(PrepU) Chapter 36: Nutrition

Which nursing student statement regarding vegetarian diets requires further teaching from the nursing instructor?

"According to research, vegetarians have a higher incidence of obesity than others." Vegetarians have a lower incidence of colorectal cancer and fewer problems with obesity and diseases associated with a high-fat diet. Protein complementation helps a client get amino acids needed. Vegans rely solely on plant sources for protein; semi-vegetarians exclude only red meat from their diet.

A client tells the nurse, "As long as I only eat 2,400 calories per day, it does not matter which foods I eat." Which response by the nurse is best?

"Can you share an example of what you ate yesterday?" Healthy adult client on average require 1,800 to 2,400 cal/day. Unless the caloric intake includes an appropriate mix of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, the person may be marginally nourished or malnourished. In other words, consuming 2,400 calories of chocolate, exclusive of any other food, is not adequate to sustain a healthy state. By asking the client for an example of the foods eaten, the nurse can help the client plan effectively. It is important to teach clients about healthy nutrition, so this response is most appropriate. The other responses from the nurse are not correct.

A nursing student is teaching healthy nutrition to a client who is vegetarian. Which statement by the nursing student requires the nursing instructor to intervene?

"Obesity is closely linked with vegetarianism." Vegetarians have a lower incidence of colorectal cancer and fewer problems with obesity and diseases associated with a high-fat diet. Protein complementation involves eating a variety of incomplete plant proteins over the course of the day to provide adequate amounts and proportions of all the essential amino acids present in animal protein sources. Vegans rely solely on plant sources for protein; semi-vegetarians exclude only red meat from their diet. Obesity is not linked with vegetarianism.

A client is discussing weight loss with a nurse. The client says, "I will diet 5 days a week and eat whatever I want on the weekends." Which teaching should the nurse provide the client based on this statement?

"To lose weight, your caloric intake must be less than the number of calories burned through exercise on a daily basis." Most nutritionists agree that fasting or following a very low-calorie diet defeats a weight loss plan because the body interprets this eating pattern as starvation and compensates by slowing down the basal metabolic rate, making it even more difficult to lose weight. The nurse should have thorough knowledge of this and make statements that reflect the correct information. Most people do not find that fasting or following a very low-calorie diet is successful. To lose weight, the client's caloric intake must be less than the number of calories burned through exercise each day.

The nurse is teaching the caregiver of a toddler about the importance of calcium to help the toddler's teeth and bones develop properly. Which client statement reflects that nursing teaching has been effective?

"Vitamin D helps calcium absorption." Adequate amounts of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, ascorbic acid, lactose, several other amino acids, and physical activity assist in calcium absorption. Inadequate amounts of vitamin D, insufficient exposure to sunlight, decreased amounts of ascorbic acid, decreased physical activity, and emotional stress may decrease calcium absorption.

A nurse is teaching a client how to use the information on food labels to facilitate a healthy diet. The nurse has shown the client the label on a can of condensed soup, which states that a serving of the soup contains 46% of the daily value of sodium. What conclusion should the client draw from this information?

A bowl of this soup contains nearly half of the sodium that the client should consume during a day. A serving of this soup represents 46% of the total amount of sodium that client should consume during an entire day; this is a high-sodium food. This information does not compare this soup to alternative brands and it does not indicate that 54% of the volume of the soup consists of nutrients other than sodium.

At what period of life do nutrient needs stabilize?

Adulthood Nutrient needs change across the life span in relation to growth, development, activity, and age. Periods of intense growth and development (such as during infancy, adolescence, pregnancy and lactation) increase nutrient needs. Nutrient needs stabilize during adulthood.

The nurse is concerned that a client is not eating the meals provided. Which interventions should the nurse implement to encourage eating?

Ask the client why he or she is not eating. It is important for the nurse to ask the client why he or she is not eating. This will help the nurse to understand the problem, rather than assume the client does not like the food. It is beneficial to discuss the client's culture and food choices and incorporate them within the diet that is prescribed. Offering extra desserts would not allow the client to get the recommended daily allowances as needed to maintain weight. Bringing in food from the home is not a solution and may not be allowed by the facility. Feeding the client each meal removes the client's independence and may increase the lack of food intake.

The nurse has obtained a client's capillary blood glucose sample and the results are significantly lower than reference range. What is the nurse's priority action?

Assess the client for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Low blood sugars should prompt the nurse to assess for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. There may or may not be a need to contact the primary care provider depending on whether a protocol is in place and the client's clinical presentation. There is not normally a need to obtain a sample from the opposite hand.

The nurse is caring for a client who refuses most foods on the dietary tray. Which nursing intervention is appropriate?

Assess when client generally eats meals. There are many reasons a client may refuse food that is served. The nurse should assess for food preferences, when the client generally eats, whether the client has digestive concerns, and cultural beliefs about foods. Leaving the client alone to eat, or simply delegating feeding, does not encourage intake. The client does not need an appetite stimulant until a full assessment has been conducted and other interventions have been implemented.

A nurse is teaching a client about diabetes and glucose monitoring. What should the nurse include in the teaching?

Blood from the fingertips shows changes in glucose more quickly than other testing sites. With glucose monitoring, blood from the fingertips shows changes in blood glucose more quickly than other testing sites. With signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, a fingertip site should be used. Calibrate the glucose monitors at least every month. Glucose levels increase with illness and stress to the body.

Which nursing action associated with successful tube feedings follows recommended guidelines?

Check the residual before each feeding or every 4 to 8 hours during a continuous feeding. The nurse should check the residual before each feeding or every 4 to 8 hours during a continuous feeding. High gastric residual volumes (200 to 250 mL or greater) can be associated with high risk for aspiration and aspiration-related pneumonia. A closed system is the best way to prevent contamination during enteral feedings. The bowel sounds do not have to be assessed as often as 4 times per shift. Once a shift is sufficient. Food dye should not be added as a means to assess tube placement or potential aspiration of fluid.

A nurse is providing care for a diverse group of clients on a medical floor. Which tasks may the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? Select all that apply.

Checking a client's capillary blood glucose level Obtaining a client's stool specimen for occult blood testing Collecting a midstream urine specimen from a client with flank pain

A nurse is teaching an adolescent client about nutrition following a hospital admission. What should the nurse understand about adolescent nutrition?

Childhood nutrition problems may worsen during adolescence. Adolescents may have childhood nutrition problems worsen during this period. During puberty, nutritional needs increase to support growth. Adolescents tend to eat away from home in fast-food places, leading to poor nutrition practices. Another characteristic of adolescence is eating quickly, therefore leading to overeating.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been ordered for a client. The nurse is aware that the assessment criteria for ordering TPN is what? Select all that apply.

Client is not able to absorb nutrients properly A debilitating condition for more than 2 weeks Renal or hepatic failure Assessment data to determine if a client is eligible for TPN include inability to absorb nutrients, a debilitating condition lasting more than 2 weeks, and renal or hepatic failure. If the client has an intact gastrointestinal tract then the client should be able to adhere to a regular diet. Tolerating a full-fluid diet also assesses that the gastrointestinal tract is functional and TPN is not warranted.

The nurse is preparing to administer an intermittent feeding to a client who has a feeding tube. The nurse is unable to aspirate gastric contents and realizes that the tube is clogged. Which action is correct?

Connect a syringe filled with warm water to the feeding tube and flush it out using gentle pressure. Most obstructions are caused by coagulation of formula. The nurse should try using warm water and gentle pressure to remove the clog. Carbonated sodas, such as Coca-Cola, and meat tenderizers have not been shown effective in removing clogs in feeding tubes. Never use a stylet to unclog tubes. Advancing the tube is not needed, as this will not address the clog.

A nurse is working with a 46-year-old woman who is working to lose weight. Based on recommendations from the USDA regarding diet modification, which is not appropriate advice for this client?

Drink juice for majority of fluid intake. Water should comprise the majority of fluid intake. The remainder should come from food sources such as fruit or 100% fruit juices.

To promote health of the fetus, what instruction will the nurse provide a client in the first trimester of pregnancy?:

Eat foods high in folic acid. Folic acid deficiency in pregnant clients can lead to neural tube deficits in the fetus. Clients during pregnancy may experience constipation. Increased fiber intake is recommended. Saturated fats are to be eaten only in moderation. Milk products are important during the entire pregnancy.

After teaching the client about a low-fat diet, which items selected by the client would indicate to the nurse that the client comprehends the nutritional teaching?

Egg white omelet with vegetables The nurse should recognize the client has understood when the client chooses an egg white omelet. Peanut butter is high in protein but also fat. Frozen hash browns include oil for ease of preparation. Non-dairy creamers often include fat, unless otherwise noted.

Which intervention should the nurse take for a client who is receiving continuous tube feedings?

Elevate the head of the bed at least 30 to 45 degrees to prevent aspiration. An elevation of at least 30 to 45 degrees or higher in a client receiving tube feedings will prevent reflux and prevent aspiration. Positioning the client in the supine position for extended periods may lead to aspiration. There is no need to aspirate the contents of the client's stomach after feeding. Coughing and deep breathing do not prevent the tube from being dislodged.

A client resides in a long-term care facility. Which nursing intervention would promote increased dietary intake?

Encourage the client to eat in the dining room. Encouraging the client to eat in the dining room will allow for socialization during meal time. This will have a positive effect on the amount of food consumed and provide enjoyment. Feeding the client in bed encourages isolation from other residents. Allowing the client to eat whenever they want does not support socialization. Discouraging the family is not recommended, as the family can provide support and be assistive to the client and their food needs.

A nurse is managing a client's continuous tube feeding via an NG tube. How often should the nurse check for residual?

Every 4 to 6 hours Checking for residual before each feeding or every 4 to 6 hours during a continuous feeding according to institutional policy is implemented to identify delayed gastric emptying. Residuals are not measured immediately after a flush.

A nurse in a clinic is caring for a female client who is of childbearing age. Which vitamins or minerals should the nurse recommend to prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy?

Folic acid Folic acid has significantly decreased the number of children born with neural tube defects. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid helps with wound healing. Vitamin E helps maintain strong immunity, healthy eyes, and skin. Vitamin D helps prevent osteoporosis by keeping bones strong.

A client has had a stroke and will require long-term tube feeding. Which type of feeding tubes would be most appropriate for this client's needs?

Gastrostomy tube When enteral feeding is required for a long-term period, an enterostomal tube may be placed through an opening created into the stomach (gastrostomy) or into the jejunum (jejunostomy). NG, NI, and Salem Sump tubes will not meet a client's long-term nutritional needs.

What is an appropriate intervention when unexpected situations occur during the administration of a tube feeding?

If the tube becomes clogged when aspirating contents, use warm water and gentle pressure to remove the clog. Warm water and gentle pressure should be used to unclog a tube. If a large amount of residue is accidentally aspirated, the health care provider should be notified. If the client is nauseated, the head of the bed should remain elevated and an antiemetic administered as prescribed. The tube should be in the stomach, not the esophagus.

The nurse is caring for a client with an enlarged thyroid. What nutritional deficiency is linked to an enlarged thyroid?

Iodine A chronic deficiency of iodine can lead to endemic goiter. The major initial symptom is an enlarged thyroid gland.

The nurse is caring for a client with an enlarged thyroid gland. Which nutritional deficiency will the nurse suspect is linked to the client's condition?

Iodine A chronic deficiency of iodine can lead to goiter, which manifests as an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

A female client has developed an abscess following abdominal surgery, and her food intake has been decreasing over the past 2 weeks. Which laboratory finding may suggest the need for nutritional support?

Low serum albumin levels Serum albumin levels are a good indicator of a client's nutritional status; decreased levels are suggestive of malnutrition. Protein in the client's urine, low blood sugars, and increased white blood cells are not necessarily indicative of malnutrition. Proteinuria is urine having an abnormal amount of protein. The condition is often a sign of kidney disease. Random blood sugar can be affected by food intake. White blood cells are indicative of infection.

A nurse is feeding a client. Which action will the nurse take?

Offer options of foods and for the order to be eaten. The loss of independence that comes with the inability to self-feed can be a severe blow to a person's self-esteem. Asking the client's preference regarding the order of items eaten can help maintain dignity while being fed. The nurse should be prepared to spend as much time with the client to assist with the entire meal to support self-worth for the client. Telling a client what the nurse will do does not promote self-esteem but identifies the nurse wanting to control the feeding. Although the meal can get messy, the nurse should never use the term "bib" but let the client know a clothing protector will be used.

An athlete wants to increase the intake of complex carbohydrates and asks the nurse about potential sources. Which food is considered a complex carbohydrate?

Pasta Starches such as grains (e.g., pasta, rice, bread, cereals) are considered complex carbohydrates. Honey belongs in the category of sugars, which is considered a simple carbohydrate. Peanuts and eggs belong in the protein category.

The nurse performs gastrostomy site care and notes drainage. What action does the nurse take?

Place a drain sponge under the external bumper. When the nurse notes drainage, a precut sponge or gauze is placed around the tube for comfort and to prevent irritation. Drainage is a normal finding. The health care provider is notified if the drainage has an odor, appears infected, or looks like the feeding solution being administered. Gastrostomy sites are no longer cleansed with hydrogen peroxide as this disrupts healing. Antibiotic ointments have not been found to be useful and are not used.

A nurse is caring for a client with excessive abdominal fat. Which method should the nurse teach as the best strategy to use for healthy eating?

Plan meals using ChooseMyPlate. The client should eat various foods that are high in nutrient value and low in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and salt. Several small meals per day can help to offset blood sugar. Planning meals with ChooseMyPlate, a guide to portion size, is an effort to illustrate how to divide healthy food choices in a more easily understood way. Limiting the amount of added sugar or non-caloric sweeteners is advised. A heathy diet should include the recommended daily allowance of vitamins and minerals. These should come from food, not just vitamin supplements. Reducing calories for fast weight loss is not sustainable and can cause rebound weight gain.

The nurse is performing a nutritional assessment of an obese client who visits a weight control clinic. What information should the nurse take into consideration when planning a weight reduction plan for this client?

Psychological reasons for overeating should be explored, such as eating as a release for boredom. The nurse would need to take into consideration that psychological reasons for overeating should be explored. One pound of body fat is equal to approximately 3,500 calories. To lose 1 pound/week, the daily intake should be decreased by 500 calories per day. Obesity can be difficult to treat due to various factors.

The average dietary nutrient intake level that meets the nutritional requirement of almost all healthy people in a selected age and gender group is the:

RDA level The RDA level is the average dietary intake level that meets the nutritional requirement of almost all healthy people in a selected age and gender group.

Which laboratory test is the best indicator of a client in need of TPN?

Serum albumin Assessment of serum albumin level is the best indicator of a client in need of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Clients whose levels are 2.5 g/dL (25 g/L) or less are at severe risk for malnutrition. Creatinine is used to assess kidney function. Hemoglobin and hematocrit assess the red blood cells of a client.

The nurse is caring for a client receiving continuous tube feeding via a nasogastric tube. The client is slumped down in the bed with feet touching the footboard. Which action should the nurse take first before pulling the client up in bed?

Stop the enteral feeding pump. The first action the nurse must take is to stop the feeding pump to prevent the possibility of aspiration when the client needs to be placed flat so the nurses may move the client up in bed. The nurses would raise the bed to a comfortable working position before placing the bed in supine position, and make sure the tube is in clear view and free of kinks before moving the client.

A client with a superficial (second-degree) burn is being discharged to home. For which reason should the nurse recommend that the client consume vitamin C daily?

To promote healing of the burn Vitamin C helps to protect against infection, promotes wound healing, aids in collagen formation, encourages iron absorption, and is needed to metabolize several important amino acids. It is not known to lessen the pain of burns or decrease blistering or the fluid accumulated within.

A client having a bowel surgery asks why being NPO after surgery is necessary. Which statement by the nurse best describes the reason?

To rest the gastrointestinal tract and promote healing Withholding food may be indicated in the following situations: to rest the gastrointestinal tract to promote healing, clear the gastrointestinal tract of contents before surgery or diagnostic procedures, prevent aspiration during surgery or in high-risk clients, give normal intestinal motility time to return, treat severe vomiting or diarrhea, and to treat medical problems, such as bowel obstruction or acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Withholding food does not cause gas to accumulate or increase the amount of mucus in the bowel.

A physician orders nutritional therapy administered via a central vein for a client who cannot take foods orally. What is the term for this type of nutrition?

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) TPN is nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and is administered through a central vein. PPN is nutritional therapy used for clients who have an inadequate oral intake and require supplementation of nutrients through a peripheral vein. A PEG is a surgically placed gastrostomy tube. A PEJ is a surgically placed jejunostomy tube.

The nurse has observed that a client's food intake has diminished in recent days. What intervention should the nurse perform in order to stimulate the client's appetite?

Try to ensure that the client's food is attractive and sufficiently warm. Food in the health care setting can often be unattractive and cool. Ensuring that it is appealing to the eyes and presented at the correct temperature can stimulate the client's appetite. Meals should be small and more frequent, not less frequent and larger. Supplements may be nutritionally necessary, but these do not act to increase the client's appetite.

A nurse is conducting client education with a woman who meets the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome. The nurse is teaching the client about the MyPlate tool for promoting healthy food intake. According to MyPlate, the highest proportion of food in each meal should consist of what?

Vegetables MyPlate recommends the Americans make half of their plate fruits and vegetables. Dairy, proteins, and unsaturated fats are important components of a healthy diet but they should be consumed in smaller quantities than vegetables.

The client reports to the nurse that she feels as if her eyes are persistently dry. This symptom is consistent with a deficiency in which dietary element?

Vitamin A Dryness of the eyes (xerophthalmia) is associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.

A client is prescribed warfarin, an anticoagulant. When educating this client about potential diet and drug interactions, the nurse would caution the client about foods containing which nutrient?

Vitamin K Specific foods may interact with medications, altering the effectiveness of the drug. Vegetables high in vitamin K decrease the effectiveness of the commonly used anticoagulant warfarin. Calcium, potassium, and Vitamin C do not interact with warfarin.

A client who has bleeding tendencies has a deficiency in which vitamin?

Vitamin K Vitamin K deficiencies are manifested in two ways: an increased tendency to hemorrhage and hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, which is common in premature or anoxic newborns.

After reviewing the client's chart, the nurse notes that the client has been ordered a clear liquid diet. Which meal tray would the client be allowed to eat?

bouillon, apple juice, and gelatin Clear liquid diets contain foods that are clear liquids at room temperature or body temperature, such as gelatin, fat-free broth, bouillon, ice pops, clear juices, carbonated beverages, regular and decaffeinated coffee, and tea. Full liquid diets contain all the items on a clear liquid diet, but also include milk and milk drinks, custards, puddings, plain frozen desserts, pasteurized eggs, cereal gruels, vegetable juices, and milk and egg substitutes.

The nurse is helping a client who eats a normal diet of 2000 calories daily to read a nutritional label on a box of cereal. Which nutrient does the nurse identify as appropriate for this client?

cholesterol less than 300 mg Daily values are calculated in percentages based on standards set for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate, and fiber in a 2000-cal diet. Total fat should be less than 65 g; saturated fat should be less than 20 g; cholesterol should be less than 300 mg; and sodium should be less than 2400 mg.

The nurse is caring for four clients. Which client does the nurse assess to be at highest risk for cardiac and vascular disease?

client with total cholesterol of 210 mg/dL, HDL 40 mg/dL Cardiac risk can be estimated by dividing the total serum cholesterol level, which should be less than 200 mg/dL, by the HDL level. A result greater than 5 suggests that a client has a potential for coronary artery disease. The client with total cholesterol of 210 mg has a result of 5.25, posing the greatest risk.

The nurse is teaching a client about ways in which to reduce sodium in the diet. Which foods will the nurse recommend that the client avoid? Select all that apply.

cured ham table salt bacon Sodium is found in higher concentrations in table salt, bacon, and processed meats. The other choices do not have a high concentration of sodium.

To promote health of the fetus, the nurse should instruct the woman in the first trimester of pregnancy to:

eat foods high in folic acid. Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women can lead to neural tube deficits in the fetus. Women during pregnancy may experience constipation. Increased fiber intake is recommended. Saturated fats are to be eaten only in moderation. Milk products are important during the entire pregnancy.

A woman consumes pasta, grains, and other carbohydrates for which purpose?

energy The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy.

Upon assessment, the nurse determines the client has a body mass index (BMI) of 45. This finding indicates the client is:

extremely obese. A person with a BMI below 18.5 is underweight; a BMI of 19 to 24.5 indicates normal weight; a BMI of 25 to 29.9 indicates an overweight individual; a BMI of 30 or greater indicates obesity, and a BMI of 40 or greater indicates extreme obesity.

The nurse is preparing to educate a pregnant client who is in the clinic for the first prenatal appointment. Which vitamins or minerals will the nurse include in the teaching to prevent neural tube defects in the fetus?

folic acid Folic acid has significantly decreased the number of children born with neural tube defects. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, helps with wound healing. Vitamin E helps maintain strong immunity, healthy eyes, and skin. Vitamin D helps prevent osteoporosis by keeping bones strong.

A postmenopausal client wishes to increase the amount of vitamin D that she consumes to help keep her bones strong. Which food will the nurse recommend?

milk Milk contains vitamin D, which helps with the absorption of calcium and phosphorous. The other choices do not.

A 45-year-old client on the inpatient unit has just resumed eating a normal diet. The nurse checks a blood sugar with the morning labs and the result is 99.10 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L). How would the nurse interpret this blood glucose?

normal Normal blood glucose is 80 to 110 mg/dL (4 to 7 mmol/L).

The community nurse is educating client groups about nutrition. Which group does the nurse identify that will benefit most from nutritional counseling and intervention?

older adults living on a fixed income Older adults who are socially isolated or living on fixed incomes will benefit most from nutritional counseling and intervention. Other individuals are not at the same level of risk.

A nurse is working with a 45-year-old construction worker. The nurse obtains his height and weight and calculates that his BMI is 28. How would the nurse best classify James?

overweight A body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a body mass index (BMI) of 26.5. Which category should the nurse understand this client would be placed in?

overweight A client with a BMI below 18.5 should be considered underweight. A client with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered to be at a healthy weight. A client with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight; a client with a BMI of 30 or greater indicates obesity. A BMI greater than 40 is considered extreme obesity.

Which client(s), at risk for poor nutritional intake, would benefit from nutritional counseling from the nurse? Select all that apply.

pregnant teenagers people with substance use problems older adults living on fixed incomes Examples of those in the United States at risk for an inadequate nutritional intake include older adults who are socially isolated or living on fixed income, homeless people, children of economically deprived parents, pregnant teenagers, people with substance use problems, and clients with eating disorders. Children of middle-income parents and individuals who prefer to purchase food from local farmers are not necessarily at risk.

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic anemia. What should be included in the diet of this client?

red meat Red meat is a source of iron. It therefore should be included in the diet of a client with chronic anemia. Dairy products, citrus fruits, and yellow vegetables are nutrient-dense foods and not sources of iron. Dairy products are sources of fat, whereas citrus fruits and yellow vegetables are sources of vitamins.

The nurse is helping a client, who wishes to increase Omega-3 fatty acids, to order breakfast. Which food will the nurse recommend?

salmon Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish such as salmon, halibut, sardines, olive oil, flaxseed, walnuts, and certain types of legumes. The other food choices do not contain Omega-3 fatty acids.

A 16-year-old adolescent informs her nurse that she became a vegetarian 1 year ago. Lately she is reporting fatigue and has trouble concentrating. A quick blood test ordered by her licensed provider informs the nurse that she has pernicious anemia. This is a deficiency of what vitamin

vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency is most commonly found in vegetarians, particularly in strict vegans. Individuals who have such rigid dietary restrictions must take care to supplement this vitamin.

A 16-year-old adolescent informs her nurse that she became a vegetarian 1 year ago. Lately she is reporting fatigue and has trouble concentrating. A quick blood test ordered by her licensed provider informs the nurse that she has pernicious anemia. This is a deficiency of what vitamin?

vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 deficiency is most commonly found in vegetarians, particularly in strict vegans. Individuals who have such rigid dietary restrictions must take care to supplement this vitamin.

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin E Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin.