Project Management
If cost variance is a positive number, it means that performing the work costs more than planned
false
In an earned value chart, when the actual cost line is right on or above the earned value line, it indicates that costs are less than planned.
false
In project time management, the next step after sequencing activities is to define these activities
false
Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible
false
Managers who believe in Theory Y assume that workers dislike and avoid work if possible, so managers must use coercion, threats, and various control schemes to get workers to make adequate efforts to meet objectives
false
The email is the most appropriate medium for all types of communications
false
The main disadvantage of crashing is that it lengthens the time needed to finish a project.
false
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the quality assurance process
false
When deciding what projects to invest in or continue, one should include sunk costs
false
many projects fail because of unclear requirements and expectations, so starting with a payback analysis makes a lot of sense
false
the ROI is always positive
false
the scope baseline in a WBS consists of the requirements documentation and enterprise environmental factors
false
The final process in project time management is developing the schedule
false controlling the schedule
After defining project activities, the next step in project time management is developing the schedule
false determining their dependencies
The first step in the framework for defining and assigning work is ___
finalizing the project requirements
AOA network diagrams use only ___ dependencies
finish-to-start
___ communication happens when two or more people to exchange information via meetings, phone calls, or video conferencing
interactive
___ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the project.
interface management
The capacity to understand the motivations, intentions and desires of others is
interpersonal intelligence
which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI
it is always a percentage
the ___ theory states that when many items are produced repetitively, the unit cost of those items decreases in a regular pattern as more units are produced
learning curve
The items discussed in a(n) ___ include reflections on whether project goals were met, whether the project was successful or not, the causes of variances on the project, the reasoning behind corrective actions chosen, the use of different project management tools and techniques, and personal words of wisdom based on team members' experiences
lessons-learned report
the critical path is the ___ path through a network diagram, and it represents the ___ amount of slack or float.
longest; shortest
a work package is a task at the ___ level of the WBS
lowest
___ is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas
mind mapping
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the ___ subprocess of project quality management
monitoring and controlling
Project managers must conduct cash flow analysis to determine ___
net present value
___ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.
net present value
An important technique for ___ is the status review meeting
performance reporting
the ___ is the portion of the approved total cost estimate planned to be spent on an activity during a given period
planned value
The first process involved in project time management is ___
planning schedule management
which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks
preventive actions
Project costs, like project schedules, grow out of the basic documents that initiate a project, like the ___
project charter
the main outputs of scope definition are the ___ and project document updates
project scope statement
According to Thamhain and Wilemon, ___ is the ability to improve a worker's position
promotion
___ refers to the process of developing a working replica of the system or some aspect of the system
prototyping
Performing ___ involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards
quality assurance
A(n) ___ is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects
quality audit
Performing ___ involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality
quality control
The timeframe for a(n) ___ estimate is often three or more years prior to project completion
rough order of magnitude
Taking time to renew oneself physically, spiritually, mentally and socially is
sharpening the saw
the ___ model focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects
software quality function deployment (SQFD)
In the Tuckman model, ___ occurs as team members have different opinions as to how the team should operate
storming
the business case includes information on ___
the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals
A dependency pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks
true
A schedule management plan includes information which describes the format and frequency of schedule reports required for the project.
true
IT project managers must be able to present and discuss project information both in financial and technical terms
true
Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that people's behaviors are guided or motivated by a sequence of needs
true
People who need institutional power or social power want to organize others to further the goals of the organization
true
Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects
true
The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance
true
The first dimension of psychological type in the MBTI signifies whether people draw their energy from other people (extroverts) or from inside themselves (introverts)
true
Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles
true
an annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year
true
change requests are always made in writing
true
information from the project charter provides a basis for further defining the project scope
true
interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project
true
some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter
true
___ is a process for identifying and modeling business events, who initiated them, and how the system should respond to them
use case modeling
___ refers to the difference between planned and actual performance
variance
___ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users
Features
Which of the following is an output of schedule control
Lessons-learned reports
___ costing considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project
Life cycle
___ involves tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback, resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes to help enhance project performance
Managing the project team
___ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system
Pareto charts
___ involves using incentives to induce people to do things
Reward power
Which of the following is a relationship in which the "from" activity cannot start until the "to" activity is started
Start-to-start
___ describe where the project stands at a specific point in time
Status reports
According to McClelland's acquired-needs theory, people with a high need for ___ desire harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by others
affiliation (nAff)
in the ___ approach for constructing a WBS, you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point
analogy
a(n) ___ is the original project plan plus approved changes
baseline
a(n) ___ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.
change control system
According to Blake and Mouton, project managers who use the ___ method use a give-and take-approach to resolving conflicts
compromise
A ___ is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time
control chart
___ should result in improvements in project performance
corrective actions
Accountants define ___ as a resource sacrificed or foregone to to achieve a specific objective.
cost
a(n) ___ is a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance
cost baseline
The technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost is known as ___
crashing
the majority of time on a project is usually spent on ___, as is most of the project's budget
execution
Which of the following dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities
external
A budgetary estimate is the most accurate of the three types of estimates
false
A disadvantage of using Gantt charts is that they do not provide a standard format for displaying planned project schedule information
false
A drawback of the precedence diagramming method is that it cannot be used unless dummy activities are employed
false
___ involves reviewing the project charter, requirements documents, and organizational process assets to create a scope statement, adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved
defining scope
A negative schedule variance means that it took lesser than planned to perform the work
false
The main outputs of the ___ process are team performance assessments and enterprise environmental factors updates
developing the project team
Analogous estimates are the most accurate technique to estimate costs
false
In project time management, which of the following processes involve analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule
developing the schedule
___ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence
directives
___ involves assigning the needed personnel to work on the project
Acquiring the project team
Which of the following is a difference between an activity list and an activity attribute
An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list
___ helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes
CMMI
___ means the project's processes and products meet written specifications
Conformance to requirements
wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects
Crosby
Which of the following processes in project time management involves identifying the specific tasks that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables
Defining activities
___ involves building individual and group skills to enhance project performance
Developing the project team
___ is best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor
___ is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data
Earned value management
Project cost estimates are allocated to work items which are based on the activities in the ___ for the project
work breakdown structure