POE Final - Chapters 26,27,28,7,18
A satisfactory radiograph is produced using a 12:1 grid, 30 mAs, and 85 kVp. A second film is requested using an 16:1 grid with a conversion factor of 6.75. What mAs is needed to produce the second radiograph with comparable radiographic density?
(GCF for 12:1 grid is 5.5 / GCF for 16:1 grid is 6.75) 37 mAs
calculate the penumbra for an image with a 2.0 mm focal spot at 72 in. distance, and OID of 1 in.
0.03 mm
calculate the penumbra for an image with a 1.0 mm focal spot at 40 in. distance, and OID of 2 in.
0.05 mm
calculate the penumbra for an image with a 2.0 mm focal spot at 40 in. distance, and OID of 2 in.
0.10 mm
calculate the penumbra for an image with a 1.0 mm focal spot at 40 in. distance, and OID of 5 in.
0.14 mm
calculate the penumbra for an image with a 2.0 mm focal spot at 72 in. distance, and OID of 6 in.
0.18 mm
MATCHING 1. increasing kVp from 85 to 98 kVp 2. variation in beam intensity along the long axis of beam 3. require an increase in mAs as ratio increases 4. controls xray beam quantity 5. small and large 6. direct relationship between mAs and distance 7. affected by photographic properties of image 8. controls the average energy of the xray beam
1. 15% rule 2.anode heel effect 3. radiographic grids 4. mAs 5. focal spot size 6. density maintenance formula 7. visibility of detail 8. kVp
MATCHING 1. the quotient of SID over SOD 2. results from insufficient mAs 3. switching from 10:1 grid to 6:1 grid 4. creates a moire effect 5. quantification of an imaging system's fidelity 6. switching from a RS 400 receptor to a RS 200 receptor
1. MF 2. quantum noise 3. loss of visibility of detail 4. aliasing 5. MTF 6. resolution increase
MATCHING 1. AP hip 2. typically 0.001 sec 3. Older technologists may still refer to it 4. -1, -2, 0, +1, +2 5. AP abdomen radiograph 6. +2 used when N would have been optimum
1. center detector only 2. minimum response time 3. phototiming 4. density controls 5. all three detectors 6. overexposed image
MATCHING 1. must be used at a specific SID 2. invented the moving grid assembly 3. commonly ranges from 85-103 lpi 4. K 5. increased OID 6. higher value improves contrast 7. undesirable, superimposed lines on CR image
1. focused grid 2. Hollis Potter 3. grid frequency 4. contrast improvement factor 5. air-gap technique 6. grid ratio 7. Moire effect
MATCHING 1. fewer shades of gray across the final image 2. the same as low contrast 3. responsible for high contrast densities on images 4. contributing factor to total image contrast 5. used to calculate slope of H and D curve 6. high contrast
1. high contrast 2. long scale contrast 3. photoelectric interactions 4. subject contrast 5. average gradient 6. short scale contrast
MATCHING 1. ratio between image size and MF 2. an image in which the object is actually shorter 3. best seen with the patient supine 4. MF 5. SID/MF 6. inherently magnified in AP projection
1. object size 2. elongation 3. kidneys 4. SID/SOD 5. SOD 6. patella
if a satisfactory density is obtained with 40 mAs at 72 inches, what mAs is required to maintain the same density at 40 inches?
12 mAs
The magnification factor for a radiographic procedure is calculated at 1.25. It may be assumed that there is a ______ magnification of the object size
125%
if a satisfactory PA chest radiograph is obtained at 72 inches with patient exposure of 4 R, what will the exposure be if the distance is reduced to 40 inches?
13 R
If the lead strips are 4.0 mm high and are separated by an interspace of 0.25 mm, what is the grid ratio?
16:1
if a satisfactory PA chest radiograph is obtained with 4 mAs at 72 inches, what mAs is required to maintain the same density at 60 inches?
3 mAs
if a satisfactory PA chest radiograph is obtained at 72 inches with patient exposure of 10 R, what will the exposure be if the distance is reduced to 40 inches?
32 R
A satisfactory radiograph is produced using 8 mAs at 85 kVp without a grid. A second film is requested using an 8:1 grid with a conversion factor of 4. What mAs is needed to produce the second radiograph?
32 mAs
Calculate the SID necessary to achieve a penumbra of 0.8 mm if the focal spot size is 1.0 mm and the object is 3 inches from the detector
40 inches
if a satisfactory density is obtained with 20 mAs at 40 inches, what mAs is required to maintain the same density at 72 inches?
65 mAs
A satisfactory radiograph is produced using 10mAs at 85 kVp without a grid. A second film is requested using an 16:1 grid with a conversion factor of 6.75. What mAs is needed to produce the second radiograph?
67.5 mAs
If the lead strips are 2.0 mm high and are separated by an interspace of 0.25 mm, what is the grid ratio?
8:1
A portable radiograph is taken of a thick body part using a 10:1 stationary grid. The image produced demonstrates a contrast factor (K) of 1.7. A second radiograph is taken with a different grid of unknown specifications, and the K value is 2.2. What conclusion can you reach regarding the two grids?
The second grid is most likely a higher ratio as the change in contrast is greater. A greater K value indicates greater contrast improvement which is related to grid ratio, grid frequency, and lead content of the grid.
You have discovered two underutilized radiographic grids in your department. Both grids have the same grid ratio, but grid A is noticeably heavier than grid B. What conclusions can you reach regarding these two grids?
Though both grids have the same ratio the grid content could be different. The extra weight from grid A could be from a higher grid frequency, thicker lead strips, or using aluminum.
optimum exposure to an IR is a. 1 mR plus or minus 33% b. 10 mR plus or minus 33% c. 1 mR plus or minus 3% d. 10 mR plus or minus 15%
a. 1 mR plus or minus 33%
after completing a radiograph using 27 mAs at 90 kVp, the image demonstrates adequate overall density but an area that is underpenetrated. in order to produce an optimum image in terms of contrasted penetration, the repeat images should be taken at a. 27 mAs at 100 kVp b. 54 mAs at 77 kVp c. 13 mAs at 94 kVp d. 27 mAs at 94 kVp
a. 27 mAs at 100 kVp
Which examination does not exhibit an inherently large OID? a. AP lumbar spine b. lateral cervical spine c. lateral chest d. AP facial bones
a. AP lumbar spine
Automatic exposure devices provide a diagnostic quality radiograph when the a. anatomy of interest is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber b. proper time is set c. correct focal spot is selected d. beam filtration is minimum
a. anatomy of interest is positioned directly above the appropriate ionization chamber
When more than one ionization chamber is used, the signal is a. averaged b. muted c. multiplied d. all of the above
a. averaged
For a grid to be properly focused, the xray tube must be located along the ________ line a. convergence b. divergence c. umbra d. penumbra
a. convergence
When performing a follow up abdomen image on a patient who recently had a small bowel study, it maybe best to a. deactivate the AEC and set the technique manually b. dramatically increase the backup mAs c. increases the minimum response time d. increase to 120 kVp
a. deactivate the AEC and set the technique manually
a radiograph with few shades of gray exhibits a. high contrast b. low contrast c. medium contrast d. long scale contrast
a. high contrast
When the tissue structure of the ankle joint is considered, the dramatic tissue differences between the muscles and bones of the ankle produce a. high subject contrast b. low subject contrast c. high radiographic density d. low radiographic density
a. high subject contrast
As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded detail a. increases b. decreases c. is not affected d. is lost
a. increases
as kVp _________, a ________ range of photon energies is produced a. increases, wider b. increases, narrower c. decreases, wider d. decreases, longer
a. increases, wider
The density maintenance formula mathematically resembles the a. inverse square law b. 15% rule c. law of reciprocity d. none of the above
a. inverse square law
because of the "heel effect", xray beam intensity a. is greater under the cathode side of the tube b. is greater under the anode side of the tube c. is equal across the beam long axis d. changes with patient position
a. is greater under the cathode side of the tube
the principal controlling factor of contrast is a. kvp b. mas c. focal spot size d. anode angle
a. kvp
FINAL When not using AEC as an exposure technique selection, a. measuring the patient is very important. b. AEC detector combinations are critical. c. the size of the patient is not a factor. d. none of the above
a. measuring the patient is very important.
The greatest source of scatter during a radiographic examination is the a. patient b. tube c. image receptor d. grid
a. patient
A Potter-Bucky diaphragm must move the grid in a direction that is _______ to the direction of the gridlines a. perpendicular b. parallel c. at a 45 degree angle d. at a 37 degree angle
a. perpendicular
You have completed a chest radiograph on a 2 month old infant using a restraining device at a 72" SID. Because of this design of the device, your OID is suboptimum. The image reveals good resolution of the bony anatomy but the pulmonary vasculature is blurred. The EI value is 2040. In an effort to improve the quality of the repeat image, the competent radiographer would a. raise the mA and decrease the exposure time b. decrease the SID and maintain the exposure time c. switch to small focal spot d. ask for mild sedation of the infant to decrease respiration
a. raise the mA and decrease the exposure time
FINAL When the position of the patient is reversed, the direction of the tube angle must be ____ to maintain the relationship. a. reversed b. decreased c. increased d. maintained
a. reversed
the overall general shape of human anatomical structures are a. round or oval b. linear c. cuboid d. curvilinear
a. round or oval
FINAL When viewing phantom images, professionals are not asked to select the a. single best image. b. images outside acceptance limits. c. images within acceptance limits. d. all of the above
a. single best image.
Which generator produces the LEAST amount of radiographic density per mAs? a. single-phase, 2 pulse b. three-phase, 6 pulse c. three-phase, 12 pulse d. high-frequency generator
a. single-phase, 2 pulse
image receptor contrast is expressed as the _________ of the D log E curve a. slope b. toe c. shoulder d. straight line
a. slope
When using a radiographic grid with computed radiography (CR) a. the Moire effect is a consideration b. higher frequency grids are undesirable c. radiographic grids are unnecessary d. none of the above
a. the Moire effect is a consideration
When an AEC is used for a lateral chest, which ionization chambers are utilized? a. the center cell b. the left and right outer cell c. all three cells d. the right outer cell only
a. the center cell
When an AEC is used for an AP hip, which ionization chambers are utilized? a. the center cell b. the left and right outer cell c. all three cells d. the left outer cell only
a. the center cell
When an AEC is used for an AP lumbar spine, which ionization chambers are utilized? a. the center cell b. the left and right outer cell c. all three cells d. the right outer cell only
a. the center cell
What conclusion can you reach regarding an image with an S# of 750 and good radiographic image density on the display monitor? a. the image is likely to demonstrate noise or quantum mottle b. there was not enough exposure to create a good histogram c. the noise level be at a minimum and the image will look good in the magnification mode d. the IR received too much exposure
a. the image is likely to demonstrate noise or quantum mottle
high contrast is directly related to a. the number of photoelectric interactions b. high kVp c. the amount of compton scatter d. mAs
a. the number of photoelectric interactions
the image brightness on a image display monitor is controlled by a. window level b. window width c. EI number d. S number
a. window level
the _______ represents a depth to the information in the digital image a. z axis b. y-x grid matrix c. y axis d. x-y grid matrix
a. z axis
The optical density range visible to the human eye is a. 0.025 to 0.25 b. 0.25 to 2.50 c. 2.50 to 20.50 d. 20.50 to 200.50
b. 0.25 to 2.50
Which rule is used as a guide to maintain the same density when kVp changes? a. doubling rule b. 15% rule c. inverse square rule d. density maintenance law
b. 15% rule
The minimum change necessary to cause a visible shift in density is _________ percent of mAs. a. 10-12 b. 25-35 c. 50-60 d. none of the above
b. 25-35
depending upon the kVp range, a visible change in contrast will not be seen unless kVp is minimally changed a. 2-3% b. 4-12% c. 25% d. 50%
b. 4-12%
as the spatial frequency of objects increases a. MTF increases proportionally b. MTF decreases c. MTF increases d. MTF computes to a value of 1
b. MTF decreases
resolution is improved when a. OID increases b. OID decreases c. SID decreases d. the xray tube is angled
b. OID decreases
which radiograph exhibits the best detail a. PA chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 40" b. PA chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 72" c. AP chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 40" b. AP chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 72"
b. PA chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 72"
resoultion is improved when a. OID increases b. SID increases c. SID decreases d. the receptor is angled
b. SID increases
in general radiography, quantum noise is a. filtered out of image b. a function of mAs and kVp c. designed into the receptor specification d. a recorded detail parameter
b. a function of mAs and kVp
Which statement about radiographic grids is INCORRECT? a. grids may have grid strips running in perpendicular directions b. a grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips c. the radiopaque strips are typically made of thin lead d. the interspace strips are usually made of aluminum alternate with radiopaque strips
b. a grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace strips
Most AEC consoles permit activation of a. all three cells simultaneously b. all three cells in any combination c. the outer cells when the center cell is inactivated d. the center cell and either outer cell
b. all three cells in any combination
a severely underexposed film image will a. demonstrate adequate image detail but low contrast b. be unable to visualize recorded detail c. darken when placed on an illuminator d. demonstrate high radiographic density
b. be unable to visualize recorded detail
the total amount of irradiated material is a function of a. tissue thickness and body position b. body part thickness and area exposure c. field size and anode angle d. body position and focal spot size
b. body part thickness and area exposure
when evaluating the degree of resolution on an actual radiographic image, an effective tissue to analyzes a. heart size b. bony trabecular pattern c. kidney d. patient body fat stripes
b. bony trabecular pattern
Contemporary AEC systems work on the xray property a. causing certain crystals to fluoresce b. causing ionization of gases c. of producing small amounts of heat as they pass through matter d. affecting photographic film
b. causing ionization of gases
kVp controls the proportional relationship a. mAs and kVp b. compton and photoelectric interactions c. lower contrast d. more photoelectric interactions
b. compton and photoelectric interactions
If the primary beam is collimated from an activated chamber, the result is a a. light radiograph b. dark radiograph c. short exposure time d. decrease in radiographic density
b. dark radiograph
when changing your SID from 72" to 56" a. decrease your kVp by 15% b. decrease your mAs by 50% c. increase the mas by a factor of 4 d. all of the above
b. decrease your mAs by 50%
the concept of contrast as it is displayed on a soft copy monitor for digital images is described as a. window width b. dynamic range c. contrast width d. window range
b. dynamic range
FINAL Which of the following occurs when the tube or the image receptor is not properly aligned? a. foreshortening b. elongation c. magnification d. minification
b. elongation
As a general rule, a radiographic grid is employed a. for the procedure below 60 kVp b. for part thickness above 10cm c. for pediatric studies to improve contrast d. in order to improve positioning latitude
b. for part thickness above 10cm
The ______ the SID, the _______ the magnification a. greater, larger b. greater, smaller c. lesser, smaller d. SID has no effect on magnification
b. greater, smaller
when choosing between two radiographic grids, the k factor is different. choosing a grid with the higher k factor will produce an image with a. longer scale contrast b. high contrast c. improved recorded detail d. a lower S#
b. high contrast
focal spot blooming occurs with a. high kvp b. high mas c. large sid d. extreme tube angulation
b. high mas
With digital imaging systems, the primary factors affecting final image contrast are the a. window level and brightness b. histogram and look-up-table c. EI numbers and grid ratio d. kVp and mAs
b. histogram and look-up-table
FINAL Slow film-screen combinations a. require the small focal spot. b. increase resolution. c. decrease radiographic density. d. decrease patient dose.
b. increase resolution.
all of the following will increase radiographic film density EXCEPT? a. increased developer temperature b. increased dryer temperature c. increased immersion time in developer d. increased developer concentration
b. increased dryer temperature
in digital imaging system, increasing sampling frequency of the data a. increases dose b. increases image fidelity c. decreases MTF d. decreases dose
b. increases image fidelity
which of the following choices below does not increase contrast a. increasing grid ratio b. increasing the amount of irritated tissue c. decreasing filtration d. decreasing kVp
b. increasing the amount of irritated tissue
Which factor influences the average energy of photons reaching the IR? a. kVp b. mAs c. focal spot d. mA
b. kVp
in order to reduce patient entrance skin exposure (ESE), higher kVp exposures are a consideration. it is important to remember that a. kVp values that are too high reduce density and recorded detail b. kVp values are that are too high produce more scatter and reduce contrast c. a significant loss of image contrast is not a reason to avoid higher kVp values in order to reduce ESE d. the digital processing software will correct for any kVp value regardless of how high it is in value
b. kVp values are that are too high produce more scatter and reduce contrast
Examinations of the body parts with a large inherent OID warrant a ________ whenever possible a. small SID b. large SID c. small SOD d. large focal spot
b. large SID
the unit of resolution is film/screen imaging is a. the curie b. line pairs per millimeter c. pixel size d. the DEL size
b. line pairs per millimeter
When the lead strips run in a single direction in a grid, the grid pattern is described as a. criss-cross b. linear c. cross-hatched d. unparallel
b. linear
a radiograph that demonstrates minimal differences between densities is called a. short scale b. low contrast c. high contrast d. all of the above
b. low contrast
The principle controlling factor of radiographic image density is a. kVp b. mAs c. time d. millamperes
b. mAs
Which factor influences the number of photons reaching the IR a. kVp b. mAs c. focal spot selection d. exposure time
b. mAs
as you analyze your image, you come to the conclusion that it must have more exposure. as a general rule, you should increase a. kVp b. mAs by 2x c. the SID d. mAs by a 0.5 multiplier
b. mAs by 2x
Size distortion in radiography can be __________ only a. foreshortening b. magnification c. elongation d. minimization
b. magnification
FINAL The three primary geometric factors affecting image quality are _____. a. patient thickness, distortion, and magnification b. magnification, distortion, and focal spot blur c. kVp, focal spot blur, and contrast d. distortion, subject contrast, and mAs
b. magnification, distortion, and focal spot blur
the best method for controlling motion when the patient is unable to cooperate is to a. increases kVp b. maintain mAs, while decreasing time c. maintain mAs, while decreasing mA d. decrease kVp
b. maintain mAs, while decreasing time
Which measures the accuracy of an image compared to the original object on a scale of 0 to 1? a. line spread function b. modulation transfer function c. point spread function d. noise reduction function
b. modulation transfer function
FINAL Radiographic _____ is random fluctuation in the optical density of a radiograph. a. contrast b. noise c. resolution d. detail
b. noise
the greatest factor in the production of scatter radiation is a. kVp b. mAs c. patient thickness d. patient postion
b. patient thickness
Photon absorption within the body occurs as the result of a. compton interactions b. characteristic interactions c. photoelectric interactions d. bremsstrahlung interactions
b. photoelectric interactions
Early versions of AEC technology were referred to as a. photometers b. phototimers c. photosensors d. affecting photographic film
b. phototimers
The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between the lead strips is the grid a. selectivity b. ratio c. frequency d. speed
b. ratio
the nyquist frequency is a. important in analog imaging b. sampling a minimum of twice per cycle c. unique to radiography d. related to involuntary motion
b. sampling a minimum of twice per cycle
a fluoroscopic examination that uses barium as a contrast material would typically produce images with a. long scale contrast b. short scale contrast c. low contrast d. both a and c
b. short scale contrast
FINAL The densities above 2.5 on a film are represented in the _____ portion of the characteristic curve. a. straight-line portion b. shoulder c. base + fog d. toe
b. shoulder
As the lead content of a grid increases a. the contrast improvment factor (K) decreases b. the ability of the grid to remove scatter increases c. the contrast decreases d. exposure in the image receptor increases
b. the ability of the grid to remove scatter increases
When an AEC is used for a PA chest, which ionization chambers are utilized? a. the center cell b. the left and right outer cell c. all three cells d. the right outer cell only
b. the left and right outer cell
In the event that the mAs needed for a small anatomical structure is very small, in order to ensure the AEC terminates the exposure correctly a. the kVp should be increased b. the mA should be decreased c. all three detectors should be activated d. the large focal spot should be used
b. the mA should be decreased
when sampling frequency is less than the nyquist value a. aliasling is eliminated b. the morie effect can occur c. patient dose must increase d. the nyquist value must be altered
b. the morie effect can occur
FINAL When developing a fixed kVp exposure system it is important to remember that a. tube heat loading increases b. the optimal kVp selected is the maximum kVp established c. a single kVp value is acceptable for all body parts and thicknesses. d. exposure times may be longer.
b. the optimal kVp selected is the maximum kVp established
Opening up the intervertebral joints of the cervical spine would best be accomplished with a. the patient in a PA projection at 72" SID b. the patient in an AP projection at 40" SID c. a perpendicular central ray at 72" SID d. the patient in a PA projection at 40" SID
b. the patient in an AP projection at 40" SID
The backup time of most AEC is set at _________ of the anticipated manual exposure time a. 10% b. 50% c. 150% d. 100%
c. 150%
A radiographer is performing an AP knee radiograph using AEC. The manual technique for this exam would be 12 mAs at 80 kVp. The backup mAs the radiographer should set would be a. 6 mAs b. 12 mAs c. 18 mAs d. 24 mAs
c. 18 mAs
A new high frequency radiographic system is being released to a customer for first clinical use. The applications person states that the AEC density controls are in 20% increments. If a normal AEC exposure of the hip is 24 mAs, a repeat exposure at +2 would yield a mAs value of a. 26 mAs b. 29 mAs c. 34 mAs d. 48 mAs
c. 34 mAs
U.S. public law requires that generators automatically terminate AEC exposures at ____ mAs above 50 kVp. a. 100 b. 300 c. 600 d. 900
c. 600
a pixel bit depth of 2^16 will demonstrate ________ shades of gray a. 16 b. 32 c. 65,536 d. none of the above
c. 65,536
A device that moves the grid during a radiographic exposure is called a a. short-axis grid b. stationary grid c. Potter-Bucky diaphragm d. focused grid
c. Potter-Bucky diaphragm
FINAL ____ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other. a. Detail b. Noise c. Resolution d. Contrast
c. Resolution
The anode heel effect is more pronounced with? a. smaller field size b. stationary anodes c. a 10 degree target angle d. rotating anodes
c. a 10 degree target angle
As you are performing a KUB radiograph on a patient using AEC, you notice that your post-exposure readout is unusually high. A possible explanation for this high reading could be a. the kVp was too high b. the backup mAs was set too low c. a detector was collimated out of the field of exposure d. the minimum response time was too long
c. a detector was collimated out of the field of exposure
When an AEC is used for an AP abdomen, which ionization chambers are visualized? a. the center cell b. the left and right outer cell c. all three cells d. the left outer cell only
c. all three cells
when digital imaging receptor are used a. a kVp is not a consideration b. radiographic grids are not necessary c. an exposure at 90 kVp would require a grid d. compton scatter is not a factor
c. an exposure at 90 kVp would require a grid
The purpose of moving the grid during the radiographic exposure is to a. increase radiographic density b. remove unwanted contrast c. blur out the radiopaque strips d. activate the AEC detectors
c. blur out the radiopaque strips
AEC density controls are properly used to a. compensate for patient thickness b. balance the AEC detectors c. compensate for asymmetrical pathology d. compensate for improper positioning
c. compensate for asymmetrical pathology
The atomic interaction that produces scatter radiation is a. bremsstrahlung b. photoelectric c. compton d. photodisintegration
c. compton
FINAL Once phantom images have been produced, they must be shown to a. radiology equipment representatives. b. image quality control radiographers only. c. diagnosing radiologists and image quality control radiographers. d. all diagnosing radiologists only.
c. diagnosing radiologists and image quality control
the effect of mAs upon IR exposure is a. inverse b. inversely proportional c. directly proportional d. dependent upon kVp
c. directly proportional
FINAL Which one of the following occurs when the part is improperly aligned? a. magnification b. minification c. foreshortening d. elongation
c. foreshortening
the number of grid lines per inch is the grid a. focus b. ratio c. frequency d. speed
c. frequency
Angulation across the long axis of a linear grid increases a. grid shadowing b. cross-hatched impressions c. grid cut-off d. grid convergence
c. grid cut-off
a radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called a. long scale b. low contrast c. high contrast d. all of the above
c. high contrast
FINAL Higher speed image receptors generally produce images with _____. a. better resolution b. improved detail c. increased noise d. higher contrast
c. increased noise
As OID increases and SID remains constant, entrance skin exposure (ESE) a. remains unchanged b. decreases c. increases d. none of the above
c. increases
as kVp increases, the percentage of compton interactions _________ and contrast _________ a. decreases, decreases b. decreases, increases c. increases, decreases d. increases, increases
c. increases, decreases
as the slope of the D log E curve _______, contrast ________ a. increases, decreases b. decreases, increases c. increases, increases d. moves closer to vertical, decreases
c. increases, increases
which can negatively impact recorded detail a. using small focal spot b. good film screen contact c. involuntary motion d. minimal OID
c. involuntary motion
imaging noise is different from quantum noise in that imaging noise a. is a function of mAs b. is dependent upon kVp c. is inherent in the imaging system d. cannot be filtered out
c. is inherent in the imaging system
FINAL With a fixed kVp technique system, a. radiographic contrast varies based upon the optimum kVp. b. the average beam energy varies. c. mAs is varied. d. all of the above
c. mAs is varied.
Radiographic room A is a three phase, 6 pulse generator. Room B is a high frequency generator. When going between these two rooms to perform examinations, what exposure modifications is necessary to produce comparable exposure density? a. use 15% more with the three phase system b. use 10% more with the high frequency system c. no change is required between the two systems d. use 10% less with the high frequency system
c. no change is required between the two systems
Poor resolution is caused by unacceptable levels of a. density b. umbra c. penumbra d. contrast
c. penumbra
FINAL Proper alignment is achieved when the central ray is ____ to the part and ____ to the image receptor. a. parallel; perpendicular b. parallel; parallel c. perpendicular; perpendicular d. perpendicular; parallel
c. perpendicular; perpendicular
Resolution with intensifying screens will increase as ___ increases a. phosphor size b. phosphor layer thickness c. phosphor concentration d. all of the above
c. phosphor concentration
A grid is used to improve a. subject density b. image receptor exposure c. radiographic contrast d. distortion
c. radiographic contrast
the difference between two adjacent densities is a. recorded detail b. quantum mottle c. radiographic contrast d. distortion
c. radiographic contrast
Distortion is a misrepresentation of: a. size only b. shape only c. size and shape d. detail
c. size and shape
FINAL The slope of the _____ portion of the characteristic curve shows the film contrast. a. base b. shoulder c. straight line d. toe
c. straight line
in the case of film radiography a. the response to exposure is linear b. the response to radiation exposure is inverse c. the response to exposure is logarithmic d. the response to exposure is exclusively a function to kVp
c. the response to exposure is logarithmic
for general radiography, an MTF value of 1 is a. average b. suboptimum c. theoretically impossible d. a function of mAs
c. theoretically impossible
Ionization chamber AEC are usually used in a _________ chamber configuaration a. one b. two c. three d. four
c. three
The single function of an AEC is to eliminate the need to set a. kVp b. mA c. time d. all of the above
c. time
a digital detector with a high fill factor a. will produce poor resolution b. will require longer processing time c. will produce high resolution d. is undesirable
c. will produce high resolution
Which grid would most effectively reduce scatter? a. 6:1 b. 8:1 c. 12:1 d. 15:1
d. 15:1
Which grid would have the greatest distance between the lead strips? a. 15:1 b. 12:1 c. 8:1 d. 6:1
d. 6:1
FINAL What is the formula for optical density? a. OD = It/ Io b. OD = Io/It c. OD = log10(It/Io) d. OD = log10(Io/It)
d. OD = log10(Io/It)
all of the following affect visibility of detail EXCEPT a. 15% rule b. filtration c. radiographic grids d. SID
d. SID
The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is a. the result of radiographic density b. the result of the tissue density c. the result of the tissue thickness d. a function of the monitor
d. a function of the monitor
A increase in xray beam filtration a. increases the number of compton interactions b. reduces contrast c. increases the average photon energy d. all of the above
d. all of the above
As kVp increases a. contrast decreases b. scatter increases c. image receptor exp d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Large patients recieve a greater exposure than small patients because their a. SOD is decreased b. OID is increased c. entrance skin surface is closer to the source d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Most modern AEC systems provide a minimum response time of a. 1 millisecond b. 0.001 sec c. 1/1000 sec d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Size distortion is controlled by a. SID b. OID c. radiographic distances d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The amount of scatter radiation produced increases with a/an a. increase in patient thickness b. larger field size c. decrease in atomic number of the tissue d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The density of the radiographic image in a film-based environment is the a. easiest prime technical factor to evaluate b. result of black metallic silver deposited on a film c. degree overall blackening of the image d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The most common configuration includes a. three chambers b. a center chamber at the center of the image receptor c. the left and right chambers slightly higher and lateral d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The radiopaque strips a. absorb scatter b. are made of dense material c. have a high atomic number d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The use of a radiographic grid requires a. attenuation to central ray angulation b. an awareness of the SID c. an increase in exposure factors d. all of the above
d. all of the above
When an xray beam passes through the body a. it will pass through the body unaffected b. it will be absorbed by the body c. it will interact with the body and change direction d. all of the above
d. all of the above
When using APR for a radiographic exposure, a. AEC may be turned off manually. b. a backup mAs is already set. c. programmed AEC chamber selections may be reconfigured. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
a change in kVp, as an exposure factor, affects a. average beam energy b. beam intensity c. the amount of scatter production d. all of the above
d. all of the above
a radiograph that demonstrates considerable differences between densities is called a. short scale b. high contrast c. increased contrast d. all of the above
d. all of the above
a radiograph that demonstrates minimal differences between densities is called a. long scale b. low contrast c. decreased contrast d. all of the above
d. all of the above
as focal spot size decreases a. umbra is improved b. penumbra decreases c. resolution increases d. all of the above
d. all of the above
contrast decreases with a. excessive density b. inadequate density c. a wider range of densities d. all of the above
d. all of the above
penumbra decreases as a. focal spot decreases b. OID decreases c. SID increases d. all of the above
d. all of the above
recorded detail is a. the degree of geometric sharpness b. definition c. the accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the radiographic image d. all of the above
d. all of the above
spatial resolution in digital imaging is determined by the a. bit depth b. matrix size c. pixel size d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which statement is FALSE? a. as mAs increases, exposure increases b. as mAs decreases, density decreases c. as mAs increases, density increases d. as mAs decreases, exposure increases
d. as mAs decreases, exposure increases
the recorded detail of a radiographic image is visible because of a. sufficient contrast b. sufficient density c. widow level d. both a and b
d. both a and b
The 15% rule changes a. density b. distortion c. contrast d. both a and c
d. both a and c
in the event of making a single exposure that is critical to the exam success, most experienced techs will a. use slightly less mAs than necessary to prevent overexposure b. overexposure the IR slightly c. provide enough exposure to permit viewing with a bright light or adequate histogram analysis d. both b and c
d. both b and c
all of the following factors would affect radiographic contrast EXCEPT a. field size b. SID and OID c. receptor characteristics d. focal spot selection
d. focal spot selection
factors affecting recorded detail include a. kVp b. radiographic grids c. mAs d. focal spot size
d. focal spot size
FINAL A film with a characteristic curve showing a high slope would be useful when _____ is needed. a. fine detail b. wide latitude c. low contrast d. high contrast
d. high contrast
which generator type results in the greatest decrease in contrast a. single phase, 2 pulse b. three phase, 6 pulse c. three phase, 12 pulse d. high frequency
d. high frequency
Which generator produces the GREATEST amount of radiographic density per mAs? a. single-phase, 2 pulse b. three-phase, 6 pulse c. three-phase, 12 pulse d. high-frequency generator
d. high-frequency generator
contrast increases with all the following EXCEPT a. decreases kVp b. decreased field size c. decreased part thickness d. increased scatter
d. increased scatter
The relationship between exposure and SID is a. directly proportional b. inversely proportional c. directly proportional to the square of the distance d. inversely proportional to the square of the distance
d. inversely proportional to the square of the distance
which type of radiograph provides the most information a. an image with quantum mottle b. high contrast images c. low density images d. low contrast images
d. low contrast images
FINAL Optical density is primarily controlled by changing the _____. a. SID b. kVp c. film d. mAs
d. mAs
When using an AEC, the radiographer loses control of a. distance b. mA c. kVp d. mAs
d. mAs
what should you expect to occur with a decrease in kVp a. longer scale contrast b. more compton scatter c. lower contrast d. more photoelectric interactions
d. more photoelectric interactions
FINAL Photon absorption within the body occurs as the result of a. Compton interactions. b. characteristic interactions. c. Bremsstrahlung interactions. d. photoelectric interactions.
d. photoelectric interactions
Photons that pass through the body unaffected produce a. scatter radiation b. radiographic contrast c. secondary radiation d. radiographic contrast
d. radiographic contrast
A grid absorbs a. light b. incident electrons c. scatter electrons d. scatter radiation
d. scatter radiation
at a last resort, which human immobilizer is used to hold a patient in position a. the radiography student b. the ER nurse c. the radiographic tech d. the male relative
d. the male relative