PSY 360 EXAM 1
19) The evidence from studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings indicates that genetic influences explain approximately _____ percent of individual variations in personality traits. A) 0 to 10 B) 15 C) 25 D) 40
40
6) Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71% continued working when left alone. How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror? A) 70% B) 43% C) 31% D) 7%
7%
7) What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the United States and Japan? A) Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them. B) Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them .C) Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them. D) Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.
Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
4) Which of the following requirements should be fulfilled for an attitude to lead to a behavior? A) Multiple behaviors, rather than a specific one, must be chosen. B) Liking must not become wanting. C) The chosen goal must not overwhelm other demands. D) An objective must be set.
An objective must be set.
5) Which statement is NOT true about attitudes? A) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience. B) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are accessible, enduring, and likely to guide actions. C) Attitudes best predict behavior when they are specific to the behaviors of subjects. D) Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest.
Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest.
7) The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison. A) attitudes; behaviors B) roles; attitudes C) roles; behaviors D) attitudes; roles
C) roles; behaviors
20) In the context of social thinking, which of the following illustrates a dispositional attribution? A) Chiara dislikes playing with her classmates because she is an introvert B) Ayaan seldom talks openly with his mother because she is strict and unpredictable C) Thomas falls from his bike because the road is slippery D) Rhea loves spring season because the weather is cheerful
Chiara dislikes playing with her classmates because she is an introvert
Identify a true statement about social psychology. A) Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses more on the differences between individuals. B) Compared with sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals. C) Compared with sociology, social psychology performs less experiments. D) Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses less on how people view and affect one another.
Compared with sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals.
10) Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias? A) Get people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be wrong B) Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of people's judgments C) Inform people about the overconfidence bias D) Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias
Get people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be wrong
16) Logan chooses zoology over botany as his major in college. However, he experiences dissonance when his semester starts. In this scenario, which of the following is a likely reason for his dissonance? A) He focuses on the negative aspects of botany. B) He highlights the positive aspects of zoology. C) He is unable to downgrade zoology. D) He fails to downgrade botany.
He fails to downgrade botany.
7) Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research? A) It cannot be used to study everyday situations. B) It cannot explain cause and effect. C) It fails to analyze whether two variables are associated. D) It takes place in a laboratory.
It cannot explain cause and effect.
9) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, which of the following is true of System 2? A) It functions automatically B) It requires conscious attention C) It functions out of awareness D) It forms intuition or gut feeling
It requires conscious attention
4) Which of the following is an example of the use of social comparison? A) Matt feels he is satisfied with his life after meditating by himself B) Matt feels he is rich when his friends have a lower annual income C) Matt feels he is smart when he is among a group of smart colleagues D) Matt feels he should take care of his health after he suffers a cardiac arrest
Matt feels he is rich when his friends have a lower annual income
11) _____ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates. A) The young B) The elderly C) Men D) Women
Men
13) In the context of evolutionary psychology, which of the following statements is true of gender and mating preferences? A) Women have stronger sex drives because sex is a cheap investment for women. B) Both men and women have an inclination toward dominance. C) Men and women face different adaptive challenges when it comes to sex and reproduction. D) Males invest their reproductive opportunities carefully.
Men and women face different adaptive challenges when it comes to sex and reproduction.
14) Identify a true statement about the prevalence of norms in human society. A) Norms liberate humans and provide freedom for willful acts. B) Norms for expressiveness vary among cultures. C) Norms hinder the social machinery in countries. D) Norms are not affected by culture.
Norms for expressiveness vary among cultures.
1) A study by Gilovich et al. (2000) had college students wear T-shirts with singer Barry Manilow on them. They found that participants overestimated the degree to which other people would notice the T-shirt. Which of the following concepts did this study explore? A) The transparency effect B) The audience effect C) The spotlight effect D) The halo effect
The spotlight effect
19) Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes? A) Our expressions influence our feelings. B) Our gait can affect how we feel. C) We find cartoons funnier when we use our smiling muscles. D) We cannot sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring his or her facial expressions.
We cannot sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring his or her facial expressions.
21) Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not been given a raise for the last 10 years. What type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?A) a motivational attribution B) a dispositional attribution C) a situational attribution D) a personal attribution
a situational attribution
23) According to the principle of _____, the effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's average behavior. A) cognitive dissonance B) self-perception C) planned behavior D) aggregation
aggregation
17) The perception of a relationship where none exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called: A) the representative heuristic B) the availability heuristic C) an illusory correlation D) the overconfidence phenomenon
an illusory correlation
27) Alisa wishes to take a nap after doing her household chores. As soon as she lies down to rest, her neighbor shows up at her door. She remarks that her neighbor visits her whenever she tries to take a nap. She ignores the fact that this is merely a coincidence. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates: A) an illusory correlation B) counterfactual thinking C) the availability heuristic D) cognitive dissonance
an illusory correlation
25) Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that: A) offer direct support to the poor B) are unsympathetic to the poor C) tend to blame the environment for their problems D) are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment
are unsympathetic to the poor
23) According to Jellison and Green (1981), an individualistic Western worldview predisposes people to _____. A) assume that individuals cause events B) believe that events are caused by situations C) socially reject internal explanations for happeningsD) explain others' behavior in terms of environmental factors
assume that individuals cause events
19) You immediately recognize your friend's voice over the phone. This is an example of: A) controlled processing B) illusory correlation C) automatic processing D) an attribution error
automatic processing
24) Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called: A) controlled processing B) automatic processing C) internal processing D) intentional processing
automatic processing
16) A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their presence in memory is called the _____ heuristic. A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
availability
13) After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel most likely because of the A) availability heuristic B) representativeness heuristic C) confirmation bias D) planning fallacy
availability heuristic
2) When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm their expectations, _____ is at work.A) an illusory correlation B) the confirmation bias C) behavioral confirmation D) the illusion of control
behavioral confirmation
3) You tend to assume a person is still a good friend even after the person acts otherwise. This tendency is known as: A) belief perseverance B) belief continuity C) the correspondence bias D) the belief disconfirmation bias
belief perseverance
3) Moral action affects moral thinking, especially when: A) one is threatened. B) one is offered limited options. C) chosen. D) coerced.
chosen.
13) Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves? A) self-presentation theory B) self-consistency theory C) cognitive dissonance theory D) terror management theory
cognitive dissonance theory
15) Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude? A) cognitive dissonance theory B) self-perception theory C) reinforcement theory D) role-playing theory
cognitive dissonance theory
5) In _____ cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of personal dispositions than other cultures. A) individualistic B) collectivistic C) religious D) secular
collectivistic
7) In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country, liberals tend to be economic ________ ("let's pass universal health care") and moral ________ ("keep your laws off my body"). A) individualists; collectivists B) collectivists; individualists C) progressivists; traditionalists D) traditionalists; progressivists
collectivists; individualists
11) Sharon typically follows those news channels that support her existing political beliefs. She is not inclined to watch news on other channels as they may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the: A) confirmation bias B) misinformation effect C) base-rate fallacy D) I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
confirmation bias
6) Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called: A) controlled processing B) automatic processing C) external processing D) intentional processing
controlled processing
7) Mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations are called: A) c B) hypotheses C) ethics D) theories
controlled processing
8) A study conducted by Douglas Carroll and his colleagues (1994) examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and health using grave markers. Which type of research was this? A) correlational research B) experimental research C) controlled research D) hypothetical research
correlational research
14) The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but did not, is called: A) the base-rate fallacy B) automatic thinking C) the reflective bias D) counterfactual thinking
counterfactual thinking
16) Cues in an experiment that tell the participants what behavior is expected are called: A) subliminal messages. B) demand characteristics. C) deception tactics. D) confounding variables.
demand characteristics.
10) Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to: A) feel increasingly guilty. B) disparage the victim to justify one's cruel behavior. C) act kindly toward others. D) become highly aggressive toward others.
disparage the victim to justify one's cruel behavior.
15) Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because: A) males outnumber females. B) each strategy is likely to promote gene survival .C) males and females are socialized differently. D) of differences in brain chemistry.
each strategy is likely to promote gene survival
8) Studies of "affective forecasting," as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predict their future: A) school performance B) family situation C) thoughts D) emotions
emotions
6) The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is: A) reactance. B) altruism. C) sympathy. D) empathy.
empathy.
1) When social psychologists try to measure people's attitudes, they: A) get a direct reading of their behaviors. B) easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences. C) predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes. D) end up measuring expressed attitudes
end up measuring expressed attitudes
4) Human kinship is to the _____ perspective as human diversity is to the _____ perspective .A) evolutionary; cultural B) cognitive; psychoanalytical C) humanistic; cultural D) biological; humanistic
evolutionary; cultural
12) Those living _____ prefer more personal space than those living _____. A) closer to the equator; farther away from the equator B) in Central America; in Iceland C) in Latin America; in North America D) farther away from the equator; closer to the equator
farther away from the equator; closer to the equator
6) A research program was conducted to understand the effects of two slogans created for a health care program. It was found that the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "Saves 600 out of 1000 lives" were much higher than the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "400 out of 1000 people lose their lives." This scenario exemplifies a psychological phenomenon called: A) debriefing. B) confirmation bias. C) hindsight bias. D) framing.
framing.
1) The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior is called the: A) false consensus bias B) misinformation effect C) fundamental attribution error D) dispositional bias
fundamental attribution error
3) Mia, a teenager, likes to wear skirts and has long hair. She also likes to shop in her leisure. On the other hand, David, her brother, likes sports and other physically aggressive activities. In this scenario, Mia and David most likely exemplify the characteristics associated with _____. A) sex B) gender C) culture D) norm
gender
17) As people mature to middle age and beyond, A) gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease. B) gender differences in interpersonal behavior increase. C) androgyny in men decreases. D) androgyny in women decreases.
gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.
17) Self-perception theory assumes that _____. A) one tends to give more importance to the opinion of an authority figure than others B) justifying one's behavior to reduce one's internal discomfort is common C) for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent D) hearing oneself talk informs one of one's attitudes
hearing oneself talk informs one of one's attitudes
5) The tendency to exaggerate one's ability to have foresaw how something turned out, only after learning the outcome, is known as: A) regressive bias. B) information bias. C) omission bias. D) hindsight bias.
hindsight bias.
6) Identify a characteristic of collectivistic cultures. A) collectivistic cultures disapprove of conformity B) identity is social and defined by connections with others C) collectivistic cultures approve of egoism D) the illustrative motto is "to thine own self be true"
identity is social and defined by connections with others
10) In the context of the dual attitude system, identify the type of attitudes that represent unconscious attitudes regarding someone or something. A) internal B) external C) implicit D) explicit
implicit
2) The best-known universal norm is the taboo against: A) cannibalism. B) incest. C) female genital mutilation. D) public nudity.
incest.
10) The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the _____ variable. A) control B) independent C) dependent D) correlational
independent
5) Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of: A) socialism B) communism C) collectivism D) individualism
individualism
3) In the context of social psychology, identify a true statement about intuitions. A) Intuitions require one to adopt the approach of conscious reasoning. B) Intuitions are also known as conscious information processing. C) Intuitions are routinely powerful and sometimes perilous. D) Intuitions depend on objective reality rather than subjective reality.
intuitions are routinely powerful and sometimes perilous.
26) Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman notes that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, identify a characteristic of System 1. A) it requires conscious effort B) it requires conscious attention C) it functions automatically D) it influences actions insignificantly
it functions automatically
2) According to Social Psychology, a true statement about objective reality is that: A) it is constant. B) it does not exist. C) it is an unchanging set of perceptions D) it is always viewed through the lens of our values and beliefs.
it is always viewed through the lens of our values and beliefs.
9) Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five? A) justice B) social complexity C) reward for application D) cynicism
justice
2) The implicit association test (IAT):A) measures conscious attitudes. B) measures nonconscious attitudes. C) measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes. D) measures our controlled behaviors.
measures nonconscious attitudes.
8) Antonia Abbey and colleagues (1987, 1991, 2011) found that _____ are highly likely to attribute a _____ friendliness to sexual interest A) women; man's B) men; woman's C) both women and men; man's D) both women and men; woman's
men; woman's
5) According to Schmitt (2005), an international survey indicated that more _____ than _____ desire unrestricted sex. A) women; men B)men; women C) lesbian women; gay men D) older men; younger men
men; women
11) The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to: A) maximize the differences between groups at the start of the experiment. B) minimize the differences between groups at the start of the experiment. C) control the independent variable. D) control the dependent variable.
minimize the differences between groups at the start of the experiment.
9) Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone. This is an example of how: A) attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined. B) attitudes influence behavior when they are potent. C) moral attitudes feed moral actions. D) moral actions feed moral attitudes.
moral actions feed moral attitudes.
9) People are prone to "impact bias," or ________ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events. A) disregarding B) denying C) underestimating D) overestimating
overestimating
8) In the context of ways in which one's behaviors affect one's attitudes, Manis et al. (1974), Tesser et al. (1972), and Tetlock (1983) stated that: A) people adjust their message toward their listener's views. B) people are quicker to share bad news rather than good. C) people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are bribed or coerced into doing so D) none of the other options are correct
people adjust their message toward their listener's views.
14) As a teenager, your parents always compelled you to clean your room. Now that you are living on your own, you feel no motivation to clean your home as your parents are not around to nag you. This shows that: A) only enough incentive is not effective in eliciting desired behaviors. B) authoritarian management will be effective even when the authority is absent. C) people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior. D) behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.
people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior.
22) Andrea's mother invites Andrea and her boyfriend for dinner. She tells Andrea that she will make sushi. Hearing this, Andrea remembers a previous instance when her boyfriend had an allergic reaction to seafood. This scenario exemplifies: A) belief perseverance B) reconstruction C) priming D) induction
priming
18) Although you once earned a 100 in your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of: A) an illusory correlation B) regression toward the average C) the representativeness heuristic D) counterfactual thinking
regression toward the average
4) In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers asked students to answer a long survey that included a question about student control over the university curriculum. A week later, they agreed to write an essay opposing student control. After doing so, their attitudes shifted toward greater opposition to student control. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students: A) remembered having held a very different attitude B) could not remember how they had felt C) remembered having felt the same as they do now D) admitted they had always supported student control of the university curriculum but pretended to oppose it in their essays
remembered having felt the same as they do now
12) The tendency to judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category is to use the _____ heuristic A) availability B) representativeness C) vividness D) matching
representativeness
9) You ask all those students who fail a class if they believe the course is difficult, and you find that they think it is. Although you have conducted a basic survey, the results of it are limited because of your sample's: A) fairness. B) strategy. C) size. D) representativeness.
representativeness.
10) Ethan, a sales executive in a multinational company, believes that if he tries hard he will succeed. This has helped him climb the corporate ladder. According to Leung and Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs, to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere? A) cynicism B) reward for application C) Fate control D) social complexity
reward for application
13) On subjective, socially desirable, and common dimensions, most people: A) view others as superior B) view everyone as relatively average C) ignore their strengths D) see themselves as better than the average person
see themselves as better than the average person
12) The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____. A) selective exposure B) defensive pessimism C) impact bias D) hindsight bias
selective exposure
12) You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that she likely has strong feelings of: A) self-efficacy B) narcissism C) collectivism D) transparency
self-efficacy
21) Which theory assumes that when our attitudes are weak, we will simply observe our behavior and its circumstances and then infer our attitudes? A) self-perception theory B) self-justification theory C) self-presentation theory D) self-affirmation theory
self-perception theory
11) Which of the following theories assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions? A) self-presentation theory B) activity theory C) cognitive dissonance theory D) attachment theory
self-presentation theory
3) Ron remembers Phil's birthday, which is in the same month as his, but fails to recall Alex's birthday, which is in a different month. Though both of them are his friends, Ron's ability to recall Phil's birthday but not Alex's can be best explained through the concept of: A) self-schema B) social comparison C) schadenfreude D) individualism
self-schema
4) When examining topics such as dating rituals and mating behaviors, evolutionary psychologists ask how natural selection might: A) shape our actions. B) change our attitudes. C) reinforce our attitudes. D) none of the other options are correct.
shape our actions.
16) In the context of gender and mating preferences, women of all ages tend to prefer men _____ themselves. A) slightly older than B) slightly younger than C) the same age as D) less dominant than
slightly older than
14) Nathan, a researcher, conducts a study to find out the effects of sugar consumption on the activity level of toddlers. He categorizes the participants into two groups with equal number of participants. In a day, the members of the first group consume 50 grams of sugar, whereas the members of the second group consume 40 grams of sugar. After a week, Nathan notices that the members of the first group display more restlessness than the members of the second group do. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study? A) the members of the first group B) sugar consumption by the participants C) restlessness of the participants D) the members of the second group
sugar consumption by the participants
13) Which of the following was the independent variable in Boyatzis's (1995) research study on the effects of television viewing on children's aggressive behavior? A) aggressive behavior B) poor academic performance C) television viewing D) an early sexual promiscuity
television viewing
8) According to Baumeister, a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is: A) genetic diversity. B) the division of labor. C) evolution. D) genetic similarity.
the division of labor.
18) In a psychology experiment, the participants were required to frown during the first half of the day and smile during the remaining half. At the end of the day, the participants reported feeling more positive when they smiled rather than when they frowned. This scenario likely illustrates: A) belief perseverance. B) the facial feedback effect. C) cognitive dissonance. D) the overjustification effect.
the facial feedback effect.
2) Matthew gives a presentation to his interviewers. He is nervous, and he presumes that his nervousness is obvious to the interviewers. He fears that they would consider him an incompetent candidate. As a result, he becomes more nervous, his voice quivers, and his hands tremble. Matthew's rising nervousness is caused by: A) defensive pessimism B) the false consensus effect C) the illusion of transparency D) cognitive dissonance
the illusion of transparency
22) A researcher who measures attitudes by assessing whether White people take longer to associate positive words with Black faces than with White faces is most likely using: A) a bogus pipeline paradigm. B) the facial muscle response test. C) the implicit association test. D) a strong interest inventory.
the implicit association test.
24) Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those paid $20 to tell the same lie. These results are best explained by: A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B) the insufficient justification effect. C) self-perception theory. D) the overjustification effect.
the insufficient justification effect.
15) Trinity and her colleagues conduct an experiment on two groups of people to establish a relationship between caffeine intake and sleep. The participants in the first group consume five cups of coffee per day for a month, whereas the participants in the second group limit their coffee intake to two cups per day for a month. After a month, the participants in the first group report increased sleeplessness. In the context of social psychology, the dependent variable in this experiment is: A) the second group. B) the first group. C) the intake of caffeine. D) the observed sleeplessness.
the observed sleeplessness.
20) When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. This behavior is best explained by: A) self-presentation theory. B) emotional contagion theory. C) the overjustification effect. D) the insufficient justification effect.
the overjustification effect.
15) During a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman, both in health professional attire, talking to each other. You assumed that the man was a physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite to be true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals? A) the availability heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) the vividness heuristic D) the matching heuristic
the representativeness heuristic
20) Eagly and Wood (2007) theorized that in adult life the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are: A) the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor. B) biologically based differences in power and aggressiveness. C) learned habits reinforced by social rewards like affection. D) rules and laws that legislate and maintain the status quo.
the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor.
18) The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that: A) women are more caring and caregiving than men. B) women are expected to be more caring and caregiving than men. C) the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become. D) the way parents bring up their children has very little to do with who their children become.
the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become.
1) One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity: A) for self-destruction. B) for altruism. C) to dominate other species. D) to learn and adapt.
to learn and adapt.
11) According to a series of experiments conducted by Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister (1998), undergraduate volunteers who scored high on both self-esteem and narcissism: A) hated themselves "deep down inside" B) cared the most about relationships with others C) were aggressive toward someone who praised them D) were the most aggressive
were the most aggressive