion
improperly fused amnion and chorion
which off the following might make you suspicious that a fibroid is malignant or a leiomyosarcoma -decreasing in size in a post menopausal woman -increasing in size with a pregnancy -increasing in size in a normal cyclic patient -increasing in size in a post menopausal woman
increasing in size in a post menopausal woman
what is an adverse effect of endometrial polyps -infertility -no adverse effects -pain -fibroids
infertility
which of the following two are paired ligaments that support the ovaries -round ligament -cardinal ligament -infundibulopelvic ligament -ovarian ligament
infundibulopelvic and ovarian ligaments
which part of the Fallopian tube has fimbrae attached to it -cornu -infundibulum -isthmus -ampulla
infundibulum
the cervix has two parts called what
internal and external os
which of the following is a good landmark for locating the ovaries -internal iliac artery -external iliac artery -psoas muscle -levator ani muscle
internal iliac artery
which of the following is NOT part of the fallopian tube -isthmus -internal os -ampulla -interstitial portion
internal os
this part of the Fallopian tube is the narrowest -ampulla -isthmus -interstitial portion -infundibulum
interstitial portion
fibroid within the endometrial cavity is a _ _
intracavitary leiomyoma
what is the most common leiomyoma and confined to myometrium
intramural leiomyoma
chorioadenoma destruens is also known as -choriocarcinoma -partial mole -complete mole -invasive molar pregnancy
invasive molar pregnancy
which PTN is also known as chorioadenoma destruens
invasive mole
which of the following is the most common form of PTN -placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) -complete mole -choriocarcinoma -invasive mole
invasive mole
During the 2nd trimester, the kidneys should appear as ____________ structures adjacent to fetal spine. -hyperechoic -isoechoic -highly echogenic -anechoic
isoechoic
which part of the uterus is where it narrows
isthmus
why do endometroid tumors typically have a better prognosis than the other malignancies -it responds to all forms of treatment -more types of chemotherapy drugs are available for this particular malignancy -it occurs only in young women -it is usually diagnosed at an earlier stage
it is usually diagnosed at an earlier stage
if pregnancy occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum
it stays the same
The quantity of amniotic fluid is directly related to fetal ________ function. -thyroid -liver -neurologic -biliary -kidney
kidney
as you are scanning a 20 year old female, you determine she has a partial bicornuate uterus. What other anatomy do you evaluate
kidneys
this metastatic tumor originates in the gastric or colonic region. It contains signet ring cells which produce mucin -krukenberg tumor -sertoli leydig tumor -kleinfelter's tumor -granulosa tumor
krukenberg tumor
this network is small blood vessels where O2 and CO2 are exchanged, metabolite transfer occurs, and wastes are transferred. What is it?
lacunar network
what is the sono appearance of a serous cystadnoma
large, thin-walled, unilocular cystic masses
The flap of the foramen ovale should open into which fetal heart chamber? -left atrium -right atrium -left ventricle -right ventricle
left atrium
the left ovarian vein drains into which of the following veins -IVC -uterine -external iliac -left renal
left renal
this pt is a 39 year old female who has had heavy periods for the past several years. Over the past 6 months, the pt has noticed she needs to urinate more but denies any pain or during. During her yearly checkup, her gyne discovered her uterus is enlarged. A pregnancy test came back negative. While scanning you see this:
leiomyoma
this uterine pathology typically has sono appearance of a hypoechoic mass. It is a rare occurrence and may develop from a preexisting fibroid. Because of its identical appearance to benign tumors, the diagnosis is not made on the basis of sonographic imaging
leiomyosarcoma
What is the normal measurement for the lateral ventricles? -greater than 20 mm -greater than 1 mm -greater than 10 mm -less than 10 mm -less than 1 mm -none of the above
less than 10 mm
what is the normal diameter of the umbilical cord
less than 2 cm
polymenorrhea: -less than 21 days between cycles -more than 35 days between cycles -cycles of 28 days -absence of menstruation
less than 21 days between cycles
these muscles are a hammock on the pelvic floor -levator ani -pelvic diaphragm -psoas -piriformis
levator ani
the line that extends from the pubic symphysis to the sacrum and separates the pelvis into true and false sections is termed: -linea terminalis -linea albuginea -germinal terminalis -tunica albuginea
linea terminalis
what are the sonographic features of fibroids (2)
lobulated and displacement of endometrial echoes
The cord length can adversely affect the fetus, which would cause coiling or knots? -short cord -long cord
long cord
Which cord length could cause knotting or prolapsing? -short cord -long cord
long cord
do granulosa cell tumors have a high or low malignancy rate
low
The fetal thymus gland is located anterior to all of the following except: -SVC -pulmonary trunk -aortic arch -lungs
lungs
The normal development of which of the following structures is extremely dependent on the exchange of amniotic fluid within them? -red blood cells and blood plasma -chambers of the heart -hepatic system -kidneys -lungs -cerebral ventricles
lungs
which ovarian phase will follow ovulation -luteal -proliferative -menstrual -follicular
luteal
which two phases occur simultaneously during approximately days 14-28 -follicular phase -luteal phase -menstrual phase -secretory phase
luteal and secretory phase
the process which the Graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum
luteinization
the more monographically complex a mass is, the more likely it is _, especially if it is associated with ascites
malignant
if a known leiomyoma undergoes a rapid increase in size in a postmenopausal pt, then __ is suggested -benign condition -pregnancy -malignant change -completely normal condition
malignant change
When the placenta is at the edge of the internal os, this is what type of placental previa? -marginal -incomplete -low lying -complete
marginal
A complication of Placental Previa is: -maternal hemorrhage -amniotic band syndrome -late term delivery -pre-eclampsia
maternal hemorrhage
The major role of the placenta is to allow the exchange of oxygenated __________ blood with deoxygenated _______ blood.
maternal; fetal
which of the following is NOT a germ layer found in a cystic teratoma -mesoderm -mectoderm -endoderm -ectoderm
mectoderm
The thymus gland is normally located in the anterior _____________ of the fetus. -cranium -mediastinum -pelvis -abdomen -none of the above
mediastinum
_ refers to pleural effusion and ascites that is associated with fibromas -marfin syndrome -meig's syndrome -stein leventhal syndrome -dandy walker syndrome
meig's syndrome
having a cycle every 28 days and menstruation is termed
menarche
HRT is a type of therapy or drug that can reduce symptoms of _ and often increase endometrial thickness (up to 8 mm)
menopause
when a woman ceases to have a cycle around age 50 it is called
menopause
abnormally heavy or long menses is termed -dysmenorrheal -oligomenorrhea -menorrhagia -amenorrhea
menorrhagia
heavy bleeding is called -menorrhagia -amenorrhea -polymenorrhea -dysmenorrhea
menorrhagia
what is gestational age based on
menstrual age
list the three endometrial or menstrual phases
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
the portion of the broad ligament that encloses the Fallopian tube is termed the: -mesovarium -mesoendometrium -mesofallopian tube -mesosalpinx
mesosalpinx
the portion of the broad ligament that encloses the ovary is termed: -mesosalpinx -mesovulation -mesovarium -mesoendometrium
mesovarium
another term for uterus
metro
what form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome has no significant weight gain, enlarged ovaries but less than 5 cm diameter
mild OHS
which occurs at week 8 -heartbeat visualized -mineralization of skeleton -major organ systems are established -amnion and chorion should fuse
mineralization of skeleton
what is the name of the pain caused by ovulation -dysovulation -graafian pain -luteinization -mittelschmerz
mittelschmerz
what form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome has 5-10 pounds weight gain, possible nausea/vomiting and ovaries enlarged to 5-12 cm diameter
moderate OHS
the zygote divides and becomes a _
morula
what 16 cell structure is formed after the zygote undergoes rapid cell division
morula
which epithelial tumor is the second most common -mucinous -serous -endometroid -transitional cell
mucinous
which epithelial tumor occurs in the 3rd to 6th decade -mucinous -endometrioid -clear cell tumor -serous
mucinous
which of the following tumors does pseudomyxoma peritonei occur with -enometroids -serous -clear cell tumors -mucinous
mucinous
this tumor was filed with mucinous material and deemed malignant. The pt was 50 years old -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma -mucinous cystadenoma -serous cystadenoma -serous cystadenocarcinoma
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
a 36 year old female has arrived for a pelvic ultrasound. While scanning, you see a large cystic mass in the pelvic region that measures 27 cm in diameter. It contains several thin septations and low-level echoes caused by mucoid material -mucinous cystadenoma -brenner tumor -serous cystadenocarcinoma -metastatic mass
mucinous cystadenoma
this pt was 34, the tumor measures 28.5 cm. The pt had it removed and it was benign. What is it? -mucinous cystadenoma -serous cystadenocarcinoma -serous cystadenoma -clear cell tumor -brenner tumor -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
mucinous cystadenoma
is serous cystastendocarcinoma unilocular or multilocular
multilocular
mucinous cystadenocarcinomas look like large, _ cystic masses with echogenic material and papillary projections. These can look similar to serous cystadenocarcinomas
multilocular
serous cystadenocarcinomas are large, _ cystic masses with septations and papillary projections. The walls are thickened and may contain solid echogenic material
multilocular
which layer of the uterus is the muscular layer
myometrium
what are inclusion cysts -corpus luteal cysts -gartner duct cysts -typical follicles -nabothian cysts
nabothian cysts
what type of cysts are frequently seen on the cervix during ultrasound exams -nabothian cysts -nigel's cysts -asherman's cysts -garter's duct cysts
nabothian cysts
During a 32 week OB scan, you measure the AFI and determine that it is 4 cm. Is this within the normal range? -yes -no
no
the amnion is _ and _ (vascular, non vascular, formed from inner blastocyst, or formed from outer blastocyst)
non vascular and formed from inner blastocyst
symptoms of polyps can be -nausa -none -vomiting -severe pain
none
All of the following are sonographic components of a biophysical profile except: -fetal movement -fetal tone -fetal breathing -amniotic fluid -none of the above
none of the above
The encirclement of umbilical cord around the fetal neck is called a: -marginal cord -nuchal cord -true knot -battledore cord
nuchal cord
the sagittal view of the fetal face is obtained whenever possible to demonstrate all of the following except -chin -nasal bone -forehead -lips -nuchal fold
nuchal fold
What term is used to describe a deficiency of amniotic fluid? -hypohydramnios -anhydramnios -polyhydramnios -oligohydramnios
oligohydramnios
a very small amount of amniotic fluid is termed
oligohydramnios
when a female's cycle goes 35 days or longer without a period it is -dysmenorrhea -polymenorrhea -oligomenorrhea -amenorrhea
oligomenorrhea
when a female's cycle goes 35 days or longer without a period it is termed -dysmenorrhea -oligomenorrhea -polymenorrhea -amenorrhea
oligomenorrhea
an immature ovum is termed
oocyte
Define: LVOT
origin of aorta arising from the left ventricle
Define: RVOT
origin of pulmonary trunk arising from right ventricle
Define: OFD
outer edge of occipital to outer edge of frontal
Define: BPD
outer edge of one parietal to inner edge of other
these arteries branch directly off the aorta laterally -ovarian arteries -arcuate arteries -ovarian veins -radial arteries
ovarian arteries
_ is frequently a complication of ovulation induction -endometriosis -peritoneal inclusion cysts -ovarian torsion -ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
you are scanning a 45 year old pt who has had abdominal bloating recently and pain in the pelvic region. The pt has a history of breast cancer. You find this in the right and left adnexal regions and it is hypervascular -Fallopian tube carcinoma -immature teratoma -ovarian mets -thecoma
ovarian mets
a 13-year old female comes into the ER with acute, severe right-sided pain with nausea, vomiting, and fever. The ER physician feels a mass in RLQ and orders an ultrasound to rule out appendicitis. The pt's mother tells you that the pt has had intermittent rt sided pain during the past 2 weeks. Color doppler did not reveal any blood flow and some free fluid was visualized in the cul-de-sac. What is the diagnosis? -endometrioma -ectopic pregnancy -pelvic inflammatory disease -corpus luteal cyst -ovarian torsion
ovarian torsion
which of the following pathologies is an acute abdominal condition that requires prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention -polycystic ovarian syndrome -GTD -ovarian hyperstimulation -ovarian torsion -endometriosis
ovarian torsion
which of the following organs will produce estrogen and progesterone as well as produce ovum -ovary -fallopian tube -uterus -endometrium
ovary
what age group is the highest risk for GTD -over 35 -under 40 -over 30 -under 20
over 35
a normal ovary appears as an _ medium level echogenic structure
ovoid
LH is responsible for -follicle growth -ovulation -onset of puberty -thickening of the endometrium
ovulation
the release of an egg from the ruptured follicle is termed which one of the following -luteinization -menstruation -ovulation -proliferative
ovulation
Define: ductus venousus
oxygenated blood from placenta bypasses liver and enters IVC
diagnosis of this cyst is by demonstrating the normal ipsilateral ovary adjacent to but separate from the cyst -hemorrhagic cyst -follicular cyst -paraovarian cyst -corpus luteum cyst -theca lutein cyst
paraovarian cyst
which of the following cysts are asymptomatic and can only be diagnosed by demonstrating a normal ipsilateral ovary close to but separate from the cyst -paraovarian cyst -theca lutein cysts -endometrioma -peritoneal inclusion cyst
paraovarian cyst
when the Müllerian ducts fail to fuse completely and the result is 1 vagina, 1 cervix, and 2 uterus it is termed -partial bicornuate -didelphys -complete bicornuate -unicornuate -subseptate
partial bicornuate
infertility drug(s) used to induce ovulation
pergonal, metrodin, and clomid
which of the following layers of the uterus is not visualized by ultrasound -myometrium -cervix -perimetrium -endometrium
perimetrium
the ovary was seen in the center of this. The pt had a history of multiple abdominal surgeries and adhesions -paraovarian cyst -pseudomyxoma peritonei -ascites -peritoneal inclusion cyst
peritoneal inclusion cyst
your pt is a 41 year old female who is having US to evaluate a large pelvic mass. The pt has been experiencing pelvic pain for several weeks and history of endometriosis and two abdominal surgeries. During the exam, you find an adnexal multiloculated cystic mass with an intact ovary amongst septations and fluid. The likely diagnosis is: -ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome -ovarian torsion -peritoneal inclusion cyst -paraovarian cyst
peritoneal inclusion cyst
the broad ligament is an extension of the _
peritoneum
what forms the posterior/lateral border of the pelvic cavity
piriformis and coccyges muscles
When the placenta abnormally adheres to the myometrium, this is called: -velamentous placenta -placental accreta -placental previa -placental abruption
placental accreta
A focal discrete lesion of the placenta that is caused by ischemic necrosis would be a: -placental chorioangioma -placental infarct -placental accreta -placental previa
placental infarct
Which of the following conditions is the worst? -placental percreta -placental accreta -placental increta -placental encreta
placental percreta
the most fatal form of PTN is -partial mole -choriocarcinoma -placental site trophoblastic tumor -invasive mole
placental site trophoblastic tumor
which of the following is the rarest -placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) -complete mole -invasive mole -choriocarcinoma
placental site trophoblastic tumor
When assessing an OB patient, not only is it important to determine if multiple fetuses are present, but also the the number of babies and the number of ________________.
placentas
_ is a complex endocrine disorder of abnormal estrogen and androgen production. It results in chronic an ovulation; therefore it is a common cause of infertility and higher-than-usual rate of early pregnancy loss -endometriosis -pelvic inflammatory disease -polycystic ovarian syndrome -ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
polycystic ovarian syndrome
you are scanning a 26 year old female who presents with amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, and hirsutism. What pathology is likely seen? -polycystic ovarian syndrome -ovarian hyperstimulation -corpus luteum cysts -hemorrhagic cysts
polycystic ovarian syndrome
a large amount of amniotic fluid is termed
polyhydramnios
Maternal vessels are located _________ to the placenta. -anterior -posterior
posterior
the rectum and anus are _ to the vagina
posterior
the vagina is _ to the urinary bladder
posterior
the rectouterine space is also known as what -space of retzius -anterior cul-de-sac -pouch of dodd -posterior cul-de-sac
posterior cul-de-sac
this pelvic space is located between the uterus and the rectum/anus -posterior cul-de-sac -anterior cul-de-sac -morrison's pouch -space of retzius
posterior cul-de-sac
which pocket is a common place for fluid to collect within the pelvis -vesicouterine pouch -posterior cul-de-sac -space of retzius -anterior cul-de-sac
posterior cul-de-sac
which pocket is a common place for fluid to collect within the pelvis post ovulation -posterior cul-de-sac -space of retzius -vesicouterine pouch -anterior cul-de-sac
posterior cul-de-sac
typically, adenomyosis is more extensive in the _ of the uterus -posterior wall -anterior wall -fundus -cervical os -all of the above
posterior wall
endometrial carcinoma is most common in which pt's -postmenopausal -premenopausal -women with anovulatory cycles -women with polycystic ovaries
postmenopausal
_ is defined as any vaginal bleeding that occurs in a postmenopausal woman other than the cyclic bleeding that would be expected with HRT
postmenopausal bleeding
the most common clinical sign of endometrial carcinoma in the post menopausal woman is -pelvic pain -postmenopausal uterine bleeding -enlarged uterus -all of the above
postmenopausal uterine bleeding
the posterior cul-de-sac is also called the -pouch of Douglas -pouch of Dodd -pouch of Dennis -pouch of Don't
pouch of Douglas
premenarche is the technical term for
pre-puberty
in which of the following situations might a fibroid normally get larger -loss of estrogen -menopause -pregnancy -loss of its blood supply
pregnancy
what is the decidua
pregnant endometrium
what is the physiologic status of prepuberty
premenarche
in women on HRT, which hormone increases risk of breast cancer -clomid -progesterone -unopposed estrogen -FSH
progesterone
what hormone does the corpus luteum secrete -LH -estrogen -progesterone -FSH
progesterone
if the corpus luteum goes away, what happens next
progesterone levels decline, cycle starts over
endometrial regeneration is occurring during which endometrial phase -proliferative -secretory -follicular -menstrual
proliferative
the endometrium demonstrates the "three-line" sign in which of the following menstrual phases -proliferative -menstrual -luteal -secretory
proliferative
this pt had a tumor on her ovary (in mucinous region), she came to the ER with severe pain, elevated WBC's, and this was found -pelvic inflammatory disease -endometriosis -psuedomyxoma peritonei -none
psuedomyxoma peritonei
what two muscles make up the elevator ani muscle
pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
this ligament runs from the pubic bone to the bladder -round ligament -broad ligament -pubovesical ligament -cardinal ligament
pubovesical ligament
pus in the uterus is _
pyometra
if the result is either positive or negative is that quantitative or qualitative
qualitative
is a urine test quantitative or qualitative
qualitative
if the result provides a specific level of hCG is that quantitative or qualitative
quantitative
is a blood test quantitative or qualitative
quantitative
these arteries travel from the myometrium and are branches off of the arcuate arteries -spiral arteries -radial arteries -ovarian arteries -straight arteries
radial arteries
what occurs during the fetal phase
rapid growth
which of the following is not a typical symptom of Fallopian tube carcinoma -palpable pelvic mass -pain -rectal bleeding -vaginal bleeding
rectal bleeding
which of the following is NOT a muscle located in the true pelvis -rectus abdominis -obturator internus -coccygeus -piriformis
rectus abdominis
Define: fetal presentation
refers to fetal part that is closest to internal cervical os
an IUD on US look highly _ with some shadowing
reflective
If the adrenal glands are "laying down" in the renal fossa, what is indicated? -normal kidneys -renal cysts -renal agenesis -none of the above
renal agenesis
A mother comes in with fever and high WBC. She is post delivery x 1 week. She delivered prematurely. You notice in her uterus a large endometrial mass and it is complex. What do you think it is? -her uterus just hasn't returned to normal yet -retained products of conception -placental hematoma -a twin that did not deliver
retained products of conception
A succenturiate placenta can lead to: -nuchal cord -retained products of conception -fetal demise -an abnormally large fetus
retained products of conception
when the fundus and the body of the uterus are bent backwards toward the cervix, it is called: -anteflexion -anteversion -retroversion -retroflexion
retroflexion
when the entire uterus (including the cervix) is tilted backwards the term used to describe it's position is: -anteversion -anteflexion -retroversion -retroflexion
retroversion
which ovary is more likely to torse
right
Which chamber of the fetal heart is normally located closest to the anterior chest wall? -right atrium -left atrium -left ventricle -right ventricle
right ventricle
what is the "sign" used to describe the doppler flow of a corpus luteum cyst -chorionic ring -halo -ring of light -ring of fire
ring of fire
these ligaments are 3 paired ligaments that help support the uterus -round -broad -mesosalpinx -mesovarium
round
corpus luteum cysts are more likely to _
rupture
what forms the posterior border of the pelvic cavity
sacrum/coccyx and psoas muscles
the cystic component of the dermoid is usually which of the following -blood -saliva -secum -sebum
sebum
what structure is visualized within the gestational sac in the image -primary yolk sac -secondary yolk sac -embryo
secondary yolk sac
which yolk sac is visualized sonographically throughout first trimester
secondary yolk sac
which endometrial phase occurs immediately after ovulation -luteal -menstrual -secretory -proliferative
secretory
which endometrial phase occurs immediately after ovulation -menstrual -secretory -proliferative -luteal
secretory
a very thick endometrium is indicative of which endometrial phase -menstrual phase -proliferative phase -secretory phase -luteal phase
secretory phase
Cord prolapse is -serious -non-serious
serious
of the 5 types of epithelial-stromal cell tumors, which is the most common -endometrioid -transitional cell -mucinous -serous -clear cell
serous
which type of epithelial-stromal cell tumor is the most common -clear cell -serous -mucinous -transitional cell -endometrioid
serous
this is categorized as the most common epithelial ovarian tumor. What is it?
serous cystadenocarcinoma
this was found to be malignant once it was removed. These types of tumors account for 50% of all ovarian neoplasms. The pt had ascites too -mucinous cystadenocarcinoma -clear cell tumor -serous cystadenocarcinoma -endometrioid tumor
serous cystadenocarcinoma
what are the 2 most common ovarian neoplasms
serous cystadenoma, cystic teratomas
list the benign epithelial tumors
serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, transitional cell
which tumor sonographically presents as a solid hypoechoic mass and is also called an androblastoma -sertoli leydig cell tumor -thecoma -granulosa cell tumor -yolk sac tumor
sertoli-leydig cell tumor
this image occurred in a pt that is under 30. When removed you find that it is rare and referred to as an androblastoma -dermoid cyst -sertoli leydig tumor -granulosa cell tumor -yolk sac tumor
sertoli-leydig tumor
ascites and pleural effusions can be associated with which form of OHS -severe -they are not associated -mild -moderate
severe
a 27 year old female presents to the ER with severe pelvic pain and noticeable abdominal distention. The pt mentioned she has been seeing an infertility specialist for treatment. While scanning you see presence of abdominal ascites. What is the likely diagnosis? -moderate OHS -severe OHS -mild OHS -theca lutein cysts -endometrioma
severe OHS
what form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome has abdominal distention, ovaries greater than 12 cm diameter and severe pelvic pain
severe OHS
Umbilical cord length can have adverse affects on the fetus. Which would cause the fetus to be unable to move? -short cord -long cord
short cord
which of the following would not be a normal sonographic appearance for a gestational sac -round, oval, or teardrop shaped -double decidua sign -intact echogenic border -should be located in mid to lower uterus
should be located in mid to lower uterus
the uterus _ post menopausal (shrinks or gets larger?)
shrinks
Define: ductus arteriosus
shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
Define: foramen ovale
shunts blood from right atrium directly into left atrium
Define: 4-chamber view
single most important view of fetal heart
The most commonly encountered cord abnormality is: -nuchal cord -battledore placenta -true cord knots -single umbilical artery
single umbilical artery
Battledore and Velamentous placental cord attachments are associated with: -maternal hemorrhage -single umbilical artery or 2 vessel cords -large for dates fetus -gestational diabetes
single umbilical artery or 2 vessel cords
the most common primary sites for metastatic ovarian cancer includes all of the following except -breast -skin -endometrial -gastrointestinal
skin
which hormone(s) surge and cause ovulation (2 answers) -GnRH surge -small FSH surge -large FSH surge -LH surge
small FSH surge and LH surge
A fetus with IUGR will probably have a: -very aged placenta -small placenta -large placenta -normal placenta
small placenta
What type of borders should a normal placenta have? -smooth -border cannot be visualized -irregular -rough
smooth
the pelvic recess between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis is which of the following -rectouterine pouch -vesicouterine pouch -space of retzius -anterior cul-de-sac
space of retzius
Obliteration of cisterna magna is common found with which of the following? -down syndrome -rhombencephalon -trisomy 18 -mega-cisterna magna -spina bifida -cavum veli interpositi
spina bifida
What does the thymus parenchyma contain that helps distinguish it sonographically from the lungs?
spindle-shaped echogenicites
which syndrome consists of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism -reyes syndrome -leriches syndrome -stein leventhal syndrome
stein-leventhal syndrome
these arteries feed the endometrium of the uterus -radial arteries -arcuate arteries -straight/spiral arteries -ovarian arteries
straight/spiral arteries
which leiomyoma distorts or displaces endometrium as it projects into uterine cavity
submucosal leiomyoma
when the uterine cavities (endometrium) is duplicated in the uterine horns only it is termed -subseptate -unicornuate -septate -arcuate
subseptate
which leiomyoma arises from the perimetrium/myometrium and projects exophysically
subserosal leiomyoma
An accessory placenta that is connected to the main body by vessels is termed: -battledore placenta -circummvallate placenta -succenturiate placenta -velamentous placenta
succenturiate placenta
Define: head circumference
taken around outer edge of skull
drug used in combination with chemo/radiation/surgery to reduce return of breast cancer
tamoxifen
a dermoid plug typically contains _, _, or _
teeth, hair, or fat
PTN can uncommonly occur sometimes after normal what -menstrual cycle -term delivery -GTD -all of the above
term delivery
The biparietal diameter measurement is taken at which level or view? What brain structure should be seen?
thalamic view
when is the endometrium the thinnest -the beginning of menstrual phase -the end of menstrual phase -end of secretory phase -end of secretory phase
the end of menstrual phase
what is the fetal phase
the final weeks of the first trimester (weeks 11 and 12)
a 27 year old female comes to the imaging department for a pelvic exam to determine if she has an IUP. She presents with nausea and vomiting x2 weeks. Her lab report shoes high levels of hCG. The US reveals large, multiloculated cysts bilaterally. What is represented? -endometriomas -theca lutein cysts -peritoneal inclusion cysts -follicular cysts
theca-lutein cysts
this tumor was found in a post menopausal woman with increased estrogen levels. She is NOT taking HRT's -thecoma -fibroma -yolk sac tumor -granulosa cell tumor
thecoma
thecomas and fibromas can be difficult to distinguish between, but _ tumors will often exhibit clinical signs of estrogen production
thecomas
all of the following are criteria for a simple cyst except: -posterior acoustic enhancement -thin smooth walls -thick irregular walls -anechoic -none of the above
thick irregular walls
Which of the following describes the sono appearance of a normal fetal diaphragm? -thick, hypoechoic, arched-line separating the abdomen from the chest -thin, hypoechoic, arched-line separating abdomen from chest -thin, hyperechoic, arched-line separating abdomen from chest -thick, hyperechoic, arched-line separating the abdomen from chest
thin, hypoechoic, arched-line separating abdomen from chest
Ossification in the fetal spine begins in the ____________ section. -cervical -thoracic -lumbar -sacral -none of the above
thoracic
when a mixture of matted hair and sebum produces acoustic shadowing that obscures the posterior wall of the lesion as seen, it is called the _ sign -tip of the iceberg -wall echo -dermoid mesh -dermoid plug
tip of the iceberg
what is gestational age used for
to date pregnancy
Why is it important to identify adrenal glands separate from the kidneys?
to ensure that renal agenesis has not occured
Why is it mandatory to image the fetal top lip?
to ensure there is no cleft palate
Why is it important to confirm the fetal stomach is on the left?
to rule out associated heterotaxy syndromes
what is the most common complication of a cystic teratoma -malignant transformation -torsion -rupture and hemorrhage -metastatic spread -none
torsion
A nuchal fold measurement greater than 6 mm between 15 and 21 weeks is associated most commonly with _______________. -trisomy 21 -trisomy 18 -meckel-gruber syndrome -trisomy 13 -truner's syndrome
trisomy 21
what secretes hCG to extend the life of the corpus luteum
trophoblastic cells
(T or F) a postmenopausal pt who has a mass and ovarian torsion is more likely to have a malignancy
true
(T or F) a pt has arrived for her first OB ultrasound. According to her lab results, the hCG level is 1980 mIU/mL. During the trans abdominal scan, you are unable to visualize an intrauterine gestational sac. You should look for a possible ectopic pregnancy
true
(T or F) an acute hemorrhagic cyst usually appears hyper echoic and may resemble a solid mass
true
(T or F) endometrial carcinoma is painful
true
(T or F) serous cystadenocarcinoma and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma can have a similar sono appearance with multiloculations, papillary projections, and echogenic material
true
(T or F) the amniotic cavity expands and fills the chorionic cavity, this should complete by week 16
true
(T or F) the embryos initial heartbeat occurs at 6 weeks
true
(T or F) with endometriosis, the ectopic endometrial tissue proliferates and bleeds on a cyclic basis
true
True or False: A fluid-filled stomach can be used to demonstrate an intact left diaphragm. -true -false
true
True or False: A transvaginal scan may be performed if placenta previa is suspected or if the cervix is abnormally short. -true -false
true
True or False: After 16 weeks, renal function becomes the major source of amniotic fluid. -true -false
true
True or False: Biophysical profile was designed to detect fetal hypoxemia. -true -false
true
True or False: By week 11, the kidneys begin to produce urine. -true -false
true
True or False: Four fetal measurements are taken to assess the gestational age and fetal weight. These four measurements are femur length, BPD, abdominal circumference, and head circumference. -true -false
true
True or False: The 3 standard views of the fetal brain are thalamic, ventricular, and cerebellar. -true -false
true
True or False: The atrium of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle is considered the landmark for measuring the lateral ventricle. -true -false
true
True or False: The best time to sonograpically evaluate the fetal heart is between 18 to 24 weeks. -true -false
true
True or False: The brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery help differentiate the aortic arch from the ductal arch. -true -false
true
True or False: Typically, the stomach will fill within a 30 minute exam. -true -false
true
what pelvic cavity contains the pelvic organs -retroperitoneum -false pelvis -true pelvis -space of retzius
true pelvis
the cortex or lining of the ovary is termed -medulla -tunica albuginea -germinal epithelium -tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
when ultrasound is used to guide an infertility doctor to retrieve ovum from the ovary this is termed
ultrasound guided ovum retrieval
If a knot causes stasis of blood in the cord it can lead to: -umbilical vein thrombosis -umbilical vein rupture -single umbilical artery -umbilical artery aneurysm
umbilical vein thrombosis
is a coexistent mole common or uncommon
uncommon
with a brenner tumor, a cystic component is _ -always present -uncommon finding -common finding -never present
uncommon finding
is a corpus luteal cyst unilateral or bilateral
unilateral
is a paraovarian cyst unilateral or bilateral
unilateral
is ovarian torsion unilateral or bilateral
unilateral
which of the following is NOT a cause of endometritis -pelvic inflammatory disease -post partum -unopposed estrogen -D&C
unopposed estrogen
which of the following will increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia/endometrial cancer in a postmenopausal woman -cyclic progesterone -unopposed progesterone -cyclic estrogen -unopposed estrogen
unopposed estrogen
what size can nabothian cysts be
up to 4 cm
the ovary receives its primary blood supply from which two of the following arteries -external iliac -uterine -internal iliac -ovarian
uterine and ovarian
the morula will leave the Fallopian tube to enter into where -uterine cavity -corpus luteum -blastocyst -endometrium
uterine cavity
a pt that has an AV malformation will be treated most likely with which of the following procedures -uterine embolization -D&C procedure -blood transfusion -hysterectomy -none
uterine embolization
If the myometrium is less than 3 mm in the lower uterine segment, then the myometrium should be assessed, because this patient is at risk for ___________. -endometriosis -uterine rupture -ectopic pregnancy -adenomyosis -none of the above
uterine rupture
the endocervix is the part of the cervix that communicates with the _ by the internal os -external cervix -uterus -vagina -fallopian tube
uterus
the internal os is part of the cervical canal that is closest to the: -myometrium -uterus -endometrium -vagina
uterus
the exocervix is continuous with which of the following -vaginal fornix -vagina -endometrium -uterus
vagina
which of the following could be a reason that a postmenopausal woman has large amounts of fluid in her endometrium (3 answers) -vaginal atresia -malignancy -cervical stenosis from radiation -imperforate hymen
vaginal atresia, malignancy, and cervical stenosis from radiation
what is the the upper part of the vagina that is sutured shut during a hysterectomy that may look like a mass sonographically
vaginal cuff
the chorion is _ and _ (vascular, non vascular, formed from inner blastocyst, or formed from outer blastocyst)
vascular and formed from outer blastocyst
The umbilical __________ transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. -vein -arteries
vein
A _______________ insertion is when the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) and the vessels travel between the membranes to the placenta.
velamentous cord
An umbilical cord that is attached to the membranes of the placenta, rather than deep into the placenta is termed: -battledore placenta -velamentous placenta -succenturate placenta -circumvallate placenta
velamentous placenta
All of the following are possible fetal presentations except: -cephalic -breech -variable -transverse -vernix -none of the above
vernix
Amniotic fluid is measured using the __________ of the fluid pocket. -width -vertical depth -all the above
vertical depth
if PTN does not metastasize what is its prognosis
very good prognosis with 100% remission
another name for the anterior cul-de-sac is -vesicouterine pouch -pouch of douglas -space of retzius -rectouterine pouch
vesicouterine pouch
during what week does a primitive uteroplacental circulation develop -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 7
week 4
during what week does the primitive gut develop -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 8
week 4
in what week does placental development begin -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 7
week 4
the neural tube develops at what week -4 -5 -6 -7 to 8
week 4
when is the embryo a bilaminar disk -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 7
week 4
during what week does the embryo become a trilaminar disk -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 10
week 5
fetal lung buds will develop by -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 8
week 5
by what week has the neurotube become a primitive embryonic brain -week 4 -week 5 -week 6 -week 7
week 6
what weeks is considered the most critical phase of human development -4 to 5 -5 to 8 -6 to 10 -12 to 14
weeks 6 to 10
the embryo forms limb buds at what week(s) -weeks 4 to 5 -weeks 5 to 6 -weeks 7 to 8 -weeks 9 to 10
weeks 7 to 8
all of the following are considered characteristics that indicate malignancy in a cystic lesion except: -solid, echogenic elements -well defined borders -thick septations -irregular, thick walls -irregular septations
well-defined borders
What is the name of the substance that surrounds the umbilical vessels and supports the cord?
wharton's jelly
what is a coexistent mole
when a normal fetus is adjacent to a normal placenta which is also adjacent to an abnormal placenta
4
which image shows a complete septate uterus
2
which image shows a partial bicornuate uterus
1
which image shows an arcuate uterus
which of the following is NOT someone endometrial polyps are usually found in -premenopausal women -postmenopausal women -women with anovulatory cycle -all of the above
women with anovulatory cycle
while scanning an OB pt, you notice a midgut herniation extending into the base of the umbilical cord. According to first day of LMP, the pregnancy is in the 15th week. Which of the following should be done by you? -write that it appears abnormal -write on the worksheet that it is possibly normal vs. pathology -write nothing at all -write on the worksheet that it appears normal
write on the worksheet that is possibly normal vs. pathology
You are measuring the amniotic fluid on a 34 week gestation. The amniotic fluid in the single largest pocket measured 3 cm. Is this within the normal range? -no -yes
yes
sonographic visualization and identification of a _ within an early gestational sac is diagnostic of IUP -double bleb sign -yolk sac -embryonic disk -vitelline duct
yolk sac
what is the small echogenic circular structure called
yolk sac
which of the following does the amnion not cover -umbilical cord -insertion site into the embryo -yolk sac
yolk sac
this pt presented with increased levels of AFP in her bloodstream. The pt is 19 years old and when the tumor was removed it was malignant. The life expectancy for this is not good -dysgerminoma -yolk sac tumor -immature teratoma -granulosa cell tumor
yolk sac tumor
which malignant germ cell tumor is rare with a poor prognosis, typically affects women under 20 years of age, and causes increased levels of AFP -yolk sac tumor -dysgerminoma -immature teratoma -granulosa cell tumor
yolk sac tumor
what parts fuse to become the umbilical cord
yolk stalk and vitelline duct
if pregnancy occurs hog will be produced by what structure -pituitary gland -endometrium -zygote -ovary
zygote
if pregnancy occurs, hCG will be produced by what structure
zygote
what is formed from the union of an egg and sperm
zygote
