PSYC 2001: Ch. 1

In comparison to a PhD, a PsyD psychologist is more likely to

have been trained exclusively to treat mental disorders.

The most common area of employment for psychology majors is ______.

social services

Unlike counseling psychologists, clinical psychologists help people who are ______.

suffering from serious psychological disorders.

Although it only has roughly one-quarter of the worlds' psychologists, most psychological research is conducted in

the United States.

Psychology's roots can be traced back to

the ancient Greeks

Neuroscientists are most likely to consider how

the body influences behavior.

The behavioral perspective emphasizes the role of ______ in behavior.

the environment

The subfields of psychology are related to each other because they share a common goal, which is

understanding behavior.

The majority of psychologists in the United States are

white.

Which of the following are associated with the humanistic perspective?

Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

Research assistant, marketing specialist, public relations officer, social services case worker: these are all examples of jobs that can be done with what degree in psychology (choose the lowest degree required)?

Bachelor's

_______ psychology studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.

Developmental

Darwin's concept of natural selection is most closely related to what branch of psychology?

Evolutionary

__________ psychology considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

Evolutionary

Psychology was one of the few fields that recognized the contributions of women to its development.

False

Behavioral

Focuses on observable behavior

Which psychologists believe that, when it comes to perception, the whole is different from the sum of its parts?

Gestalt

Which subfield of psychology includes both psychological factors and physical diseases?

Health

Who among of the following would be interested in stress and fears that prevent people from carrying out their normal activities?

Health psychologist Clinical psychologist Counseling psychologist

Which of the following would most likely be the subject of experimental psychology?

How to make a workplace more safe

The first major American psychologist to use a behavioral approach was ______; he believed that one could gain a complete understanding of behavior by studying the environment in which a person operated.

John B. Watson

Which American educator drew on functionalism to develop the field of school psychology?

John Dewey

Which of the following is true about the key issues in the field of psychology?

Psychologists all agree on what the key issues of the field are.

Which perspective focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states?

Structuralism

The person who led the challenge to Wundt's approach of introspection as a scientific technique was ____, who led the functionalist movement.

William James

_____ developed the first laboratory devoted to psychological research.

Wundt

In the field of psychology, women are more likely than men to

attend graduate school.

A _________ cultural psychologist would be interested in investigating the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in various cultures and ethnic groups.

cross

Differences between the United States and other industrialized nations in the use of spanking during childhood would be of most interest to a(n)

cross-cultural psychologist.

A baby taking her first step or saying her first word are universal milestones that would be studied in ______ psychology.

developmental

The cognitive perspective

focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

______ focused on the purpose of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

functionalism

A psychologist taking the behavioral perspective to study how people change during college would be most interested in which of the following?

> A student's study habits. > The student's striving to reach his or her full potential.

Select the five major perspectives in the field psychology today.

> Cognitive > Behavioral > Neuroscience > Psychodynamic > Humanistic

Which of the following would be areas of most interest to a health psychologist?

> How long-term stress affects physical health > How to promote positive health behaviors

What subfield of psychology focuses on how the brain and the nervous system determine behavior?

Behavioral neuroscience

In trying to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes, psychologists use Blank______.

Scientific methods

The origins of the psychodynamic perspective are linked to

Sigmund Freud.

Humanistic

Contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential

_______ is an historical approach advocated by William James that concentrated on mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

Functionalism

Human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity are all topics that would be of most interest to a ______ psychologist.

Social

____________ psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.

Social

June Etta Downey

Spearheaded the study of personality traits and was the first female head of a psychology department at a state university

The perspective that focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, and other mental states is called

Structuralism

______ focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components of mental states and activities

Structuralism

Mary Calkins

Studied memory and was the first female to lead the American Psychological Association

Someone taking the nature side of the nature versus nurture debate is arguing for the importance of

genetic inheritance.

In comparison to a PsyD, a PhD psychologist is more likely to

have completed a dissertation based on original research.

Unlike clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists help people who are

having career adjustment problems.

In trying to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes, psychologists use ______.

scientific methods

Which of the following are associated with the behavioral perspective?

> B.F. Skinner > John B. Watson

Anna Freud

Made notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior

The first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology was

Margaret Floy Washburn.

Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max ______ led the gestalt movement.

Max Wertheimer

The subfield of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders is called clinical______ psychology.

clinical

Most psychologist work

in academic settings.

The PsyD is

obtained by those who wish to focus on the treatment of psychological disorders.

Cognitive

Examines how people understand and think about the world

According to evolutionary psychology, a broad variety of behaviors are influenced by

genetic inheritance.

Each theoretical perspective has a position somewhere on the "nature versus nurture" debate. Which of the following perspectives would emphasize nurture more than nature?

> Humanistic > Behavorial

Which of the following is a criticism of the evolutionary approach?

> It ignores biological explanations to human behavior > It minimizes the role of environmental and social forces in behavior.

Which of the following are included in cognitive psychology?

> Language > Problem solving > Decision making > Thinking > Judging

Darwin believed that natural selection determined our physical traits. Evolutionary psychologists believe that natural selection determines which of the following?

> Personality traits > Social behaviors

In which of the following settings would you be likely to find a psychologist working?

> Public school district > University > Government > Hospital

The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is significant for which of the following reasons?

> The field of psychology is diminished by the lack of diverse perspectives and talents that minority-group members can provide. > The rarity of minority psychologists can discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment. > The underrepresentation may deter other minority-group members from entering the field.

Which of the following would be studied by a personality psychologist?

> The traits that differentiate one person from another > The consistency in people's behavior across their lives

Which of the following statements about women in the field of psychology are true?

> Women psychologists outnumber male psychologists by more than 2 to 1. > Seventy-five percent of psychology graduate students are female.

Which of the following are key issues in the field of psychology?

> free will versus determinism > nature versus nurture > individual differences versus universal principles

Which perspective is being practiced when a psychologist focuses on the activities a person is engaging in, and not the thoughts or feelings the person has?

Behavioral

Psychodynamic

Believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control

Mamie Phipps Clark

Carried out pioneering work on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences

Which subfield of psychology combines neuroscience and clinical psychology to understand psychological disorders?

Clinical neuropsychology

____________ psychology is a subspecialty of experimental psychology that focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, decision making, and language.

Cognitive

________ psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world.

Experimental

Which procedure was favored by structuralists over functionalists?

Introspection

Who used the functionalist approach to develop the field of school psychology?

John Dewey

Philosophers argued for hundreds of years about some of the questions psychologists grapple with today. For instance, the British philosopher _____ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.

John Locke

In the context of psychology, which of the following is a behavior?

Movement

Do you need to have earned a doctorate to do anything with a degree in psychology?

No

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

One of the first psychologists to focus on child development

Which of the following is a mental process?

Perception of a threat

What group was barred from many psychology graduate programs in the early 1900s?

Women

_______ psychology studies the traits that differentiate one person from another.

Personality

A _______ is a degree that requires the completion of original research, whereas a________ is a degree for those wishing to focus on the treatment of psychological disorders. (Answers are abbreviations.)

PhD PsyD

A psychologist taking the psychodynamic perspective to study how people change during college would be most interested in which of the following?

The unconscious motives that led the student to attend college in the first place.

Which of the following is true of psychologists in the United States?

They are outnumbered by psychologists in other countries.

Neuroscience

Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning

To help in identifying the subfields of psychology, which of the following would be the best question to ask?

What type of behavior does it address?

The formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when

William Wundt established the first experimental laboratory dedicated to psychological phenomenon.

A focus on external behavior rather than the internal workings of the mind is favored by the __________perspective.

behavioral

The only perspective of the five psychological perspectives that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes is the ______ perspective.

behavioral

The cognitive perspective would most likely compare the human brain to a

computer.

Humanistic psychology focuses on the _____ as a determinant of behavior.

conscious

Evolutionary explanations of behavior are

controversial.

The nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate is associated with which of the following?

environment

When you are asked to describe in as much detail as you can what you are experiencing, you are being asked to

introspect.

Wundt and others used a technique called ______, which involved describing in their own words and in as much detail as possible what they were experiencing.

introspection

What is the area of psychology that focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors?

neuropsychology

A psychologist who is studying how heredity influences behavior most likely will be using the ______ perspective.

neuroscience

Alan is studying heart rate variability in response to anxiety. He is using the _____ perspective to study a psychological phenomenon.

neuroscience