Texes EC-6
phonic analysis
"sounding out" a word
A fraction is used to represent probability
# of times the successful event occurs/# of attempts that were made
partner reading
(paired reading) requires students to work in pairs and students take turns reading a passage
Diene's Blocks
--also known as Base 10 blocks --blocks used to represent ones, tens, hundreds, etc when working with math
Newton's 3 Laws of Motion
1. any object in motion stays in motion unless an outside force stops it 2. acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass 3. for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Scientific Inquiry
1. ask a scientific question 2. form a hypothesis 3. select appropriate equipment and technology to gather info 4. make observations and collect data 5. organize, analyze, and evaluate data to make inferences 6. conclusion
Effective sequence for introducing children to phonemes
1. phoneme comparison in the following order: beginning, ending, and middle sounds; 2. Phoneme blending; 3. linking letters; 4. manipulating phonemes through deletion, addition, substitution; 5. Phoneme segmentation
Stages of Spelling
1. pre-communicative (scribbles/mock letters) 2. pre-phonemic (phonemic/invented spelling) 3. phonemic (all basic sounds represented) 4. transitional 5. conventional
Name the 4 Stages of Reading
1. pre-reading 2. initial reading (decoding) stage 3. fluency stage 4. reading to learn
Steps of Writing Process
1. prewriting 2. drafting 3. revising 4. editing 5. sharing
steps in the writing process
1. prewriting - strategies such as brainstorming, graphic organizers, notes, and logs to generate ideas and plans to determine audience and purpose; 2. draft - develop by organizing ideas into paragraphs to suit the audience and purpose; 3. revise - draft for coherence, progression, and logical support of ideas by adding, elaborating, deleting, combining, and rearranging text; 4. edit - drafts to ensure standard usage, varied sentence structure, and appropriate word choice; 5. publishing - use available technology to support aspects of creating, revising, editing, and publishing final product.
5 Stages of Learning Geometry
1. visualization (recognize/name shapes) 2. analysis (describes figures) 3. informal deduction (classifying figures) 4. deduction (writing proofs) 5. rigor (work in several geometry systems at once) *Stages 1-3 common in elementary school
5 stages of learning geometry
1. visualization - recognize and name figures; 2. analysis - describe figures and objects; 3. informal deduction - classification of figures and objects (These are noticeable during elementary school); 4. deduction - involves writing proofs from definitions; 5. rigor - work in several geometrical systems
one meter is equal to
100cm
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
1519 - explored and mapped Texas coastline
Cabeza de Vaca
1528; one of the first Europeans to explore the Texas interior
Corpus Christi de la Isleta
1682; 1st Spanish mission in Texas; established near El Paso
In what year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?
1821
Stephen F. Austin
1821; established 1st Anglo-American colony in Texas; the "Old Three Hundred"
In what year did Mexico forbid the entry to US settlers into Texas?
1830
Battle of Gonzales
1835; the start of the struggle for Texas Independence from Mexico
When was the Texas Declaration of Independence signed?
1836
Battle of San Jacinto
1836; General Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna
1st President of the Republic of Texas
1836; Sam Houston
Battle of the Alamo
1836; battle lost to Santa Anna; causalities include David Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William Travis
When was Texas admitted into the Union?
1845; 28th state
When was the Lone Star flag flown for the first time?
1846
Mexican-American War
1846; fought over claims to the southern boundary of Texas
Texas joined the Confederacy in?
1861
Texas rejoined the Union in?
1870
When was the Texas State Constitution ratified?
1876
Spindletop Oil Field
1901- Oil discovered in Texas initiated modern petroleum industry
Wright Brothers
1903; 1st powered flight
William DeForest
1906; invented the vacuum tube
Henry Ford
1908; invented mass production of the automobile
KDKA-Pittsburg
1920; 1st commercial radio station on air
When and where was the first successful television transmission?
1927 in New York
Alexander Fleming
1928; discovered penicillin
Wallace Carothers
1932; invented Nylons
Robert Watson-Watt
1935; invented the radar
Bell Labs
1947; invented the transistor
Mae Jemison
1st African American female astronaut 5th black astronaut
Barbara Jordan
1st African American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress (House of Reps 1973) 1976 - 1st woman to deliver keynote address at Democratic National Convention
Ellen Ochoa
1st female Hispanic astronaut
Ma Ferguson
1st female governor of Texas 1925-27 and 1933-35
Antonia Novello
1st woman and 1st Hispanic to become surgeon general of the United States
diphthong
2 consonants in a word or syllable that make one sound
edge
2 faces are joined by an ______
one inch is equal to
2.54cm
Native Cultures of Archaic Period
6,000 BC~500 AD Coahultecans, Caddos, Karankawas, Trans-Pecos
Directe reading-thinking activity (DRTA)
A guided reading activity in which the teacher breaks the text into shorter segments, and next facilitates a discussion on the key concepts related to the text topic and thereafter leads the student in predicting, reading silently to confirm predictions, discussing to refined and clarify predictions; and then formulating new predictions about the remainder of the text; this process is repeated until the reading of the text is completed.
Think-Aloud
A modeling activity in which the teacher verbalizes the teacher's thoughts while reading; used to model ways in which skilled readers make predictions, use visualizations, related prior knowledge, and monitor and self-correct their comprehensions
How long should phonics be taught?
According to the National Reading Panel, approximately two years is sufficient in the primary grades.
Charles Drew
African American doctor 1st director of American Red Cross blood banks
15th Amendment
African American men allowed to vote
George Washington Carver
African American who made major agricultural contributions, especially with peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes. 300+ uses for the peanut
1928
Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
Karankawas
Along the Texas coast, lived in family groups and had a nomadic lifestyle
1519
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores and maps the Texas coastline
Anna Mary "Grandma" Moses
American artist
Helen Keller
American writer
onset-rime
An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable, and a rime is the remaining set of phonemes in the syllable; e.g., in sat, the onset is /s/ and the rime is /at/
Native Cultures of 18th and 19th Centuries
Apache, Cherokee, Comanche, Kiowa, Pueblo, Wichitas, Shawnee, Kickapoo
To best assess a preschoolers understanding of concept of print?
Ask the child to "read" a book while the teacher watches and listens.
How can a teacher best identify a student's word identification strategies?
Ask the student to explain how he/she figured out the word.
1836
At the Battle of the Alamo, losses include David Crockett, James "Jim" Bowie, William Travis
What are the advantages of using a basal program?
Basal books are controlled in their vocabulary and sentence structure.
Leveled Books
Books that have been sorted according to level of difficulty so that children and teachers can select books at the child's appropriate reading level
1528
Cabeza de Vaca is among the first Europeans to explore the Texas interior
Caddos
Coastal Plains; main crop was corn, but grew other crops, were hunters and fishers, built houses of cedar frames that were relatively permanent, worshipped in large wooden temples. The Caddo word for friends or allies is Tejas which is where the name of our state is derived
Geographic Regions of North America
Coastal Range, Basin & Range, Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, Interior Lowlands, Canadian Shield, Coastal Plains, Appalachian Mountains
3 Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction - transfer through solids Convection - transfer through liquids Radiation - transfer through space
1682
Corpus Christi de la Isleta, the first of many Spanish missions, is established near El Paso.
main economic exports of Texas
Cotton - starting in the 17th century Cattle ranching - starting in the 1850s Petroleum - starting in 1901 Electronic Products - 20th century
Diagnostic Assessment
Diagnostic assessment occurs at the beginning of the teaching/learning cycle. This type of assessment will provide the teacher with an understanding of the prior knowledge and skills a student bring to a unit, as well as the strengths and specific learning needs of an individual or groups of students in relation to the expectations that will be taught.
A fourth grader demonstrates good decoding skill when reading leveled word lists, but often makes miscues and rarely self-corrects when reading text passages. To help this student learn to self-correct, the teacher should...
Encourage the student to think about whether each sentence makes sense as it is read.
Evaluative Assessment
Evaluative assessment provides instructors with curricular feedback (e.g., the value of a field trip of oral presentation technique.
A student has comprehension difficulty with content area reading. What should the teacher do to help the student?
Explicitly teach the student about the parts and format of various nonfiction texts and the specialized terminology and language the text uses.
A student has satisfactory decoding skills, but the student has weak comprehension when reading. What should the teacher do to help the student?
Explicitly teach the student how to apply various comprehension strategies as the student reads.
Formative Assessment
Formative assessment provides diagnostic feedback to students and instructors at short-term intervals (e.g., during a class or on a weekly basis) *Used to Form learning activities
geoboards
Geoboards are grids of pegs that can hold rubber bands in position. They can be used to teach shapes, perimeters, area, etc.
Geographic Regions of Texas
Great Plains - Panhandle, far north Gulf Coast - east coast Trans-Pecos - Big Bend, southwestern North Central Plains
How can a teacher help students learn the importance of punctuation?
Have them read a passage in which punctuation has been ommitted.
A fourth grader who reads at the seventh grade level often seems bored and unchallenged. What would be most appropriate for the teacher to do to promote this student's reading development?
Help the student find books to read that are of high personal interest.
1908
Henry Ford begins mass production of the automobile
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Hispanic doctor awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his work on the structure of the nervous system
1850
In the compromise of 1850, Texas relinquishes territory and acquires its present shape
1922
Insulin is created by Canadian researchers
Mother of Texas
Jane Long - because she reputed to have been the first Anglo to bear a child in Texas
K-W-L teaching model
K-What I know. W-What I want to know. L-What I learned. Relies on metacognition
1920
KDKA-Pittsburgh becomes the first commercial radio station on air
9 Types of Energy
Kinetic, Potential, Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Sound, Light, Solar, Electrical
Name the levels of Bloom's Taxonomy
Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
1830
Mexico forbids the entry of further U.S. Settlers into Texas
1821
Mexico gains independence from Spain
Morphology & Morphemes
Morphology - set of rules for combining sounds into meaningful units Morpheme - smallest unit of meaning in a language
Jane Long
Mother of Texas (1798-1880) First Anglo to bear a child in Texas (1821)
3 Main Gases of the Earth's Atmosphere
Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Argon - 1%
1901
Oil is discovered at the Spindletop oil field, initiation the modern petroleum industry
Coahuiltecans
On the Coastal Plains, hunters and gatherers who lived in huts but often moved in search of food.
Types of Maps
Outline - outlines of geographic regions without additional detail Relief - contained raised features of topography region Puzzle - maps cut into puzzles Topographic - use different color symbols to represent topography of region
Phonology and Phonemes
Phonology - sounds of a language Phonemes - basic unites of sound
1935
Radar is developed by Robert Watson-Watt
1947
Researchers at Bell Labs invent the transistor
1836
Sam Houston is elected first president of the Republic of Texas
1836
Santa Anna is routed by General Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years Preoperational - 2-7 years Concrete Operational - 7-11 years Formal Operational - 11+years
1936
Significant oil fields are discovered in Saudi Arabia
States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas
What were the six flags that flew over Texas?
Spain (1519-1685; 1690-1821) France (1685-1690) Mexico (1821-1836) Republic of Texas (1836-45) Confederate States (1861-65) United States (1845-61; 1865-present)
Pablo Picasso
Spanish painter and sculptor
Salvador Dali
Spanish surrealist painter
1821
Stephen F. Austin establishes the first Anglo-American colony, the Old Three Hundred
Summative Assessment
Summative assessment provides a description of student's level of attainment upon completion of an activity module, or course *Sums up what was learned
cephalocaudal
Term referring to the head-to-toe direction of motor development
TPRI
Texas Primary Reading Inventory (2 or 3 times a year)
1845
Texas is admitted to the Union as the 28th state
1870
Texas rejoins the Union
Compromise of 1850
Texas relinquishes territory and gains its current shape
1861
Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederacy
Elastic Clause
The Congress shall have Power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
1846
The Mexican-American war is fought over claims to the southern boundary of Texas
1839
The Texas Congress meets for the first time in Austin, the new capital of the Republic
1836
The Texas Declaration of Independence is created and signed
1903
The Wright Brothers make the first powered flight
Supremacy Clause
The clause establishes the Constitution, Federal Statutes, and U.S. treaties as "the supreme law of the land." The text establishes these as the highest form of law in the American legal system, mandating that state judges uphold them, even if state laws or constitutions conflict.
Commerce Clause
The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes"
1846
The current Lone Star flag is flown for the first time
1876
The current Texas State Constitution is ratified
1927
The first successful television transmission takes place in New York
Associative Property
The order of addends or product will not change the sum or the product. It does not matter how you group the numbers (or which ones you calculate first) when you add or when you multiply. Ex. 8+(2+10)=(8+2)+10 Ex. 6x(3x4)=3x(4x6)
Communicative Property
The order of the addends or factors do not change the result. You can swap numbers over and still get the same answer when you add or multiply Ex. 10+3=3+10
1835
The struggle for the Independence of Texas begins with the Battle of Gonzales
Phonology
The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages
Semantics
The study of meaning.
Syntax
The study of the rules, or "patterned relations," that govern the way words combine to form phrases and phrases combine to form sentences.
Learner-Centered Professional Development
The teacher demonstrates a commitment to learn, to improve the profession, and to maintain professional ethics and personal integrity.
learner-centered knowledge
The teacher possesses and draws on a rich knowledge base of content, pedagogy, and technology to provide relevant and meaningful learning experiences for all students
Equity in Excellence for All Learners
The teacher responds appropriately to diverse groups of learners.
Phonological Awareness
The understanding that speech can be broken into smaller units of sound such as word, syllables, onsets and rimes, and phonemes
Norm-referenced Assessment
This type of assessment is relative to the student body undertaking the assessment. It is effectively a way of comparing students.
Learner-Centered Instruction
To create a LC community, the teacher identifies needs; and plans, implements, and assesses instruction using technology and other resources
A third grade teacher makes a practice of reading aloud to students from high-interest books that are above the students' independent reading level. Why do this?
To stimulate students' interest in literature and to introduce new vocabulary words and concepts to expand their knowledge of word meanings.
3 Major Learning Styles
Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic
1932
Wallace Carothers invents nylon
In evaluating the suitability of children's books for use as elementary classroom reading material, what is most important to consider first?
Whether classroom use of these reading materials will address the grade level reading TEKS.
Learner-Centered Communication
While acting as an advocate for all student and the school, the teacher demonstrates effective professional, and interpersonal communication skills.
1906
William DeForest invents the vacuum tube
Adaptive Characteristics
a behavior or physical structure that allows an organism to continue to survive in its environment
Reading fluency includes...
a combination of accuracy and rate; developed by reading and rereading a large number of stories and informational texts that are at an appropriate reading level
miscue
a mistake in reading words such as saying the wrong word, leaving out a word, repeating a word, inserting a word
shared reading
a modeling strategy in which the teacher reads a story and the children join in
acrostic poem
a poem where the first letter of each line spells a word
affix
a prefix or suffix
SSR (Sustained Silent Reading)
a reading activity in which a block of time, typically 15-30 minutes, is allotted for students to engage in uninterrupted silent reading for pleasure
Reader's Theatre
a reading activity in which students rehearse and perform a play whose script is derived from a dialogue-rich book; promotes reading fluency and cooperative interaction with peers.
limerick
a rhymed humorous, nonsense poem of five lines with last line ending in a surprise twist; highly controlled. Lines 1,2, and 5 rhyme; lines 3 and 4 rhyme
diamante
a seven-lined poem set up in a diamond shape
cinquain
a short, unrhymed poem constituting of twenty-two syllables distributed as 2,4,6,8,2 in five lines
SQ3R Method
a student-directe approach in which students are taught five steps for studying content-area and expository texts: Survey, Question, Read, Recite & Review
running record
a tool for scoring and analyzing a student's reading ability
expository writing
a type of oral or written discourse hat is used to explain, describe, give information or inform
diphthong
a vowel pair in which the sound glides from one vowel to the other - like oi, oy, ou, and ow in foil, boy out, and cow.
expanded notation
a way to write numbers that show the value of each digit. 5,234 = (5x1000) + (2x1000) + (3x10) + (4x1)
homeostasis
ability of an organism to maintain equilibrium
conductivity
ability of substances to transmit thermal or electrical current (metals are a good example of conductors)
visual discrimination
ability to compare and contrast objects
phonological awareness
ability to distinguish units of speech, relates only to speech and is ALWAYS ORAL
phonemic awareness
ability to identify phonemes that make up words. eg. able to tell you onset of "cat" is /c/
phonological awareness
ability to notice and think about sounds of language
fluent reading
ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly and with expression
fluent reading
ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly and with expression. (ability to make use of prosodic cues); (is a dimension of oral reading)
alphabetic recognition
ability to recognize printed letters based on their distinctive shapes
metalinguistic knowledge
ability to reflect on and evaluate language
metacognition
ability to reflect on one's own though processes
receptive language
ability to understand what is being said
evaluative comprehension
ability to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text
content literacy
ability to use written texts as sources of information
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
harmony
accompaniment of a song
automaticity
accurate, speedy word recognition; is necessary, but not sufficient, for fluency development
comprehension strategies of skilled readers
activating and using background knowledge, generating and asking questions, making inferences, predicting, summarizing, visualizing
read aloud, dramatic play, puppets
activities used to build oral language
solvent
add substance to this and is larger in amount
14th Amendment
all born in the US are US citizens
multi-sensory
allows students to interact in a variety of ways
pre-reading stage
alphabetic and graphophonemic knowledge, may be in the process of learning word-analysis skills, but they don't yet have ability to read unfamiliar words
reading readiness skills
alphabetic knowledge
volume
amount of space taken up by an object
region
an area of land or water; described by human characteristics such as the type of people that live there/physical characteristics such as mountains/plains
phonological awareness
an awareness of and the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words
Elkonin Boxes
an instructional method used in the early elementary grades to build phonological awareness by segmenting words into syllables or sounds -each box represents a syllable or morpheme
alphabetic principle
an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words
haiku
an unrhymed Japanese verse consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables or 17 syllables in all
rhythm
analogous to how the syllables in a sentence sound
congruent figures
are exactly the same size
solutions
are homogenous mixtures - components that are evenly distributed
space
area that surrounds shapes and forms
Cloze Procedure
as assessment method used to determine readability of a text that involves deleted words from the text and leaving blank spaces
phonics
associating letters with sounds
reading to learn stage
attention is focused primarily on content rather than the act of reading itself
To help children understand that words are made up of individual sounds that can be separated and counted, use...
auditory cues (e.g. clapping the syllables) and visual cues (e.g. Elkonin boxes, counters, chips, blocks, etc.) to mark the syllables
mean
average of a set of continuous data
mean
average of the values
metacognition
awareness of mental contents and processes. If "cognition" refers to thinking, then "metacognition" refers to thinking about thinking.
mathematical probability
based upon chance; the likelihood of an event occurring
historical probability
based upon data accumulation over time
Inferential comprehension
being able to draw conclusion by reading "between the lines."
How many morphemes are in the following: biggest, cats, cup
biggest - 2 big+est cats - 2 cat+s cup - 1 cup
blending
blending sounds together /p/ /a/ /t/ is "pat"
meteorology
branch of earth science that concerns climate, weather, and earth's atmosphere more generally
tectonics
branch of geology that concerns the structure of the earth's crust, as well as changes that take place in the crust over time as a result of folding and faulting
erosion
breaking down and removal of physical material
weathering
breaking down of physical material
segmenting
breaking words into individual phonemes, breaking words into syllables, or breaking syllables into onsets and rimes
value regarding color
brightness or dullness of a color
intensity
brightness or dullness of the color
Criterion-referenced Assessment
candidates are measured against defined (and objective) criteria
miscues
cases in which a student reads a word that is different from the one that is printed
How many phonemes are in the following? : cat, book, she, bread
cat - 3 /c/ /a/ /t/ book - 3 /b/ /oo/ /k/ she - 2 /sh/ /e/ bread - 4 /b/ /r/ /e/ /d/
continental drift
change in the positions of continents over long periods of time
dilation
changes the size so that it is enlarged or made smaller
literary elemtns
character, plot, setting, theme, point of view, tone, style
phonemic awareness
child's ability to understand that words have smaller components called sounds, and that these sounds together create syllables and words
fluency stage
children become more familiar with the written language, and their decoding becomes more automatic as a result of learning more sight words
overregulation
children treat irregular forms according to the rules of ordinary cases eg. foots, mouses, builded
emergent literacy
children's beliefs about and experiences with reading and writing prior to formal instruction
The most common type of narrative order in children's books is...
chronological; the events are told in the order they happen
Context clues are...
clues to the meaning of a word contained in the text that surround it. These clues include definitions, examples, and restatements. Teaching students strategies for identifying and using context clues is an important technique for vocabulary development
schemata
clusters of ideas about objects, places, and events
elements of art
color, texture, form, shape, line, space, value
mixtures
combinations of 2 or more substances, where each substance is distinct from the other. Can be heterogenous (different) not distributed evenly or homogenous (same) distributed evenly
blending
combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words
physical geography
concerns the physical environments of the earth
congruence vs similarity
congruence: match exactly in size and shape similar: proportional
phonological system
consists of 44 different sounds
consonant diagraph
consists of two consonants that together represent one sound - like the ph sound in the word digraph
consonant blend
consists of two or more consonants sounded together in such a way that each is heard-like the blend of "b" and "l" in the word "blend"
vowel digraph
consists of two vowels that together represent one sound - like the "oa" in "boart" that makes the long "o" sound
accelerated erosion
constitutes a major source of topographic change
Early blending activities should use words that begin with...
continuous consonants (e.g., f,l,m,r,s) because these sounds are easy to hear and can be blended without distortion. The children should "stretch out" and connect the sounds in the word (e.g., ssssaaaattttt, rather than /s/--/a/--/t/)
self-correction and feedback
contribute to grater fluency (important for teachers to help students maintain positive attitude)
silent reading
contributes to fluency by allowing children to familiarize themselves with key vocabulary, so that oral reading of the same passage can be based on a higher proportion of sight words (SSR, Sustained Silent Reading or DEAR, Drop Everything And Read)
insulin
created by Canadian researchers in 1922
Graphophonic Cues
cues based on letter-sound correspondence that help readers decode text and determine its meaning. (When readers are using letter sounds and their position in words to help decode a word)
cueing systems
cues used by the reader to draw on or gain meaning from text. They include: structural analysis - word identification skills that focus on word parts - prefixes, root words, suffixes, inflectional endings (e.g., -s, -es, -ed, -ing, -er, and -est) and derivational endings (e.g., -y, -ly, -ial, -ic); semantic - using background knowledge/experience with word meanings.; Syntactic - using word order and knowledge of language patterns; graphophonic - using knowledge of letters and sounds.
outlier
data value that is far from the other values in that particular set
ethnographies
detailed descriptions of other cultures, including both physical and cultural geographies
Hypokinetic Diseases
diseases associated with decreased physical activity
To help ESL students begin to develop a sight vocabulary...
display high frequency words and label objects in the classroom
distributive property
distributing numbers as they are taken apart; in algebra this is referred to as expanding Ex: 3x(4+8)=(3x4)+(3x8) 3(12)-12x24 36=36
segmentation
division of words into sounds "dog" is /d/ /o/ /g/
mountains and basins
driest part of the state, includes cities such as El Paso. Economic Resources include: farming, ranching, oil, and gas
plate tectonics
earth's crust consists of about 20 plates that drift, collide, and separate over long periods of time
metamorphic rock
either sedimentary or igneous rocks that have changed (morphed) due to intense heat/pressure including gneiss, schist
emergent vs conventional literacy
emergency ->literacy experiences prior to formal instruction conventional ->literacy taught in elementary school
potential energy
energy an object has as the result of its position or condition
kinetic energy
energy an object has when it moves
Law of the Conservation of Energy
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred
activation energy
energy necessary to cause an object to move
Kinetic Energy
energy of an object in motion
accelerated erosion
erosion resulting from human activity
For helping preschool children listen attentively...
establish a cuing system that signals that it is time to listen and use it routinely
dilations
expansions
comparison/contrast
explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different
A balanced reading program consists of...
explicit, systematic phonics instruction with meaningful, connected readings of informative, engaging text. It includes five main areas of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension.
Caddo
farmers in East Texas, lived in villages; very developed Native Americans; elaborate social system
Basic functions for survival of organisms
feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, reproduction
historical fiction
fiction; based on real historical events
mystery
fiction; plots are fast-paced and revolve around a suspenseful crime or mysterious happening
predictable/pattern books
fiction; plots are simple, face-paced, predictable
legend
fiction; plots center around adventures of heroic figures
fantasy/science fiction
fiction; plots contain some elements that could not happen in the world as we know it today
fable
fiction; short, brief stories that teach a lesson or moral
folktales
fiction; stories are not intended to be accepted as true; larger-than-life characters and very unusual happenings
myth
fiction; stories seen as true in the culture
realistic fiction
fiction; story that can actually happen and is true to life
drama
fictional play; plot if carried by the dialogue
simile
figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words "like" or "as"
metaphor
figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be
Barbara Jordan
first African-Ameican woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973
Ma Ferguson
first of two women to serve as governor of Texas
face
flat surface or the side of the solid
reflections
flipping motions
cultural geography
focuses on the relationships between people and their physical environments
13th Amendment
forbids slavery
heat
form of energy
igneous rocks
formed when magma cools. includes mica, quartz, feldspar
sedimentary rock
formed when sediment are deposited in layers, compacted together, and hardened including sandstone, limestone, shale
range
found by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in that set
1st Amendment
freedom of religion, speech, press, to assemble, and to petition
Reading levels for text material
frustrational - is able to read less than 90% of words correctly; instructional - can read/understand between 90-95% of text; independent - reads/understands at least 95-100% of text
round character
fully developed, with many traits-bad and good-shown in the story
remote sensing
geographic information about an object, region, or event can be acquired without being in direct contact with it (e.g., seismographs)
comprehension
getting meaning from written text
Tonkawa
group of independent bands, they were hunters and fishermen, not farmers
choral reading
groups of children reading aloud together
meter
groups of steady beats; refers to the number of beats grouped together (2s, 3s, 4s)
word families
groups of words that have the same ending sounds (rime) but a different beginning sound (onset), such as can, man, fan.
chemical change
happens when the substances that were combined are no longer the same molecules - they have changed to new substances
To help young children hear, and pronounce, all the sounds in a new word...
have children clap the syllables as they hear, and pronounce, them
To promote children's receptive language development...
have frequent conversations with them-both individually and in groups- about topics and activities of personal interest to them
similar figures
have same shape
To promote a preschooler's understanding of the connection between spoken and written language...
have the child tell a story and watch as the teacher writes down what the child says.
A most effective informal reading assessment to check students' understanding of a reading passage is to...
have the student talk in their own words about what they have read.
To help preschoolers develop an understanding that print has meaning...
have the students "write" messages and draw pictures on holiday cards.
Thermal Energy
heat energy; energy that occurs as a result of temperature differences/changes
invented or temporary spelling
helps to increase phonemic awareness and increases knowledge of spelling patterns
pragmatics
how are you putting it together
tempo
how fast or slow music is played or sung
dynamics
how loud or soft music is played or sung
dynamics (music)
how loud or soft music is played or sung
tall tale
humorous, exaggerated story with characters who do unbelievable things
alphabetic principle
idea that there is a consistent relationship between sounds and letters
attribute blocks
ideals for working on congruence and similarity
phonemic awareness
identifying and manipulating the individual sounds in spoken words
counting bars
illustrates congruence and similarity
picture graphs
illustrates quantities
Coastal Plains
includes Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio Economic Resources include: fishing, farming, oil and gas
Central Plains
includes cities such as Abilene and Wichita Falls. Economic Resources include: farming, ranching, oil, and gas
atmospheric gases
includes nitrogen and oxygen
Great Plains
includes the Llano basin and cities such as: Amarillo, Lubbock, Midland, and Odessa, flat area w/few trees. Economic Resources include: farming, ranching, oil, and gas.
Emergent Literacy
increased development of oral language, curious about print, begins scribbling, and forming some letters, understands concepts about print, identifying environmental print, understand print has meaning, begin to predict what the print might say
primary sources
information consisting of actual records, first-hand accounts of events and experiences
secondary sources
information consisting of descriptions and explanations that are created after a historical event has already taken place
Karankawa
inhabited the Gulf Coast of Texas from Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi, hunters & gatherers, fishermen, built canoes and long bows, thought to be the first Native Americans to make contact w/the Europeans. In the early 1530s, Alvar Nunez Vabeza de Vaca and 3 others were shipwrecked off the Texas coast. Cabeza de Vaca lived among the ______ for 6 years
guided reading
instruction that supports and extend the reading process
Interdependence
interconnectedness; individuals, states, etc. relying on one another. *The Texas economy is interdependent on the economy of the US and the world
Reading to students in a text that is beyond their independent reading level is a good practice because...
it exposes students to new vocabulary and concepts to expand their knowledge of word meanings
oral recitation lessons (ORL)
kind of repeated reading activity exercise based on interactions between teacher and students.
Graphonemic Knowledge
knowledge about specific relationships between graphemes and phonemes
alphabetic knowledge
knowledge of letter names and shapes; acquired in a sequence that begins with letter names, then letter shapes, and finally letter sounds. Instruction should be informal, but planned, and should include activities in which children have many opportunities to see, play with, and compare letters and learn to identify, name and write both upper case and lower case versions of the letters.
big books
large, oversized books used in shared reading, usually at the emergent reading level
3 main branches of government
legislature - run by Congress executive - run by the President judicial - run by the Supreme Court
Graphophonemic Knowledge
letter recognition and letter-sound correspondence
literal comprehension
level of understanding of a text
intensity
lightness or darkness of a color
value
lightness or darkness of the color
receptive language skills
listening and reading
cause and effect
lists one of more causes and the resulting effect or effects
Comanche
lived in South Plains; fierce fighters; learned to ride horses and hunted buffalo
Coahuiltecan
lived in South Texas; hunting and gathering tribe
Atakapans
lived in coastal and bayou areas in southwestern Texas
Trans-Pecos
lived in rock shelters, built houses that were relatively permanent in the desert climate where they lived. Were farmers, but also fished and hunted
natural selection
living animals must adapt to changes in their environment to survive, those that don't will die
relative location
location of an area in relation to another area
rhythm
long and short sounds in music
ELL Oral Language Development
maintains a language rich environment that provides many activities and opportunities to communicate
outline maps
maps that contain outlines of geographic regions, such as states, without additional detail
relief maps
maps that contain raised features representing the topography of a region
puzzle maps
maps that the teacher cuts into shapes for students to reassemble
topographic maps
maps that use different colors and symbols to represent various geographic characteristics
line
mark made by a tool moving across a surface
Define: mean, median, and mode
mean: average median: middle value mode: most frequent value
semantics
meaning
semantics
meaning of words and phrases
semantic
meanings of words and phrases
repeated reading
method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved
median
middle point in a set of continuous data
median
middle value in the set
When a teacher reads aloud expressively, modifying his/her voice to convey story elements this...
models good reading and also promotes children's receptive language development.
hue
name of color
hue
name of the color
ballad
narrative poem (tells a story) set to music
When brainstorming potential topics for writing assignments, students should be mindful that...
no suggestion or statement by a student should be criticized as wrong or inappropriate
Tonkawas
nomadic buffalo hunters and gatherers who lived in central Texas
Lipan and Mescalero Apache
nomadic, lived off buffalo, first Native Americans to ride horses
biography/autobiography
nonfiction; contains factual information about a real person
informational books/articles
nonfiction; contains factual information about a specific subject
books of true experience
nonfiction; true stories about real events from a person's life or parts of his/her life.
flat character
not fully developed; we only know one side of the character
scarcity
occurs when a want for a good is greater than the supply
symmetry
occurs when perfect matching occurs
translation
often referred to as a slide; an object moves into a new position without flipping or turning
rotation
often referred to as a turn; object is turned from a central point
fossil fuel
once living organism
Rene-Robert Cavelier Sieur de la Salle
one of the first French explorers in Texas
acculturation
one society adopts a great deal of another society's culture
spatial
organized by actual locations in space
sequence
organized in numerical or chronological order
consonant blends
pairs of adjacent consonants that are both heard eg. 'br' in break
dipthongs
pairs of adjacent vowels that are both heard eg. 'oy' in toy
digraph
pairs of vowels or consonants heard as one sound 'ch' in cherry 'ee' in meet
spelling patterns
patterns of letters or sounds in words that constitute a word family, for example, -an as in can man, fan
intonation
patterns of pitch that contribute to the meaning of phrases or sentences
intonation
patterns of pitch that contribute to the meanings of phrases and sentences
Two best predictors of later success in reading are...
phonemic awareness and alphabetic knowledge
invented spelling
phonetic spelling
Physical geography vs cultural geography
physical - physical environment of the earth cultural - relationships between people and the environment
Children learn letter shapes by...
playing with blocks, plastic letters and alphabet blocks.
sonnet
poem consisting of 14 lines with a formal rhyming scheme
quatrain
poem consisting of four lines of verse
shape poetry
poem that has the shape of its subject
free verse
poetry that lacks rhyme and structured meter
rime
portion of the syllable that consists of the vowel and the letter that follow it
onset
portion of the syllable that precedes the vowel
location
position that or space that something occupies. tells where it is
concepts of print
print represents spoken language; print is directional from left to right and top to bottom; books are read from front to back; the strings of letters separated by spaces in text are words, and individual letters are different from words; sentences begin with capital letters and end with periods, ect...
environmental print
print that occurs in one's environment
work
product of the force acting in the direction of movement causing displacement.
15th Amendment
prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race or color
health-related fitness
promote for the development of better health now and in the future
Instructional Reading Level
pronounces 90-94% of the words correctly and 70-89% of the questions correct
8th Amendment
protection against excessive bail & fines; protection against cruel and unusual punishment
4th Amendment
protection against unreasonable searches and seizures
3 Particles of an Atom
proton, neutron, electron
geoboards
provide tactile experience of creating right triangles. (a block of wood with rectangular array of pins. Pins are used to hold rubber bands or geobands in place. They are used to form triangles or other polygons.) (useful for demonstrating congruence and similarity.)
A fourth grade teacher asks a paraprofesional to lead a small-group discussion of a story students have read. To ensure likely success, the teacher should...
provide the paraprofessional with a set of questions to help promote students' comprehension of the story.
Preschool children's oral language development is best fostered by...
providing the children with opportunities to communicate with their peers and with adults in a wide range of contexts
force
push or pull an object causing it to move
Tangrams
puzzle/game consisting of seven geometrical pieces that forms thousands of designs
shared reading
reading aloud to children and talking about the books and stories
19th Amendment
recognition of women's suffrage
contractions
reductions
reflection
referred to as a flip or mirror image moved over a line of symmetry, the shape must remain the same size and the same shape
six flags over Texas
refers to the fact that flags of six governments have flown over Texas. These are Spain, France, Mexico, Republic of Texas, The Confederate States of America, and the United States of America
prosody
refers to the pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm of language. (the meaning of a written sentence, punctuation)
decoding
refers to the recognition of how written words sound "reading"
phonics
refers to the sounds that letters represent and how these sounds and letters combine to form words
literal comprehension
refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly states in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowledge of vocabulary)
syntax
refers to the way in which words are arranged in sentences
Having first graders write simple words at the same time they are first learning to recognize words in print is most likely to promote their reading development by...
reinforcing their knowledge of the alphabetic principle.
pitch
relates to the exact placement of a note on the staff
pitch
relates to the placement of notes on the staff
erosion
removal of soil and rock in the natural environment; involves movement. Moves by water, wind, ice, or gravity
21st Amendment
repeals the 18th amendment which prohibited the use/sale or alcohol
alliteration
repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words; e.g., big, blue bear
circle graphs, or pie charts
represent the relationship that each part has to the whole
hardness
resistance to penetration
lyric poem
rhythmic and melodic poem
6th Amendment
right to fair & speedy public trial; rights to notice of accusations, to confront accusers, to subpeonas, and to counsel
2nd Amendment
right to keep and bear arms
7th Amendment
right to trial by jury
weathering
rocks, soil, and minerals decomposing; occurs without movement
Cuiseniare Rods
rods of varying lengths and colors used to teach math, and more recently, language arts
pragmatics
rules for effective communication in different contexts
pragmatics
rules for effective communication in different contexts, including tone, slang, ect.
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
sailed along the Gulf coast in 1519 in search of a strait to the Pacific Ocean
similar
same shape, different size
congruent
same shape, same size
What word identification strategies would help a child understand and pronounce correctly the words read in a reading passage?
semantic and syntactic cues
diagraph "The H Brothers"
sh- quiet brother, wh- whistler brother, ch- train brother, th-nasty brother
line graphs
show changes in quantity and other variables over time
pie charts
show part-whole relationships
Major discovery in Saudi Arabia (1936)
significant oil fields; changed face of industry
Major Properties of Objects (Science)
size, shape, temperature, hardness, mass, construction, density
translation
sliding motions
morphemes
smallest meaningful components of words
phonemes
smallest sound in a word, smaller than a syllable, i.e. Dog: /D/ /o/ /g/=3______
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
decoding
sometimes referred to as phonics; is the process of sounding out words
initial reading stage
sound out many of the words they read through phonic analysis (also known as the decoding stage because they focus on the decoding of individual words)
phonemes
sounds
Organizational patterns
spatial, sequence, cause and effect, comparison and contrast
expressive language skills
speaking and writing
pragmatics
speaking for a specific purpose or goal
Potential Energy
stored energy of an object
What graphic organizer is best to use for literary fiction?
story map or story tree
First Spanish missions were established to?
strengthen Spain's claim
syntax
structure of a phrase or sentence
Independent Reading Level
student pronounces 95% or more of words correctly and shows more than 90% accuracy in response to comprehension questions
Frustration Reading Level
student pronounces less than 50% of the words correctly and answers less than 70% of the questions correctly
SQ3R Method
student-directed approach to reading expository texts Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
concepts about print
students identify the front of the book, understand print carries meaning, understand print goes from left to right, identifies the top and bottom of a book, identifies the beginning and end of a book
Instructional Reading Level
students read 90-95% accuracy
Independent Reading Level
students read 96%-above accuracy
Frustrational Reading Level
students read below 89% accuracy
Civics
study of how society maintains order through government institutions and political processes
civics
study of how society maintains order through government institutions and the political process
history
study of the material record of the past
tangrams
suitable for the student who needs the tactile experience with the triangle
free enterprise
supply, demand, and price determine the amount of product produced
_____+_____=grammar
syntax+morphology=grammar
choral reading
takes place when a group of students or an entire class reads out loud
Directed Reading Activity (DRA)
teacher activates and develops schemata by linking the topic of the text to student's own experiences or finding ways to get students interested in an unfamiliar topic (a teacher directed activity)
guided reading
teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text as well as the structure for how to respond to what is read
guided reading
teacher explains the purpose of reading a text and the structure for how to respond to what is read
key signature
tells performers what "black notes on a piano" to play or sing; includes flats and sharps
proximodistal
term referring to the big-to-little or inside-to-outside direction of motor development
decodable text
text in which most of the words are made up of sound-letter relationships that have been taught, but that contain enough high-frequency, irregular, and story words to make them sound natural
expository texts
texts that provide factual information and explanations
beat
the "pulse" or a work
Age of Exploration
the 15th and 16th centuries
One of the easiest phonemic awareness tasks for young children is...
the ability to identify the initial sound of a word, such as the /d/ sound in dog.
phonemic awareness
the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words. (Focuses on sounds of language, not meaning)
harmony
the accompaniment of a song. In pop music, often played by guitar or keyboard
phonological awareness
the awareness of the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words; it is a broad term that includes identifying and making rhymes, recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words, identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables
Form (music)
the big pieces/sections of a song or work. The form of "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" is ABA
A child's ability to point to words during the initial stages of reading indicates...
the child's development of an awareness of the words and the correspondence between written and spoken language.
sea-floor spreading
the creation and movement of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges
The main feature of a systematic and explicit phonics program is...
the direct teaching of a set of letter-sound relationships in a clearly defined sequence
absolute location
the exact location of something
Full Faith and Credit Clause
the familiar name used to refer to Article IC, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings" of other states The Full Faith and Credit Clause explains reciprocity in licenses and extradition in crimes
Rule of Law
the idea that all people should receive fair, equal, consistent treatment under the law
structural analysis
the identification of morphemes
grapheme
the letter or letters that represent a phoneme sh, c, th, t
graphemes
the letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g., in the word cat, the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) c.
semantics
the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc.
mode
the most frequently observed number in a set of continuous data
Prosody
the pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm of language
decoding
the process of translating written words using letter-sound correspondence and blending the sounds into words
5th Amendment
the right to due process, protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy
phonemes
the separable, individual sounds in a word. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech; e.g., in the word cat, there are 3 phonemes: /k/, /a/, /t/.
morpheme
the smallest structural unit of a word that carries meaning
morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller units without losing its meaning. Some morphemes can stand alone like the words, a dog, or cat; others cannot, such as the prefix re- or the suffix -ly.
folklore
the songs, stories, myths and proverbs of people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
syntax
the structure of a phrase or sentence
geography
the study of the earth and its inhabitants
solute
the substance in the smaller amount that dissolves
Mechanical Energy
the sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies
phonics instruction
the systematic, explicit presentation of sound-letter relationships; for children to benefit from it they need phonemic awareness
talk-aloud activity
the teacher asks questions to guide students through a series of steps they must follow to complete a task
think-aloud activity
the teacher shares with students the thinking process that he/she goes through to complete a task
melody
the tune of a song or a piece
anaphora
the use of one word in place of another word
onomatopoeia
the use of words that mimic sounds; e.g., pop!
narrative texts
those that relate a story or sequence of events
form
three-dimensional quality of objects; depth, height, and width
tessellations
tiling patterns, are repeating a shape in a systematic pattern in order to completely fill a space
When a student attempts to read a word in a sentence and asks the teachers, "Is that right?" The teacher's best response is...
to ask the student to reread the sentence and see whether the word makes sense.
One way to help a child that is having trouble with letter recognition is...
to have the child use his/her finger to trace a letter that the teacher has made from textured material and say the letter name while tracing.
An appropriate activity to improve first-graders' listening comprehension skills is...
to have them follow short (3-step) directions presented orally
The role of phonemic awareness in emergent literacy is...
to prepare students to match speech sounds with letters in written words
holophrase
toddlers use one word to express an entire thought/sentence "milk" could mean: I want milk, I spilled my milk.
Describe: translations, rotations, reflections, dilations, contractions
translations: sliding rotation: turning reflection: flipping dilation: expand contract: reduce
cultural diffusion
transmission of objects, idea, and behaviors from one society to another
5 Main Layer of the Earth's Atmosphere
troposphere - location of weather stratosphere - ozone layer mesosphere thermosphere - auroras, space shuttles orbit here exosphere
melody
tune of a song or piece
rotations
turning motions
diphthong
two vowels to make another sound, oe in "shoe"
shape
two-dimensional area defined by lines, colors, or values
timbre
types of instruments used in a work
story grammar
underlying structure of a story ie. the plot, beginning, middle, end
inferential comprehension
understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage (make predictions)
Alphabetic Principle
understanding that words are make up of letters and each letter represents a sound
print awareness
understanding the nature of print, the function it seres, and the conventions governing its use. (Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms or representation.)
When discussing reading issues with parents/guardians, teachers should...
use nontechnical terms since the use of professional jargon can create barriers to communication.
content literacy
used to describe the ability to use written texts as sources of information about a given topic or area
manipulative
used to make skills and concepts very concrete; used in ALL grade levels
running records
used to track a student's reading progress
critical listening
used to understand and evaluate the content of what someone is saying. vs. listening for appreciation/enjoyment
bar graphs
uses horizontal and vertical bars to contrast quantities
Analyzing what an unfamiliar word's placement in a sentence suggests about the meaning of the word is an example of...
using syntactic clues
Literacy development instruction for English language learners should...
value and build upon children's home languages.
mode
value that occurs most frequently
An effective way to promote the oral development of a 3-year-old preschooler is to...
verbally label and describe events in the child's world
texture
visual or actual feel of the surface
graphic organizer
visual representation of textual content
syntax
way put together
inquiry teaching
when teachers ask and then help students answer questions by proposing hypotheses, gathering and evaluating data, and generating conclusions. This promotes an understanding of the scientific method.
19th Amendment
women allowed to vote
sight words
words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly
irregular/high-frequency words
words that appear often in printed English (e.g., a, the, in, to, no, you, for), but are not readily decodable in the early stages of reading instruction
phoneme manipulation
working with phonemes in words; including working with onsets and rimes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word, blending phonemes to make words, and segmenting words into phonemes
decodable texts
written materials that reflect the letter-sound relationships a particular child already knows
grapheme
written representation of the phoneme
environmental print
written text that observable in one's surroundings, such as signs, labels, sticker, billboards, and brand names
