Psych 21
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Cognitive Psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Behavioral modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Skinner
Behaviorist who wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior -gave "operant conditioning" its name -operant- any behavior that is voluntary
voluntary behavior
Changes through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response
Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
Conditioned response
According to the Gestalt psychologists, people perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of:
Continuity
Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:
Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.
Pavlov
Received a medical degree at age 33 and spent the next two decades studying the digestive system. This work earned him Russia's first Nobel Prize 1904. -Without fail, putting food in a dog's mouth caused the animal to salivate. Dog began salivating not only at the taste of the food, but also at the mere sight of the food, or at the food dish, or at the person delivering the food, or even at the sound of that person's approaching footsteps. At first, __ considered these "psychic secretions" an annoyance-until he realized they pointed to a simple but important form of learning.
Behaviorism
1-should be an objective science that 2-studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Young children show gender-specific toy preferences when they are as young as:
3 to 8 months.
Of these people, who is expected to show the MOST severe grief? A. Melanie, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident B. Quinn, who lost her longtime but never married companion from a debilitating life condition C. Cary, whose wife died of cancer after a 20-year battle D Lucy, whose husband died of cancer after a 20-year battle
A
Accommodation
Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Higher-Order Conditioning
Adding on to the conditioning, where several things can evoke a CR
Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this?
The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus for nausea.
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
4 ____ contains more protein-encoding sequences than ____. A) Heterochromatin; euchromatin B) Euchromatin; heterochromatin C) Pericentric inversions; aneuploids D) Aneuploids; pericentric inversions
B
8 The schematic map of a chromosome is called a(n) _____. A) karyotype B) ideogram C) anagram D) chromogram
B
9 An individual with the chromosomal description 45, X would be a _____. A) normal female B) female with Turner syndrome C) male with Klinefelter syndrome D) Cannot be determined
B
Observational Learning
learning by observing others
Observational learning
learning by observing others; also called social learning
Associative Learning
learning that certain events occur together
_____ studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time
longitudinal
Dementia is now referred to as a(n) _____ disorder.
neurocognitive
A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is MOST likely to produce:
neurocognitive disorder
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
operant
___ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
opperant, respondent
____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Involuntary; voluntary Respondent; operant Uncontrollable; controllable Operant; respondent
operant
_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
mirror neurons
_____ fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed.
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Dr. Gigliotti is conducting a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking:
a case study
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
monocular cues
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
monocular cues
a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
binocular cues
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eye
binocular cues
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
Intrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
spontaneous recovery
a dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process? a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. generalization d. discrimination e. acquisition
An infant is most likely to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is:
a heavy drinker or an alcoholic.
Conditioned Response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conduction hearing loss
a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
conduction hearing loss
a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Gestalt
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
Conditioned Stimulus
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Unconditioned Response
an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Mrs. Costello lives in Florida. She is gripped by a vision of her sister gravely injured in a car wreck happening that very moment in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Costello is inconsolable. Her husband calmly disproves Mrs. Costello's vision by calling his sister-in-law; her cheery voice greets him on the phone. Cleary, Mrs. Costello does not have the ability of _____ that she believes she possesses.
clairvoyance
Experimental research is to correlational research as _____ is to ____
cause; association
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kylie has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her _____.
cerebellum
Transduction
changing one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies (such as sights, sounds, and smells) into neural impulses our brain can interpret
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by the psychologist _____'s psychosocial development theory.
erikson
In a signal detection experiment, incorrect responses include misses and ___.
false alarms.
middle ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones—hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)—that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
extrasensory perception
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
extrasensory perception (ESP)
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
Belle was admitted to hospice care several weeks before her ninetieth birthday. She remarked at least once that she "just wanted to make 90." Belle died 2 days after a small family celebration of her birthday at her bedside. This vignette BEST illustrates:
the death deferral phenomenon
levels of analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next.
sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
Also known as test-enhanced learning, the _____ effect results in enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information.
retrieval practice
A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates:
shape constancy.
Physical exercise in adulthood does NOT:
shorten telomeres
According to the textbook, bees can see ultraviolet radiation. As compared to humans, bees can see ____ wavelengths.
shorter
A recent survey indicated that 25 percent of heterosexual couples met:
online
A recent survey indicated that two-thirds of same-sex couples met:
online
Dr. Adams is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. Dr. Adams defines "short stature" as being 2 or more inches below the average height for an adult of one's gender. Dr. Adams' description of shortness is an example of a(n) _____ definition.
operational
While at work, Tim experiences a ringing-in-the-ears sensation known as:
Tinnitus
Unconditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):
embryo
Barry is 65 years old and is worried that he will catch a cold that could escalate to something worse due to his age. What should you tell Barry?
"Don't worry too much. Older adults are less susceptible to short-term ailments because they have more antibodies than younger adults."
John B Watson
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement? John Garcia B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
Correct: telepathy
"We can practically read each other's minds and feel each other's emotions!" Tim exclaims in describing his relationship with his longtime partner. Tim is attributing the extrasensory perception ability of _____ to the relationship. precognition telepathy clairvoyance psychokinesis
Do 1 year old children recognize themselves in a mirror? How about 2.5 year olds?
(red dot on nose test) 1 year old, no, 2.5 years old, yes. 1 year olds lack self-awareness.
Operant Chamber
*Skinner Box: animal manipulates a bar to get food
Law of Effect
*Thorndike: behaviors are more likely to recur if followed by favorable consequences
Among a sample of middle-aged men enrolled in a weight-loss program, Dr. Phelps found a strong direct correlation between hours spent exercising each week and number of pounds lost over a 6-month period. Which correlation coefficient did Dr. Phelps MOST likely find? a. +0.20 b. +0.02 c. +0.75 d. -0.65
+0.75
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember event from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?
- His maturing cortex increased his long term storage after age 4 - His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4 - His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4
The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.
-1 to 1
punishment
...
reinforcement
...
reinforcement schedule
...
respondent behavior
...
shaping
...
spontaneous recovery
...
stimulus
...
unconditioned response
...
unconditioned stimulus
...
variable interval schedule
...
variable ratio schedule
...
Which of the following declines in later life?
-visual sharpness -muscle strength -auditory levels
acquisition
...
associative learning
...
behaviorism
...
classical conditioning
...
cognitive learning
...
cognitive map
...
conditioned reinforcer
...
conditioned response
...
conditioned stimulus
...
continuous reinforcement
...
discrimination
...
extinction
...
extrinsic motivation
...
fixed interval schedule
...
fixed ratio schedule
...
generalization
...
high-order conditioning
...
intrinsic motivation
...
latent learning
...
law of effect
...
learning
...
mirror neurons
...
modeling
...
negative reinforcement
...
neutral stimulus
...
observational learning
...
operant behavior
...
operant chamber
...
operant conditioning
...
partial reinforcement
...
positive reinforcement
...
primary reinforcer
...
prosocial behavior
...
A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. The self recognition begins at approximately what age?
15 to 18 months
A researcher secretly puts a dab rouge on child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will be begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. This self-recognition begins at approximately what age?
15-18 months.
The nucleus of a human cell contains
23 pairs of chromosomes
According to the Center for Disease Control, approximately, _________ of adolescents girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.
25%
According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately ______________ of _______adolescent girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.
25%
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 29 for men and _______ for women.
27
Approximately _______ of babies have an easy temperament.
40%
Children are considered to be fluent in their native language by the time they are years of age.
5-6
As John was leaving the show, he was unable to hear his friend talking next to him in a normal conversational tone of _____ decibels since the rock concert was well over 130 decibels.
60
instinctive drift.
7.4.1 Biological Constraints on Conditioning You condition a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of: extrinsic motivation. latent learning. instinctive drift. operant conditioning.
According to Michael Lewis, what percentage of 3 year old children will peek at an interesting toy when told not to, and then lie about peeking afterwards?
70%
For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others who are also _____ or older.
75
For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others around her age. What age range is Margaret likely in?
75 to 80
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?
75-80
When does sexual desire decrease? (around what ages)
75-80
Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.
85
Prolonged exposure to sounds exceeding _____ dB may cause hearing loss.
85
18 Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis II in human females can result in all of the following chromosome complements in a zygote except _____. (Assume the oocyte is fertilized by a sperm with a normal chromosome set.) A) no chromosome 21 B) euploid for chromosome 21 C) monosomic for chromosome 21 D) trisomic for chromosome 21
A
23 In a(n) ____, the short arm of two acrocentric chromosomes break, and the long arms join forming a single large chromosome with two long arms. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) inversion D) duplication
A
28 An inversion that includes the centromere is called _____. A) pericentric B) paracentric C) Robertsonian D) lethal
A
31 The centromere generally divides the chromosome into a ____ p arm and a ____ q arm. A) shorter; longer B) longer; shorter
A
33 ____ cells have extra or missing chromosomes, while ____ cells contain a normal number of chromosomes. A) Aneuploid; euploid B) Polyploid; autosomal C) Autosomal; polyploid D) Euploid; aneuploid
A
primary
A __________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. a. primary b. negative c. positive d. secondary e. valid
Which of the following statements is true of a blind spot?
A blind spot is created when there are no receptor cells.
Skinner box
A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a __________. a. trial box b. response box c. Watson box d. Thorndike box e. Skinner box
vicarious conditioning (observational learning)
A child who's mother has a fear of dogs will learn to develop a similar fear
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This BEST illustrates what?
A context effect
How are critical and sensitive periods related?
A critical period is a type of sensitive period.
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Unconditioned response (UR) and unconditioned stimulus (US)
A dog doesn't learn to salivate in response to food in its mouth. Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally, triggers a dog's salivary reflex. Pavlov called the drooling an ______. And he called the food an ____.
constancy
A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates shape _____.
Time-out
A form of mild punishment in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others -essentially, the organism is being "removed" from any possibilities of positive reinforcement in the form of attention
An infant is mostly to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is
A heavy drinker or alcoholic
a posthypnotic suggestion.
A hypnotist instructed Juanita that when she came out of hypnosis she would be unable to spell her own name. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a pseudomemory. hyperthesia. age regression. a posthypnotic suggestion.
relaxation
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of __________ to help gain control over biological functions. a. sleep b. muscular tension c. anxiety d. heightened awareness e. relaxation
Correct: absolute
A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) _____ threshold. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. absolute adaptation difference subliminal
partial reinforcement
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates: higher-order conditioning. latent learning. partial reinforcement. generalization.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
strengthens; weakens
A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior. a. motivates; stimulates b. weakens; strengthens c. inhibits; motivates d. determines; stimulates e. strengthens; weakens
learned helplessness
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of __________. a. learned helplessness b. avoidance learning c. aversive conditioning Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an aversive conditioning situation. d. vicarious learning e. negative punishment
behavior modification
A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of __________. a. classical conditioning b. instinctive drift c. primary reinforcement d. higher-order conditioning e. behavior modification
Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Cross-sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Negative reinforcement
A student studies diligently to avoid the bag feelings associated with a previously low grades on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Delayed reinforcement D. Primary reinforcement E. Conditioned reinforcement
Empirical Approach
A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research.
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem's solution (an "aha" moment)
Shelley's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelley had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of the following?
A theory of mind
Shelly's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of following?
A theory of mind.
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Insight
A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? A. Cognitive mapping B. Insight C. Operant conditioning D. Classical conditioning E. Unconscious associative learning
primary
A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a conditioned reinforcer is to a(n) _____ reinforcer.
motivation
A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor? a. attention b) memory c) imitation d) motivation e) insight
A woman's ovary is _____ times the size of a single sperm. A. 85,000 B. 2 C. 100,000 D. 100
A.
Ever since she was 3 weeks old, Tamara has been a contented baby who has slept and eaten well and adapted easily to new experiences. A developmental psychologist would probably describe Tamara's temperament as: A. easy. B. unpredictable. C. difficult. D. emotionally intense
A.
Jake, a 3-month-old baby, is staring intently at the new person who just came to sit beside him and his dad. Why is he staring so intently? A. He has an inborn interest in new stimuli. B. He is able to categorize a variety of stimuli. C. He has become habituated. D. He realizes this must be a friend of his dad's.
A.
Michael and his girlfriend are listening to a lecture on an author's travels through Eastern Europe. After listening for an hour he becomes drowsy and his head begins dropping forward, until his girlfriend elbows him to wake him up. Michael's drowsiness is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs: A. spontaneously. B. willfully. C. consciously. D. psychologically.
A.
Most people achieve which of Piaget's intellectual stages during adolescence? A.formal operations B. identity C. competence D. generatively
A.
Vivid dreams occur during this recurring sleep stage, also known as paradoxical sleep. A. REM sleep B. beta sleep C. NREM-2 sleep D. delta sleep
A.
Which of the following statements about sleeping behavior is FALSE? A. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. B. Teenagers need more sleep than older adults. C. Sleep researchers do not recommend sleeping pills as a treatment for insomnia. D. All humans dream.
A.
Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these are you likely to notice about her abilities? A. Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing. B. Her hearing and sight are diminishing, but her stamina and sense of smell remain strong. C. Her muscle strength is decreasing, but all of her sensory abilities seem to be going strong. D. Her visual sharpness is decreasing, but her stamina remains unchanged.
A.
According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _____.
ACh (acetylcholine)
Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:
AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.
_____ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, and taste) 50 percent of the time.
Absolute threshold
Using sound as your example, show how these concepts differ: absolute threshold, subliminal stimulation, and difference threshold.
Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sound (such as an approaching bike on the sidewalk behind you) 50 percent of the time. Subliminal stimulation happens when, without your awareness, your sensory system processes a sound that is below your absolute threshold. A difference threshold is the minimum difference needed to distinguish between two stimuli (such as between the sound of a bike and the sound of a runner coming up behind you) 50 percent of the time.
environmental factors determine a person's behavior
According to B. F. Skinner: the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. cognitive processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.
survival
According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals. survival operant conditioning observational learning dying
intimacy with others.
According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:
formal operations
According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.
prosocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. indifferent extroverted negative prosocial
antisocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. antisocial extroverted positive prosocial
antisocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. positive antisocial prosocial extroverted
antisocial, prosocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent antisocial; prosocial extroverted; introverted positive; negative
antisocial, prosocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent extroverted; introverted positive; negative antisocial; prosocial
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.
According to psychologists, learning: only occurs through observational learning. only involves reflex behavior. can only occur in humans. is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.
How does the baby's brain process faces?
After 2 months, vision has improved. First babies sees face, second recognizes emotion. Two different parts of the brain.
advertising
After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter? clinical psychology medicine advertising industrial and organizational psychology
generalization
After Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat, _____ occurred and Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
Correct: sensory adaptation.
After listening to her high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, Marcy fails to realize that the music is too loud. This BEST illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensory adaptation. accommodation. Weber's law. signal detection.
The opponent-process theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of
Afterimages
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Whereas the study of attachment style is associated with __, the study of parenting style is associated with ___.
Ainsworth; Baumrind
fish food
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus. a. presence of Alan near the aquarium b. fish swimming to the top c. aquarium light d. fish food e. location of the aquarium light
identity
Alexia is 16 years old. One day she has blonde hair; the next day it is blue. One day she looks "goth" and the next she looks like a hippie. She recently asked her parents if she could get a nose ring. Alexia is probably trying to find her _____.
Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?
All of the above (his memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4, his maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self before he was 4, his maturing cortex increased his long-term storage after age 4).
his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.
All of the following are major contributions of Pavlov's to the field of psychology EXCEPT the idea that: significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. principles of learning apply across species. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
phantom
Amanda is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Amanda's sensation is known as _____ smells.
postconventional
Amath has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because he wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as he is. Amath has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.
binocular
Amber is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Amber to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Amber to do this with one eye closed. Amber finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of _____ cues to depth perception.
Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
mirror nuerons
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: cognitive maps. the law of effect. mirror neurons. spontaneous recovery.
NS= neutral stimulus US= Unconditioned Stimulus UR= Unconditioned Response CS= Conditioned Stimulus CR= Conditioned Response
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
An experimenter visits a pre-school with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoyed the task very much. On another visit the children are told that for every picture they draw they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and papers for play but no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because: extrinsic rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation. extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. the rewards were no longer reinforcing. of the law of effect.
Habituation
An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
operant conditioning
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "a" or "b" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:
According to the text, the Greek philosopher _____ believed that the heart is the source of our personality.
Aristotle
classical conditioning
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________. a. instrumental learning b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. habituation e. insight learning
theory of mind
As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.
Correct: iris.
As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lens. iris. fovea. cornea.
cornea, pupil, lens
As you watch a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of your eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures? cornea, iris, pupil fovea, iris, pupil pupil, iris, lens cornea, pupil, lens
34 ____ is a common cause of aneuploidy resulting in a gamete with one extra chromosome and another gamete with one missing chromosome. A) Chromosome pairing B) Nondisjunction C) Segregation D) Replication
B
When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:
Assimilation
frontal lobes
At 19, Abbey is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Most likely, Abbey's _____ are developing.
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Camilla has been told that her basilar membrane is damaged. This is MOST likely to affect her:
Audition
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain they position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?
Authoritative
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?
Authoritative.
1 The field of genetics that studies the relationship between chromosome variations and specific traits is called _____. A) Mendelian genetics B) cytogenetics C) quantitative genetics D) behavioral genetics
B
11 Which of the following procedures uses fetal cells that are obtained from the mother's bloodstream? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence in situ hybridization
B
16 In nondisjunction, which parent leads to the sex chromosome aneuploid XYY? A) mother B) father C) either parent D) both parents
B
All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT: A. memorizing nonsense syllables b. vocabulary c. recalling words d. time-based tasks
B
John is 58 years old and is worried about Alzheimer's disease. He asks what he can do to prevent it. You give him this advice. A. brain scan B. keep your mind active C.check your sense of smell D. take a genetic test
B.
Which statement is false about death and dying? A. Parents who have lost a child had higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization compared to parents who did not suffer this type of loss. B. Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger. C. Self-help groups provide support but the passage of time also helps. D. Those who express the strongest grief immediately do not progress through their grief more quickly.
B
Which statement is true regarding the so-called midlife transition during the forties? A.Divorce becomes common. B.People realize life is mostly behind them. C. Most men experience a crisis. D Distress peaks for men and women.
B
During intercourse, human males release some __________ million sperm. A. 700 B. 250 C. 500 D. 100
B.
Jarod was in a motorcycle accident that left him unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. When his therapist tosses a crumpled piece of paper toward his head he can move out of the way but he cannot identify the tossed object. Jarod is demonstrating the phenomenon known as: A.selective attention. B.blindsight. C. inattention blindness. D.change blindness.
B.
Samantha is 32 years old and unmarried, and she is worried that she will not be married early enough to have children. Samantha is feeling pressure from her culture's established: A. biological clock. B. social clock. C. adulthood stages. D. fertility changes.
B.
_____are a category of drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. A. Depressants B. Hallucinogens C. Opiates D. Amphetamines
B.
The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by:
B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
external
B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. internal unconscious cognitive external
observational learning
Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? A. Latent learning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Cognitive maps E. Observational learning
Correct: occipital
Bart was struck by a two-by-four to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to his _____ lobe. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. parietal frontal occipital temporal
Has Karen Adolph discovered that crawling babies are afraid to go down any angled slope?
Before crawling age, no fear of heights. Yes they are afraid, in between 2 degrees of a difference. If they are cautious and the slope is not safe, they will alter their crawling technique (ex. Backwards).
unconditional response
Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation. conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response unconditioned stimulus
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?
Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.
The difference threshold is best described as the minimum difference that a person can detect:
Between two stimuli 50 percent of the time
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE? a. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. b. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. d. Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer. e. Bill will never bathe the dog again.
Correct: sensorineural hearing loss.
Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensorineural hearing loss. conduction hearing loss. vestibular problems. sensory adaptation.
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience
In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and is blind in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as:
Blindsight
The _____ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Blindspot
objective, observable
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena. sensation; perception learning; unconscious consciousness; memory objective; observable
Pavlov and Watson
Both shared a disdain for "mentalist it" concepts (such as consciousness) and belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals—whether dogs or humans.
_____ processing proceeds from the lines, angles, and colors that form the stimuli around us.
Bottom-up
Sensory analysis starts at the entry level, such as with the sensory receptors, and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called:
Bottom-up processing
14 An individual with two normal sets of autosomes and a single X chromosome has _____. A) Down syndrome B) Patau syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome
C
17 A triploid human karyotype has how many chromosomes? A) 23 B) 46 C) 69 D) 92
C
19 About 90% of trisomy 21 Down conceptions are due to nondisjunction during _____. A) meiosis I in the female B) meiosis II in the female C) meiosis I in the male D) meiosis II in the male
C
2 A(n) ____ chromosome has its centromere near a tip so that it has one long arm and one very short arm. A) metacentric B) submetacentric C) acrocentric D) None of the above
C
20 Approximately ____ percent of spontaneous abortions result from extra or missing chromosomes. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75
C
21 How many chromosomes does a person with Edward syndrome have? A) 45 B) 46 C) 47 D) 48
C
25 When chromatids divide along the wrong plane, structures with identical arms called ____ are formed. A) ring chromosomes B) translocations C) isochromosomes D) satellites
C
30 A chromosome is ____ if the centromere divides it into two arms of approximately equal length. A) telocentric B) submetacentric C) metacentric D) acrocentric
C
6 Heterochromatic regions at the ends of chromosomes are called _____. A) centromeres B) euchromatin C) telomeres D) satellites
C
Bill is 65 years old and is worried about the upcoming winter months. He is very worried that he will catch a cold that would escalate to something worse due to his age. What would you tell Bill? A. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having a stronger immune system. B. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults are more susceptible to short-term and long-term illnesses. C. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having more antibodies in their system. D. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults have a weak disease-fighting immune system.
C
After Lacy tried a new drug with her friends, she saw very strange colors and heard strange sounds around her. She and her friends were most likely taking: A. depressants. B. opiates. C. hallucinogens. D. stimulants.
C.
Eve, who is 82, frequently receives visits from family members, plays cards with her neighbors several times a week, lives in a safe neighborhood, and is valued by all the people in her life. All of the above illustrate the _____ factors that have a role in helping older people live longer and flourish. A. biological B. genetic C. social-cultural D. psychological
C.
If Mike were to visit a sleep lab to have his brain activity measured during sleep, how would it be measured? A. by attaching electrodes to measure his circadian rhythm B. by recording how often he yawns C. by attaching electrodes connected to an EEG D. by observing his frequency of fast, jerky eye movements
C.
Prenatally, how many nerve cells were formed in your brain per minute? A. 75,000 B. 100,000 C. 250,000 D. 50,000
C.
The cessation of menstrual periods is most closely associated with: A. the midlife crisis. B. the social clock. C. menopause. D. late adulthood.
C.
The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with: A. earlier walking. B. earlier crawling. C. later crawling. D. later walking.
C.
Those in this stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking believe that laws are needed to maintain social order. A. intuitive morality B. preconventional morality C. conventional morality D. postconventional morality
C.
Which of the following is NOT a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness? A. sexual orgasm B. oxygen starvation C.sensory deprivation D.hallucinations
C.
_____ is an altered state of consciousness reported by people after they have a close brush with death (such as after cardiac arrest); it is often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. A. Distortion of time B. Euphoria C. Near-death experience D. Drug withdrawal
C.
adolescence
Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?
Correct: sensation; perception
Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____. sensation; perception touch; sound organization; interpretation perception; sensation
Leanne is 5 months old. Chastity is 8 months old. Dominique is 11 months old. Which infant should show the MOST evidence of stranger anxiety? a. Leanne b. Chastity c. the degree of separation anxiety should be approximately equal among all three infants d. Dominique
Chastity
cognitive processes
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. spontaneous recovery primary reinforcers cognitive processes negative reinforcers
The language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with:
Chomsky.
Behaviorist
Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective? A. Cognitive B. Biological C. Behaviorist D. Evolutionary E. Humanist
involuntary responses to stimuli
Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning? associative learning involuntary responses to stimuli discrimination extinction
association
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.
anticipates events
Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them b. lays them out in sequence c. shuts down d. anticipates events e. receives a reward
(1) US (2) UR
Classical or Unconditioned Response (1) Food preparations (_) (2) triggers salivation (_)
According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:
Closure
A building contractor surveys the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when one moves to the right, one sees the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:
Closure.
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:
Cochlea.
This coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the:
Cochlea.
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.
Cognitive
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.
Cognitive Processes
Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by what?
Gestalt psychologists
learned helplessness
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to __________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization e. failure of insight learning
Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:
Color constancy
us, cs
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____. stimulus-response pair; conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) negative reinforcer; operant behavior secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
What occurs when the eardrum is punctured or if the tiny bones in the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate?
Conduction hearing loss
Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in:
Conduction hearing loss.
David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates which kind of moral reasoning?
Conventional
David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates which kind of moral reasoning?
Conventional.
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the:
Cornea
taste aversion
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon? taste aversion punishment secondary conditioning negative reinforcement
postconventional
Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear mostly among people who prize individualism.
he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. his research methods were flawed. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
The Nation Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are brining in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?
Cross-sectional
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?
Cross-sectional.
Social-culture influences
Culturally learned preferences, motivation, affected by the presence of others
10 Prenatal diagnostic techniques that obtain fetal chromosomes include all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization
D
12 Which of the following utilizes labeled DNA probes? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization
D
13 In _____ the karyotype of a villus cell differs from that of an embryo cell. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) male nondisjunction D) chromosomal mosaicism
D
15 The most common autosomal aneuploid is _____. A) trisomy 13 B) trisomy 15 C) trisomy 18 D) trisomy 21
D
22 All of the following aneuploids can result from female nondisjunction except _____. A) Klinefelter syndrome B) triplo-X C) Turner syndrome D) Jacobs syndrome
D
24 Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with _____. A) a missing chromosome number 5 B) an additional chromosome number 5 C) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome number 5 D) a deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 5
D
26 Consider the following normal sequence of genes: a b c d e f g h. The sequence a b f e d c g h represents a(n) _____. A) deletion B) duplication C) inversion D) translocation
D
27 Which of the following karyotypes is NOT possible in the offspring of a translocation carrier (involving chromosomes 14 and 21) and a normal individual? A) deficient 14 or deficient 21 B) normal C) translocation Down syndrome D) all are possible outcomes.
D
29 A couple seeks testing and counseling after they have a child with cystic fibrosis. Testing reveals that the mother is a carrier, but the father is not. How can these results be explained? A) The man tested is not the biological father. B) A mutation altered the child's normal allele. C) Uniparental disomy (from the mother). D) All are possible explanations; additional testing is needed.
D
3 The structure associated with the centromere that contacts the spindle fibers during mitosis is the _____. A) alpha satellite repeat B) subtelomere C) euchromatin D) kinetochore
D
32 The tips of chromosomes contain repeated sequences that shorten with each mitotic division. These regions are called _____. A) p arms B) centromeres C) q arms D) telomeres
D
5 Our closest evolutionary relative, according to karyotypes analysis, is the _____. A) mouse B) domestic cat C) gorilla D) pygmy chimpanzee (bonobo)
D
7 Some human chromosomes contain _____, which are bloblike ends that extend from a thinner stalklike bridge from the rest of the chromosome. A) centromeres B) kinetochores C) telomeres D) satellites
D
Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by:
Gestalt psychologists.
Which statement describes the pattern of life satisfaction for adults whose spouse died? A. Life satisfaction remained neutral prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and dropped more in the years following the death. B.Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, showed a brief rebound during the year of spouse's death, and decreased in the years following the death. C. Life satisfaction peaked prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and failed to rebound to prior levels in the years following the death. D. Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and rebounded to prior levels in the years following the death.
D
In puberty, the ____________ of physical changes is far more predictable than their timing. A. biology B. sexual maturation C. timing D. sequence
D.
Chromosomes are molecules of:
DNA
Correct: audition.
Damage to the basilar membrane is MOST likely to affect one's: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. vision. vestibular sense. audition. sense of smell.
Correct: Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves
Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of colorblindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color? . Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves. Everything looks black, gray, or white. A pound of butter looks to be the same color as the blue dish on which it is resting. The blue sky and green grass appear to be the same color.
operant
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Dan is using _____ conditioning to train Rocket.
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Correct: high amplitude
Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. low amplitude long wavelength short wavelength high amplitude
Correct: the signal detection theory.
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the signal detection theory. the effects of priming. the threshold between the two groups of parents. the processing of subliminal stimulation.
Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
Development of the frontal lobe of the brain
Sensory adaptation can be defined as what?
Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation
Garcia and Koelling
Discovered taste aversion when looking at effects of radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats developed an aversion for this water. -also, taste aversion occurred but not to sights and sounds, this supports Darwin's natural selection theory
Habituates
Disturbed by a squirt of water, the sea slug Aplysia protectively withdraws its gill. If the squirts continuem as happens naturally in choppy water, the withdrawakl response diminishes. We say the slug __
relative size.
Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. linear perspective. relative size. interposition. . convergence.
fixed-interval
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
Cognitive maps
Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? A. Latent learning B. Insight C. Cognitive maps D. Intrinsic motivation E. Extrinsic motivation
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:
Emerging adulthood
For humans, the placement of two ears allows them to what?
Enjoy stereophonic hearing
conventional
Eric is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer at Buddy Ball this summer, helping disabled children play baseball. Eric knows that this will look good on his college applications. He is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
generativity vs. stagnation
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.
Instinctive drift
Example of __ - Each animal comes into the world (and the laboratory) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place. - These instincts differ from species to species - There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning EX: racons commonly dunk their food in and out of water before eating. This "washing" behavior is controlled by instinct and difficult to change even using operant techniques
Positive punishment
Example of __ - Spray water on a misbehaving cat - give a speeding ticket
Negative punishment
Example of __ - Take away driving privileges for bad grades - Revoke credit card for misspending
Fixed-interval schedule
Example of __ -pay every 2 weeks -check to see if mail has arrived when time is approaching
Variable-interval schedule
Example of __ -persistence in checking for email reply or facebook response
Variable-ratio schedule
Example of ___ -pulling a lever at a slot machine -fly fishing
Negative reinforcement (Not a punishment)
Examples of ___ -taking an aspirin removes a headache -hitting snooze silences (takes away) the alarm
Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may:
Exceed the sum of its parts.
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:
Experience greater contentment
Correct: sensation; perception
Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. perception; sensation transduction; sensation perception; transduction sensation; perception
Due to complication from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?
Fetus
Due to complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?
Fetus.
rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus.
mirror neurons
Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys.
observational learning
Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through: the law of effect. observational learning. latent learning. classical conditioning.
George received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a rewards program. He reads on to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all because he only receives a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.
Fixed-ratio
formal operational
Following the death of a local teenager, Melissa came to believe that the teen had been profiled as a potential threat because he was African-American. She decided to join in the protests and actively engaged in public demonstrations in her community and high school. Melissa has entered which stage of development, according to Piaget?
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer?
Food
1. Attention: to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model 2. Memory: the leaner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show 3. Imitation: the learner must capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model 4. Motivation: finally, the learner must have the desire to perform the action Easy way to remember the 4 is to remember the letter AMIM
Four elements of observational learning
modeling
Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.
The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, and no rods.
Fovea
The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as
Frequency
The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.
Gestalt
variable ratio
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. variable-ratio fixed-ratio fixed-interval latent-interval
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.
Generativity VS. Stagnation
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack or purpose.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
a sense of purpose.
Gerard just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He feels that this gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he is able to balance his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Gerard is probably feeling:
According to Rachel Simmons, what are some difference between girls and boys regarding social bullying? What are some categories of "weapons" that girls use to social bully?
Girls bully friends. Girls use verbal aggression. Call names, exclusion, whisper & point.
a shared room with a television that is near a window.
Given what is known about the relationship between distraction and pain, if Charlene is trying to pick the BEST hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, she should pick: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. any room because the type of room doesn't matter. a quiet room with no window. a single room with a window facing a brick wall. a shared room with a television that is near a window.
According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to:
Group nearby figures together
A perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:
Grouping.
MOST hearing losses are results of damage to the:
Hair cells.
Correct: umami.
Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of: sweet. umami. bitter. salty.
the sound of the electric can opener
Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus. a. the can of cat food b. the dish that Harmony puts the food in c. the cat scurrying into the kitchen d. Harmony coming into the kitchen e. the sound of the electric can opener
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
He realizes his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette
_____ is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.
Hearing
Conditioning
Helps an animal survive and reproduce—by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?
Her frontal lobes are growing.
Correct: five
How many basic types of taste are there? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. four six five three
1. Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish 2. Punishment should be consistent 3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior
How to make punishment more effective
In terms of a person's sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to _____.
Hue; brightness
mirror neuron
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a(n) _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.
mirror nueron
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? mirror neuron sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron
higher-order conditioning
If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also being to trigger salivation
operant
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
Higher-order conditioning
Imagine that something makes us very afraid (perhaps a guard dog associated with a previous dog bite. If something else, such as the sound of a barking dog, brings to mind that guard dog, the bark alone may make us feel a little afraid
latent learning
In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of __________. a. latent learning b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. insight learning e. vicarious learning
acquisition
In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the bell along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process. a. acquisition b. testing c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery e. higher-order conditioning
conditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n): conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.
Egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Concrete Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6/7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
An animal can learn the predictability of an event
In Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner's (1972) classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? An animal can learn the predictability of an event. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.
fear of the white rat
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise fear of the white rat playful behavior with the rat
fear of white rat
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise
fear of a loud noise
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise
white rat
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was: a rabbit. a white rat. a loud noise. a gunshot.
classical
In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.
operant
In _____ conditioning an organism's biological predispositions determine that organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.
classical
In _____ conditioning natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated.
Robert Rescorla
In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event. Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner John B. Watson Robert Rescorla
Correct: precognition.
In a song inspired by the classic television show The Twilight Zone, an American vocal group sang the lines, "Unpretentious girl from Memphis saw the future through her third eye." These lines underscore a specific extrasensory perception ability called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. telepathy. precognition. clairvoyance. psychokinesis.
mirror neurons
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of: mirror neurons. the hippocampus. cerebellum. occipital lobe.
mirror neurons
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of: mirror neurons. the hippocampus. occipital lobe. cerebellum.
Correct: dependent
In an experiment described in the textbook, preschool children preferred the taste of french fries served in a McDonald's bag to the taste of identical fries served in a plain white bag. Taste preference is a(n) _____ variable in this study. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. control dependent independent random
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____. we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence; we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn by avoiding punishment; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn through observation; we learn through imitation
events
In classical conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating _____, while in operant conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).
conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus that unconditionally-naturally-and automatically-triggers a response. (UR)
conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US).
constrain
In classical conditioning, biological predispositions _____ what stimuli and responses can be easily associated.
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. EX: Pavlov and his his associates had to confront the question of timing: How much time should elapse between presenting the NS (the tone, the light, the touch) and the US (the food)
conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR).
naturally triggers a response
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response b. is a naturally occurring response c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d. objectively studies psychology e. is Pavlovian
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. neutral stimulus conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR)
reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.
In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that: reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns.
after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.
In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs.
likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
In observational learning, the most effective models are those: who are perceived as different from the observer. who are respected only a little by the general population. who use inconsistent actions and words. likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. enhanced performance due to observing a behavior. a prior exposure to a stimulus.
Watson
In searching for laws underlying learning, __ (1913) urged his colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives. The science of psychology should instead study how organisms respond to stimuli in their environments. Psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior
Marlene wakes up early in the morning and her room is fairly dark. She looks over and sees her shirt hanging on a hook. She knows it's her red shirt because she hung it up there before she went to bed, but in the dark she cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to her. Why is that?
In the dim light, the cones in a person's eyes are ineffectual.
successive approximations
In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________. a. primary reinforcers b. successive approximations c. secondary reinforcers d. unconditioned stimuli e. secondary reinforcers
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women __________, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a women 19-26 years old.
In their 30's.
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.
In their 30s
Correct: loudness
In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to people's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension does the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. frequency hue pitch loudness
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A _____ is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A _________ is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: not punishment.)
The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the what?
Inner ear
The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the:
Inner ear
Ideally, older adults believe that their lives have had meaning and purpose. That is, they feel a sense of:
Integrity
_____ refers to the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which a person perceives as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.
Intensity
Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was MOST clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:
Interposition
_____ occurs when one object partially blocks a person's view of another, and the unblocked object is perceived as closer.
Interposition
Assimilation
Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
preconventional
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:
Iris
Does perceptual set involve bottom-up or top-down processing? Why?
It involves top-down processing, because it draws on your experiences, assumptions, and expectations when interpreting stimuli.
9
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _____ years.
social identity.
James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his:
chemotherapy
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the _____.
unconditioned response
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: neutral stimulus. unconditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response.
Correct: are always turned on.
Janet suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. travel to the wrong part of her brain. are always turned on. fail to turn off. cannot control her pain.
Correct: vision is partly an acquired sense.
Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (for example, hair color) but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. vision can be restored completely, even if a person was blind from an early age. there is no critical period for normal visual development. vision does not involve experience or learning. vision is partly an acquired sense.
intimacy vs. isolation.
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:
sex
Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.
observational
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis? latent learning observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning
observable behavior
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. emotional outcomes. observable behavior. genetic predispositions.
habitual behavior
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of: habitual behavior. adaptability. spontaneous recovery. instinct.
Correct: vestibular
Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense. vestibular auditory gustatory olfactory
The Moon illusion refers to people's tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:
Large when it is near the horizon
Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning
Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions? A. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior B. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible C. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning D. Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers E. Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning
learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
Latent learning is: highly resistant to extinction. based on extrinsic rewards. best explained by the law of effect. learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
pain
Laurie has a persistent itch on her arm. This is MOST likely caused by the action of _____ receptors.
observational, bandura
Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____. secondary; Pavlov secondary; Skinner observational; Watson observational; Bandura
latent
Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called: classical conditioning. latent learning. operant conditioning. repressed learning.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What is the rapid sequence of events that occurs when you see and recognize a friend?
Light waves reflect off your friend and travel into your eyes. Receptor cells in your retina convert the light waves' energy into neural impulses sent to your brain. Your brain detector cells and work teams process the different parts of this visual input — including movement, form, depth, and color — on separate but parallel paths. Your brain interprets this information, based on previously stored information and your expectations, and forms a conscious perception of your friend.
A person read about an accident at a rail-crossing and wondered about the cause. Perhaps it was caused by _____ (a monocular cue concerning parallel lines), which might have led the car's driver to overestimate the distance of the train.
Linear perspective
The amplitude of sound wave determines what aspect of hearing?
Loudness
Discrimination
Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a. Habituation b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Habituation
association; observation and imitation
MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. conscious thoughts; unconscious thoughts conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors observation and imitation; association association; observation and imitation
cochlea; rods and cones
Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. eardrum; rods and cones cochlea; rods and cones cochlea; ganglion cells eardrum; ganglion cells
classical
Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning.
behavior modeling
Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting, but also are able to observe the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers. classical conditioning latent learning behavior modeling operant conditioning
Correct: sensation; perception
Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. transduction; sensation perception; sensation perception; transduction sensation; perception
generalization
Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates:
crying
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.
bee sting
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.
Learned helplessness
Martin Seligman's theory (discovered with dogs in 2 situations) that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality)
interaction
Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.
Variable-interval
Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule A. Fixed-interval B. Variable-interval C. Variable-ratio D. Fixed-ratio E. Continuous
Correct: didn't feel any pain until after the game.
Max is a catcher for a professional baseball team. Last week he injured his groin while playing, but finished out the game. It is MOST likely that Max: knows he will feel better after the game. was distracted by the pain. was never in pain. didn't feel any pain until after the game.
Correct: Her pupils are dilating.
Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes? Her irises are constricting. Her lenses are stiffening. Her pupils are dilating. Her corneas are expanding.
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones that make up the what?
Middle ear
synethesia
Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a conditioned called _____.
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe, observationAL learning
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____. frontal lobe; observational learning temporal lobe; operant conditioning frontal lobe; classical conditioning temporal lobe; observational learning
frontal lobe
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning.
the theory of mind
Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as: the law of effect. classical conditioning. the theory of mind. operant conditioning.
acquiring
Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the _____ of aggressive behavior through observational learning.
extrinsic
Money is to _____ reward as enjoyment of an activity is to intrinsic reward.
Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of what?
Monocular cues
Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:
More self assured, popular, and independent
Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:
More self-assured, popular, and independent.
Do the smartest kids tend to lie more or less? Why?
More. Because they know they will be punished.
Correct: To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose.
Morrie has had a cold for five days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he drinks his coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this? A chemical reaction has occurred between the caffeine and the cold medicine. The coffee was too hot to taste. To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose. Morrie's cold has affected his taste buds.
two stimuli
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: two stimuli. a neutral stimulus and a reward. something observed and its consequences. a response and its consequences.
Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a larger stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" What are the likely results to this question?
Most will say no.
In Albert Bandura's experiment, those children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll compared to children not exposed to the adult model.
Much more likely
Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which alternative hypothesis might explain the correlations?
Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.
It is at the end of the _____ stage of sleep that children may wet the bed.
NREM-3
Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now you need to wake him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleeptalking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was MOST likely in _____ sleep.
NREM-3
Acquisition
NS+US=NS-->CR
negative punishment
Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n): conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment. negative reinforcer.
Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:
Negative punishment
5 year old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
Neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes
Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?
No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be haltered or reversed by:
Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be halter or reversed by:
Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging.
Why are children often repelled by the taste of novel meat dishes and bitter vegetables?
Novel or bitter foods were considered potentially toxic by our ancestors.
menarche
Nyla is 11 years old and has breast buds and visible pubic hair. What physical change is likely to happen next?
Antisocial effects
Observational learning can also pass on abuse and aggression. Lessons learned when young are not easily replaced as adults
Bandura
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is __________. a. Watson b. Thorndike c. Skinner d. Bandura e. Tolman
Extinction
Occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced EX: pulling lever and m&m comes out but next time you pull the lever nothing comes out so you the next time you don't pull the lever
Learned association
Often operate subtly and feed our habitiaul behaviors EX: give people a red pen (associated with error marking) rather than black pen and, when correcting essays, they will spot more erros and give lower grades. EX: when voting, people are more likley to support taxes to aid education if their assigned voting place is in a school EX: As we repeat behaviors in a given context- sleeping in a certain posture in bed, walking certain routes from class to class, eating popcorn in a movie theater- the behaviors become associated with the contexts
1. Classical conditioning 2. Operate conditioning
Often, though, they occur together, as on one Japanese cattle ranch, where the clever rancher outfitted his herd with electronic pagers, which he calls from his cell phone. After a week of training, the animals learn to associate two stimuli-the beep on their pager and the arrival of food (_1.) But they also learn to associate their hustling to the food trough with the pleasure of eating (2.)
_____ refers to our sense of smell.
Olfaction
observational learning
One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning. observational learning.
Observational learning
One form of cognitive learning, lets us learn from others' experiences. EX: chimpanzees sometimes learn behaviors merely by watching others perform them. If one animal sees another solve a puzzle and gain a food reward, the observer may perform the trick more quickly.
increase
One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease a behavior.
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: dogs anticipate and expect events. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms.
John Garcia
One of the first researchers to experimentally demonstrate the existence of taste aversions and other exceptions to the general laws of classical conditioning. His research emphasized the importance of the evolutionary forces that shape the learning process. He challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well
Fluid Intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
Fetus
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
A 65 year old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20 year old counterpart
One-third
A 65-year-old retina only about ________ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.
One-third.
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:
Operant conditioning
_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas, _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant; respondent
What is the "diagonal crawl?" How many crawling styles have researches differentiated? What is a second crawling style?
Opposite limbs together, power from legs, arms absorb impact. Seven (ex. Elephant: one limb at a time).
Crystallized Intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Correct: consciousness.
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is referred to as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. behaviorism. tinnitus. consciousness. the endocrine system.
Identity
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Self Concept
Our understanding and evaluation of who we are
According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Correct: fovea.
Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fovea. iris. rods. cornea.
hypothetical reasoning
Paulette is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Paulette has become capable of: _____.
higher-order conditioning
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________. a. higher-order conditioning b. neoclassical conditioning c. generalization d. operant conditioning e. stimulus substitution
Unconditioned stimulus
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) A. Unconditioned response B. Unconditioned stimulus C. Conditioned response D. Conditioned stimulus E. Generalization
objective
Pavlov's success suggested a scientific model for how the young discipline of psychology might proceed: by isolating the basic building blocks of complex behaviors and studying them with _____ laboratory procedures.
operant
People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.
classical
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.
Theory of Mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
_____ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Perception
_____ refers to the top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory inputs.
Perception
top-down
Perceptual analysis that is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations is called _____ processing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. subliminal bottom-up top-down adaptive
People recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact that illustrates:
Perceptual constancy
Even though it is completely dark outside and she is inside her house, Clare knows that the color of her car as well as the size of it has not changed. This is an example of:
Perceptual constancy.
Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _____. He shows his study participants, a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related.
Perceptual set
After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
Perceptual set.
Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
Perceptual set.
Both _____ and _____ indicate how a person's experiences help people construct perceptions.
Perceptual set; context
When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is MOST likely caused by what?
Perceptual sets
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.
Pitch
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the what of these sounds?
Pitch
The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense what?
Pitch
The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense:
Pitch.
Hermann von Helmholtz speculated that people hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. His theory is called what?
Place theory
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcers=increased behavior
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior EX: behavior modeling is used in schools and work places
After a rap concert, Dominique notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates:
Possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.
During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rathe than logical reasoning.
Preoperational
During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.
Preoperational.
The textbook recommends a study method called _____ that emphasizes active processing.
SQ3R
Pavlov's experiment
Presented a neutral stimulus (a bell or tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (putting the food in the bowl). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response
__________________ further develop during adolescence. These changes are associated with reproductive organs, such as the maturation of ovaries, uterus, penis, and testes.
Primary sex characteristics
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Correct: perceptual sets.
Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are not related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on: sensory adaptation. subliminal sensation. perceptual sets. Weber's law.
Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years at a time before there were government regulations safeguarding noise levels. The MOST likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and what?
Prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise
According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of:
Proximity
The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of what?
Proximity
The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:
Proximity
Dr. Garner studies the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and observers' subjective impression of their brightness. Dr. Garner's area of study is:
Psychophysics
sexual
Puberty is the period of _____maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
decreases; increases
Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding. decreases; increases increases; decreases decreases; decreases has no effect on; has no effect on
increases
Punishment decreases the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the:
Pupil
Correct: perceptual set.
Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. retinal disparity. perceptual set. interposition. relative luminance.
To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which research study would you conduct?
Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.
Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color?
Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves.
There is no scientific support for ESP.
Regarding the scientific status of extrasensory perception (ESP), which statement is MOST accurate? There is no scientific support for ESP. There is some scientific support for ESP. The scientific evidence on ESP is mixed. There is substantial scientific support for ESP.
Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as what?
Relative size
Spontaneous recovery
Reoccurrence of a once extinguished response also happens in classical conditioning
cause desensitization to violence
Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to: cause more emotional responsiveness to violence. cause avoidance of media violence. increase the fear of violent behavior. cause desensitization to observed violence.
The CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that A. The CS substitutes for the UCS B. There is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS C. The CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS D. Reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event Punishment always works more effectively
the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________. a. the CS substitutes for the UCS b. there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS c. the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS d. reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event e. stimulus substitution must occur to permit the connection between the CS and UCS
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
unconditioned stimulus
Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) _____.
mirror neurons
Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating: the law of effect. mirror neurons. latent learning. classical conditioning.
Tolman
Responsible for cognitive and Latent learning EX: after exploring a maze, __ discovered that rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Successive approximations
Rewards closer and closer behaviors
_____ is to possible hearing damage as pain is to possible bodily harm.
Ringing of the ears
Perceptual sets are the result of _____, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
Schemas
cognitive map
Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you always travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using your _____ of the area to devise a different route.
cognition
Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning. observational learning cognition positive reinforcement negative reinforcement
postconventional
Robin is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because she wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as she is. Robin has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.
_____ are retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, whereas _____ detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Rods; cones
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs
Conditioned response
Salivation in response to the tone, however, is learned. Because it is conditional upon the dog's associating the tone and the food, we call this response
Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.
Sanwich
This process of learning associations is Conditioning
Sea slug associates the squirt with an impending shock; the seal associates slapping and barking with a herring treat. Each animal has learned something important to its survival: predicting the immediate future
food
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? food praise money grades
Cross- _____ studies compare people of different ages with one another.
Sectional
depression
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain__________. a. autism b. ADHD c. schizophrenia d. alcohol abuse e. depression
_____ refers to the process by which people detect stimulus energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.
Sensation
What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the bottom-up process by which your sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process by which your brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what your senses detect.
Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause what?
Sensorineural hearing loss
What occurs when there is damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves?
Sensorineural hearing loss
Billy Bob works at the airport as part of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:
Sensorineural hearing loss.
If Tom moves his watchband up his wrist an inch, he will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates what?
Sensory adaptation
The minute Karen walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Karen no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of:
Sensory adaptation.
When Sheila arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, she noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As she finished changing, she did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
Sensory adaptation.
Which activity MOST clearly takes place in the rods and cones?
Sensory transduction
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: explain how classical conditioning works. decrease an undesirable behavior. condition taste aversions in rats. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
Jackie is worried about her young children's exposure to the violence on television. Her friend does NOT tell Jackie which statement?
She should not worry.
Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?
She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.
__________is the weakest sense in newborns.
Sight
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by what?
Signal detection theory
Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through when the other officer yells, "Wait, did you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by what?
Signal detection theory
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:
Signal detection theory.
The assumption that a car is large enough to carry people, even when viewing its tiny image from two blocks away, illustrates the concept of _____.
Size constancy
Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.
Social
mirror neurons
Some theorists have speculated that people with autism display reduced imitative yawning and difficulty modeling other observed behaviors because of broken: modeling neurons. mirror neurons. imitation neurons. observational neurons.
This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
Embryo
The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization throughout the second month
Negative Reinforcement
Stopping negative reinforcers=increased behavior
emotional
Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one's suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input. emotional aggressive memory perceptual
What occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?
Subliminal stimulation
_____ occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Subliminal stimulation
Correct: Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.
Suppose someone stares at an illustration of the American flag for a while and then glances at a blank white page. Why do the red stripes look green when the person glances at the blank page? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Cones responsive to red light stop firing. Opponent-process cells activated by green light begin adapting. Cones responsive to green light begin firing. Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.
learning
Suppose you see and smell freshly baked bread, eat some, and find it satisfying. Next time you see and smell fresh bread, you will expect frightening consequence, hearing the sound alone may trigger your fear
accommodate
Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to adjust, or _____.
classical conditioning
Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning
There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning
Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions A. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses B. There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning C. Animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops D. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism E. An unconditioned stimulus must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur
mirror neuron
Ted is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. Some theorists would speculate that this is because he has a broken _____ system.
All of the following are true about death and dying EXCEPT:
Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger.
What must children understand about what the experimenter knows in order to believe lying might be a good strategy to avoid punishment?
That the experimenter are unaware if they looked or not. Before this age, children believe parents can read their minds; your mind is different than others.
insight learning
The "aha!" experience is known as __________. a. latent learning b. insight learning c. thoughtful learning d. serial enumeration e. observational learning
Social Identity
The "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the _____.
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate
You just found out that your sister conceived about 7 days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate and/or the embryo has doubled its size.
unconditioned response
The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:
operant
The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
operant conditioning
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement. observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning reflex behavior
rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.
The concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that: animals only learn through the use of reinforcement. rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. only humans can develop cognitive maps of their environments. learning will not occur unless behavior is developed though the principles of the law of effect.
Tolman
The concept of latent learning was developed by __________. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Bandura e. Tolman
Social Clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as married, parenthood, and retirement
predictive
The difference between Robert Rescorla's view of classical conditioning and that of John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov is the importance Rescorla placed on organisms to actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and to determine if the stimulus has _____ value.
Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. Susan's reaction relates to the concept of:
The difference threshold.
nature, nurture
The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____. classical conditioning; operant conditioning nature; nurture habitual behavior; nurture observational learning; nurture
Extiniction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operate
Correct: perceptual constancy.
The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form, regardless of how the viewing angle changes, illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. interposition. perceptual set. binocular cues. perceptual constancy.
bandura
The famous Bobo doll experiment was conducted by _____ and showed the power of observational learning.
Albert Bandura; observational learning
The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect Albert Bandura; observational learning
children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded
The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: children quickly form cognitive maps of the sources of reinforcements. girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys. children can be classically conditioned to fear any animal. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.
Stranger Anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age
Zygote
The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Correct: middle
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the _____ ear. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. outer inner middle tympanic
keller and marian breland
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____. Albert Bandura Edward L. Thorndike Keller and Marian Breland Ivan Pavlov
operant conditioning
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. effective based learning d. spontaneous recovery e. observational learning
thorndike
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Garcia Pavlov Skinner Thorndike
thorndike
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Skinner Thorndike Pavlov Garcia
Correct: transduction.
The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. conduction. transmission. detection. transduction.
Thorndike
The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is __________. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Pavlov d. Bandura e. Thorndike
Albert Bandura
The pioneering researcher of observational learning -Using a situation with a Bobo doll, __ demonstrated that through observational learning, was experienced vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment -We learn to model by those we see as similar to ourselves and those who are successful or admirable
How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?
The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.
Conversation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of the concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
modeling
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.
modeling
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____. reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.
In the sorting task used by Philip Zelazo, why do 3 year olds have trouble learning the second rule?
The second rule is following colour rather than shape. Aware of second rule, but unable to follow through. Preoperational. In a second trial, the shape rule is the second rule, and is still unable to follow through. Children are stuck on first rule they learn.
road construction; brake pedal
The selective pruning of unused neurons and connections in the adolescent brain are to _______ as adolescent impulsivity and risk taking are to an absent _______.
Why is it after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them?
The shoes provide constant stimulation. Thanks to sensory adaption, we tend to focus primarily on changing stimuli.
stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________. a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus adaptation c. response generalization d. transfer of habit strength e. higher-order conditioning
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response
imitation, desensitization
The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____. imitation; desensitization latent learning; desensitization observational learning; latent learning prosocial modeling; antisocial modeling
sensation is necessary for perception.
There is no scientific support for extrasensory perception (ESP). With respect to the distinction between sensation and perception, that means that: perception may occur in the absence of sensation. sensation always yields perception. sensation is necessary for perception. sensation and perception can operate independently.
Why is it that older people account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes when they have slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road as compared to younger adults?
They drive less than younger adults
Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?
They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.
conventional
Thirteen-year-old Amata repeatedly tells her mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."
Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive emergency medical technician came over to her, Erin MOST likely said:
struggling with intimacy issues.
Thirty-year-old Ana frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. She is worried about finding the "right man." According to Erik Erikson, Ana is MOST likely:
spontaneous recovery
This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. negative conditioning spontaneous recovery acquisition generalization
A puzzle box
Thorndike was known for his work with A. A Skinner box B. A puzzle box C. Modeling D. Elementary school children E. Monkeys
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. law of effect b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. respondent behavior e. discrimination
classical conditioning
Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of: operant conditioning. the law of effect. classical conditioning. observational learning.
What refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another?
Transduction
positive punishment
To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative reinforcer. negative punishment.
Correct: The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.
To what extent can the temporal and place theories explain the perception of high- and low-pitched sounds? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. Neither the temporal nor the place theory can explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds. The place theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.
biphychosocial
Today's learning theorists recognize that our learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences. biopsychosocial social biological psychological
Individuals interpret what their senses detect using what?
Top-down processing
Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates what?
Top-down processing
Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called what?
Top-down processing.
Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called:
Top-down processing.
What activates the grasping reflex? How much weight can the baby's grasp support? What must the baby learn to do regarding the grasping reflex? Does this reflex continue throughout life?
Touch the palm of the hand. Made to hold onto mother's fur and trees. Reflex does not continue.
Carla opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:
Transduction
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:
Two Stimuli
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response is called a(n):
Unconditioned Stimuls
Pavlov and watson
Underestimated the importance of cognitive processes (thoughts, perceptions, expectations) and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity. Thought the basic laws of learning were essentially similar in all animals. -if the organism learns an expectancy or awareness, the US is more likely to be acquired
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.
Variable- Ratio
theory of mind
Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called _____.
repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat.
How do we normally perceive depth?
We are normally able to perceive depth thanks to (1) binocular cues (such as retinal disparity), and (2) monocular cues(which include relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion).
Closure
We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. Thus we assume that the circles on the left are complete but partially blocked by the (illusory) triangle. Add nothing more than little line segments to close off the circles and your brain stops constructing a triangle.
Proximity
We group nearby figures together. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.
Operant conditioning
We learn to associate a response (our behaviors) and its consequence. Thus we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed bu good results and avoid acts followed by bad results
Continuity
We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This pattern could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous lines—one wavy, one straight.
The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called:
Weber's law
The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates:
Weber's law.
Biological influences, psychological influences and social-culture influences
What are the three influences on learning
Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults
What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? A. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults B. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior C. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what adults do D. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development E. Observational learning can explain the development of fear in children
Extrinsic motivation
What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment A. Latent learning B. Extrinsic motivation C. Intrinsic motivation D. Insight learning E. Emotion-focused coping
Not likely. With but a few exceptions, conditioning doesn't happen when the NS follows the US. To Pavlov's dog's, the originally neutral tone became a (CS) after signaling an important biological event-the arrival of food (US). (Remember, classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events)
What do you suppose would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?
That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again
What does Edward Thorndike's law of effect state? A. The difference between positive and negative reinforcement B. That behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement C. How shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning D. That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again E. The limited effectiveness of punishment
Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat? Stimulus discrimination occurred: Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.
To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning
What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons? A. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response B. To help produced intrinsic motivation in some children C. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning D. To produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning E. To explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior
digestive system
What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning? reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells the digestive system the role of hormones in exploratory behavior the use of food rewards in training dogs
positive reinforcement
What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? aversive stimuli punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement
positive reinforcement
What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? negative reinforcement positive reinforcement aversive stimuli punishment
Correct: opponent-process theory
What theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of afterimages? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. place theory Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theoryopponent-process theory frequency theory
A loud noise
What was unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? A. A rat B. A loud noise C. A high chair D. A platform table E. A small enclosed space
Extinction
What would happen, Pavlov wondered, if after conditioning, the CS occurred repeatedly without the US? If the tone sounded again and again, but no food appeared, would the tone still trigger salivation? The answer was mixed. The dogs salivated less and less, a reaction known as ___, the dismissed responding that occurs when the CS (tone) no longer signals an impending US (food)
The pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air
When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that A. Food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur B. The pigs ate the coins C. When given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials D. The pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air E. The pig showed intrinsic interest in the task so reinforcement was not necessary
the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose.
When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that __________. a. food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur b) when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials c) the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose. d) the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary e) the pig showed so little interest in the task that it did not learn anything
adaptation
When Ryan arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.
observation
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: observation. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. neural networks.
Sensory adaptation
When constantly exposed to an unchanging stimulus, we become less aware of it because our nerve cells fire less frequently.
When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson
When is prosocial modeling most effective? A. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson B. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses C. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct D. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model E. When the model is well-known
extinction
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called __________. a. CR fading b. extinction c. habituation d. generalization fading e. stimulus substitution
Correct: 60
When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 20 60 85 110
Self-control
Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success A. Self-control B. Locus of control C. Problem-focused coping D. Learned helplessness E. Emotion-focused coping
Garcia
Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions? a. Seligman b. Garcia c. Skinner d. Watson e. Pavlov
A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded
Which of the following illustrates generalization? A. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded B. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer C. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on D. A pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again E. A child is startled when the doorbell rings
a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior? a. a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior b. a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior c. a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented d. a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior e. a child behaving in school to receive a gold star
Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.
Which of the following is NOT one of the significant findings of Pavlov's research in classical conditioning? Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms. Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment. Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.
a gold star
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. water b. food c. shelter d. a gold star e. a hug
A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball
Which of the following is an application of shaping? A. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball B. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement C. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on D. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement E. A gambler continues to play a slot machine, even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays, and he has lost a significant amount of money
birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight
Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? humans developing a taste aversion to food and the restaurant where the food was served birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight chimpanzees learning American Sign Language dogs learning to sit on command
Observational learning
Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning A. Observational learning B. Modeling C. Mirror neuron imitation D. Prosocial model E. Imitation
The risk of misremembering our own actions
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? A. Actual physical injury B. The risk of misremembering our own actions C. Interference with associative learning D. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli E. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting
All of these statements are true.
Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? a. The effect of punishment is often temporary. b. Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety. c. Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d. Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior. e. All of these statements are true.
mirror neurons
Which of the following neurons fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed? imitation neurons observational neurons modeling neurons mirror neurons
Modeling
Which of the following processes is the best terms for explaining how we learn languages A. Biofeedback B. Discrimination C. Modeling D. Insight E. Creativity
Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times
Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response? A. Repeatedly present an unconditioned response B. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus C. Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus D. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times E. Present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response
robert
Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson
Robert Rescorla
Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla
Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.
Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's beliefs is true? Skinner advocated greater use of punishment and negative reinforcement to control behavior. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. Skinner strongly advocated the study of cognitive processes to understand behavior. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was not a valid explanation of behavior.
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.
Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift? The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. Over time, reflexive behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior.
An discriminative stimulus
Which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between A. Negative reinforcement B. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement C. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement D. Extinction E. An discriminative stimulus
bandura
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? Watson Bandura Skinner Pavlov
john garcia
Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson John Garcia
Correct: organization; sensation; identification
Which set contains a discrepant element? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensation; registration; stimulation perception; interpretation; organization organization; sensation; identification Incorrect: identification; perception; interpretation identification; perception; interpretation
observational learning
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act? a. insight learning Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others. b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning e. latent learning
classical
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
involuntary (automatic); voluntary
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. conscious; unconscious latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary voluntary; involuntary (automatic)
involuntary (automatic); voluntary
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary conscious; unconscious voluntary; involuntary (automatic)
voluntary
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. involuntary (automatic) voluntary latent unconscious
Thorndike
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses? a. Pavlov b. Watson c. Bandura d. Skinner e. Thorndike
The emotion areas of the brain were activated when they thought about pushing the person.
Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?
...
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. at a variable rate; at a specific rate every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement
every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. at a variable rate; at a specific rate every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement
Does fertility decline in men?
Yes, fertility declines in men around age 50.
embodied
You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person who you really hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of a(n) _____ cognition.
Correct: high-frequency; low-frequency
You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the gas. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. high-frequency; low-frequency low-amplitude; high-amplitude high-amplitude; low-amplitude low-frequency; high-frequency
the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you ring the bell. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because __________. a. the bell was not a distinctive sound b. the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit c. you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit d. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation e. the biscuit was not an appropriate reinforcer
Insight
You don't understand what your teacher wrote on the board for a math problem but when you ask a classmate for help to understand, it makes more sense now
linear perspective
You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.
spontaneous recovery
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? a. counterconditioning b. instinctive drift c. stimulus substitution d. stimulus discrimination e. spontaneous recovery
According to the _____, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
positive
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Neutral reinforcement
Bandura
_____ is a pioneering learning researcher who highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.
Giacomo Rizzolatti
_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys. Giacomo Rizzolatti Edward L. Thorndike Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov
giocomo
_____ is the researcher who discovered the function of mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.
generalization
_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS), whereas discrimination is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). ]
Frontal
_____ lobe development during adolescence includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
negative
_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
Cognitive Map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
Structuralism
a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.
A research study indicated that the more work-related stress one feels, the less satisfied one feels about their marriage. This finding illustrates:
a negative correlation between work-related stress and marital happiness.
Reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Tom stayed up way too late last night and his eyes are tired. He closes his eyes, and as he rubs his eye, he notices a white light. This is because:
a person's retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from a person's hand triggers them.
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
Derwood is 8 years old and likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades, and in several instances his friends have laughed at the things he has done. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood may develop:
a sense of inferiority.
perceptual set
a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see.
Conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, gold stars, or money
Neutral Stimulus
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Conditioned Reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer
SQ3R
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
The BEST example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is: a. GABA b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. glutamate
a. GABA
The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar: a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Pavlov d. Freud
a. Piaget
In an unprecedented convergence of several "folds" in the space-time continuum, Sigmund Freud, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner appear simultaneously at the 2016 convention of the Association for Psychological Science in Chicago, Illinois. Which psychologist would be MOST gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes? a. Sigmund Freud b. both Watson and Skinner would be gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner
a. Sigmund Freud
Which example BEST illustrates hindsight bias? a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup b. You believe that previously infertile couples will become pregnant after adopting a child c. You predicted you would earn 80 percent on your test, but you only earned 70 percent. d. You meet a person on the street and feel an instant attraction. Later on, you tell a friend about the encounter and state that you just met the person you will marry.
a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
The only way to demonstrate _____ is to conduct an experiment rather than a correlational study. a. cause and effect b. the strength of the relationship between variables c. statistical-significance d. the order in random events
a. cause and effect
Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called _____ rhythms. a. circadian b. diurnal c. cyclic d. biological
a. circadian
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a: a. concept of conservation b. secure attachment c. sense fo object permanence d. capacity for habituation
a. concept of conservation
Mary often challenges herself to be aware of preconceptions and assumptions and to engage in reflective thinking. Her friends sometimes accurately refer to her as a(n) ______ thinker. a. critical b. intuitive c. reasoned d. biased
a. critical
According to Erikson, adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society. a. generativity b. initiative c. identity d. integrity
a. generativity
_____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. a. hindsight b. predictive c. overconfidence d. operational
a. hindsight
The results of Joachim's research showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He decided that his original hypothesis that 200 milligrams of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent needed to be revised by increasing the drug dosage to 300 milligrams. This increase in Drug R is a manipulation of the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. experimental method d. control condition
a. independent variable
Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons in the human body, which type of neuron would you be LEAST likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them? a. interneurons b. sensory neurons c. motor neurons d. threshold neurons
a. interneurons
Dr. Zimmerman's study on love was controversial, and other researchers wished to verify the results for themselves. In order to replicate the findings, which aspect of Dr. Zimmerman's study is MOST critical? a. operational definitions b. the list of participants c. the control group d. statistical analyses
a. operational definitions
Which statement is TRUE with respect to the relationship between psychological experimentation and the real world? a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world b. psychologists do their best to re-create the real world in the laboratory c. experimental results ultimately say little about the real world d. experimental psychologists are mostly interested in relatively simple behaviors and situations
a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world
_____ refers to the simultaneous analysis of many aspects of a stimulu a. parallel processing b. priming c. synchronous processing d. opponent processing
a. parallel processing
A brain tumor has slowly robbed Mr. Schneider of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his _____ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal
a. parietal
When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating: a. perception b. adaptation c. sensation d. priming
a. perception
In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied to people in non-Western societies. This research reflects the _____ perspective in contemporary psychology. a. social-cultural b. psychodynamic c. neuroscience d. cognitive
a. social-cultural
When Robin was born she weighed under 3 pounds. She also struggled with respiratory problems due to a lack of ________ in her lungs. a. surfactant b. myelin c. chorion d. oxytocin
a. surfactant
A _____ is part of a(n) _____. a. terminal branch; axon b. cell body; dendrite c. cell body; axon d. terminal branch; dendrite
a. terminal branch; axon
A large pharmaceutical company has a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in anxiety. Which statement would be a possible hypothesis for this study? a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders b. participants will take the medication for two months, and their anxiety symptoms will be assessed for possible change c. one survey will assess initial anxiety levels, and another one will assess anxiety levels after taking the medication d. one hundred participants will be recruited, half in the experimental group and half in the control group
a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders
As compared with the adult brain, the newborn's brain has________ neurons.
about the same number of
A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment in half of a set of trials. This is a(n)
absolute threshold
A weak correlation is indicated by a(n)
absolute value near zero
Childhood is to adolescence as concrete images are to _____ ideas.
abstract
When Ryan arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.
adaptation
Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:
adolescence
high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
all of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box b. cold drink on a hot day c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently d. hug from a loved one e. large meal following an extended time without food
Coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of animal researchers who support the government regulation of the treatment of the nonhuman primates, dogs, and cats used in research?
almost all
Intensity refers to the level of energy in a light wave; it is determined by the wave's height, or _____.
amplitude
In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.
amydgala
humanistic psychology
an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
A teratogen is:
an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.
Punishment
an even that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Primary Reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, like biological needs
Primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response (type of classical conditioning)
Reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
The field of __ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.
epigenetics
In an experiment, the process of random _____ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in either the control group or the experimental group.
assignment
When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:
assimilation.
classical conditioning
aste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning
Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.
atrophy
Emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura's parents are___________ and Trish's are_____ .
authoritarian; authoritative
Landon's parents are in the delivery room celebrating his birth. Five minutes after his arrival, a nurse notes that Landon's arms and legs are slightly blue. What score would Landon receive for this condition on the Apgar test? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
b. 1
A group of 100 pregnant women are attending an expo for baby supplies. About how many of them will deliver their babies with the help of a midwife? a. 3 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14
b. 8
Which of the following best reflects the concept of fetal programming? a. A woman smokes and binge drinks during her pregnancy, and experiences a miscarriage in the first trimester. b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress. c. An active fetus creates distress for a woman while pregnant, which leads her to be less attached to child in infancy. d. A doctor selects the most genetically healthy embryos to implant in a woman's uterus following in vitro fertilization.
b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress.
Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark that "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is FALSE, because she is familiar with: a. Piaget's investigations of conservation b. Harlow's work with monkey c. Ainsworth's ""strange situation" studies d. Baumrind's work on parent styles
b. Harlow's work with monkey
In ______, a strong magnet is used to produce scans that allow scientists to distinguish among different types of soft tissue in the brain. a. EEG b. MRI c. single-cell recording d. PET
b. MRI
Kangaroo care demonstrates the value of ________ when caring for at-risk newborns. a. ventilators b. contact c. surfactant d. testing
b. contact
If a study were to show the correlation of −0.70 between children's physical height and popularity among their peers, then it would indicate that: a. children's height causes lower levels of popularity b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity c. there is no significant relationship between children's height and their popularity d. higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children
b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity
Which term is MOST synonymous with consciousness as psychologists define it? a. wakefulness b. awareness c. intelligence d. understanding
b. awareness
The feedback system involving the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems begins with the _____ and ends with the _____. a. body; body and brain b. brain; body and brain c. brain; body d. body; brain
b. brain; body and brain
Relative to other substances, which of the following would be classified as a low-risk teratogen for pregnant women? a. morphine b. caffeine c. marijuana d. Prozac
b. caffeine
When Leanne read experimental evidence indicating that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction BEST illustrates _____ thinking. a. reasoned b. critical c. intuitive d. skeptical
b. critical
The purpose of random assignment is to: a. determine whether two variable are related b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups c. ensure that sample results generalize to the population d. determine whether the results of a study are reliable
b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups
A woman who ingests recreational drugs while pregnant, causing decreased attention and intelligence in her child and her grandchild, demonstrates which of the following? a. teratogen proliferation b. fetal programming c. organogenic distress d. postpartum migration
b. fetal programming
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital
b. frontal
Higher-level thinking is primarily the responsibility of the _____ lobes. a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital
b. frontal
After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of the terror attacks. This belief MOST clearly illustrates: a. dual processing b. hindsight bias c. overconfidence d. critical thinking
b. hindsight bias
You wake up early in the morning, and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark, you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that? a. your pupils do not dilate in the darkness b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual c. our optic chias does not function well in darkness d. in the didm light, the rods in your eyes are ineffectual
b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual
What could be considered an evolutionary protective mechanism that occurs frequently during the germinal period? a. migration b. miscarriage c. endometriosis d. proliferation
b. miscarriage
DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. He is undertaking: a. an experiment b. naturalistic observation c. a survey d. a case study
b. naturalistic observation
Bundles of neurons carrying information to and from the central nervous system are called: a. glia b. nerves c. neural networks d. interneurons
b. nerves
Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could: a. not sense colors, not could he distinguish between figure and ground b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch c. sense colors, but he could not distinguish between figure and ground d. recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch
b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch
Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobe was affected? a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal
b. occipital
This structure in the endocrine system releases hormones that help regulate the level of sugar in the blood. a. pituitary gland b. pancreas c. hypothalamus d. the thyroid gland
b. pancreas
What defines the critical period for potential teratogenic effects during the prenatal period? a. viability of implantation b. rate of organ growth c. length of substance use d. density of glial cells
b. rate of organ growth
Operant Behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
The monocular cues for depth perception do NOT include: a. linear perspective b. retinal disparity c. relative height d. light and shadow
b. retinal disparity
The process of _____ occurs when the sending neuron normally absorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules. a. excitation b. reuptake c. preuptake d. inhibition
b. reuptake
If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This BEST illustrates: a. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness c. the difference between absolute and difference threshold d. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction
b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness
Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? a. naturalistic observation b. the case study c. experimentation d. the survey
b. the case study
With respect to parenting style, negligent is to ______ as ______ is to unrestraining. a. coercive; permissive b. uninvolved; permissive c. uninvolved; authoritarian d. coercive; authoritarian
b. uninvolved; permissive
Respondent Behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
subliminal
below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
A(n) _____ approach provides an integrated explanation of human behavior by incorporating biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
biopsychosocial
Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.
bluntness
The proportion of women in the United States who drink at least moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy is about ________, yet the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome is ________ in some Aboriginal communities than it is in the United States. a. 10 percent; 30 times lower b. 1 percent; 15 times higher c. 4 percent; 40 times higher d. 20 percent; 20 times lower
c. 4 percent; 40 times higher
Katrina is driving her 15-year-old car. She notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____. Katrina immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound the car made the last time she had it repaired, which involves _____.
bottom-up; top-down
A team of clinical researchers finds that the severity of depressive symptoms 6 months after head injury is unrelated to the duration of loss of consciousness at the time of the injury. Which correlation coefficient did the team MOST likely find? a. +0.30 b. +0.75 c. +0.01 d. -0.67
c. +0.01
Which of the following women is most likely to give birth to healthy twins? a. Tracey, who is 18 years old b. Regina, who is 29 years old c. Opal, who is 36 years old d. Jamillah, who is 43 years old
c. Opal, who is 36 years old
Which of the following has NOT been proven to reduce pain? a. Distraction b. Hypnosis c. Phantom limb sensations d. Endorphines
c. Phantom limb sensations
Case studies are intensive, detailed studies of a small individual or group, whereas experiments involve assigning participants randomly to simplified laboratory conditions. Based on the textbook's discussion, which answer BEST expresses why psychologists use both case studies and experiments to study behavior? a. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are usually most interested in very specific behaviors. b. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in general principles of behavior and use experiments because they are interested in very specific behaviors. c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior. d. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in very specific behaviors and use experiments because they are interested in general principles of behavior.
c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior.
In a study of 126,000 news stories tweeted by 3 million people, Vosoughi et al. (2018) found that as compared to truths, falsehoods spread: a. faster but no more extensively b. more slowly c. faster and more extensively d. at about the same speed
c. faster and more extensively
The word cerebellum means "little brain." Where in the brain is the cerebellum located in relation to the brainstem? a. beneath it b. in front of it c. behind it d. above it
c. behind it
Sensory analysis starts at the receptors and works to integrate the sensory information in the brain. This process is called _____ processing. a. adaptive b. top-down c. bottom-up d. subliminal
c. bottom-up
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST directly involved in speaking? a. occipital b. parietal c. frontal d. temporal
c. frontal
Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of: a. egocentrism b. assimilation c. conservation d. object permanence
c. conservation
Even though all of her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning. a. formal b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
c. conventional
This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. a. axon b. myelin sheath c. dendrite d. terminal braches
c. dendrite
In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the: a. experimental condition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control condition
c. dependent variable
Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel. a. electricity b. hormones c. glucose d. oxygen
c. glucose
Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. a. short wavelength b. long wavelength c. high amplitude d. low amplitude
c. high amplitude
Carrie's boss tells her some disturbing news, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After she gets off the phone, Carrie has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Carrie is reacting to the continued effect of: a. serotonin b. neurotransmitter c. hormones d. action potential
c. hormones
The leader of a self-help group has asked Patty to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which approach would Patty MOST likely recommend for this group? a. cognitive psychology b. behaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. psychoanalytic psychology
c. humanistic psychology
Neurons 4591 and 4592 were just like all the other millions of neurons in the brain's center that are created during the first weeks of pregnancy. But in time Neuron 4591 became part of the brain that controls logic, while Neuron 4592 was in an area of the brain that manages emotion. Which process does this describe? a. specialization b. differentiation c. migration d. proliferation
c. migration
Which choice correctly pairs a parenting style with a potential developmental outcome? a. authoritarian, aggressive, immature children b. permissive, children with low self-esteem and poor social skills c. negligent, poor academic and social outcome d. authoritarian, poor academic achievement
c. negligent, poor academic and social outcomes
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to: a. a decrease in myelin sheaths b. an increase in dopamine pathways c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes d. increased neurotransmitters available in her synaptic gaps
c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes
In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. social-cultural c. neuroscience d. cognitive
c. neuroscience
Katie knows to be especially careful with what she eats and drinks during her first trimester of pregnancy because a key aspect of development called ________ takes place during this period. a. myelinization b. anencephaly c. organogenesis d. endometriosis
c. organogenesis
Sabrina stated there was a _____ correlation between food intake and weight because the scores tended to rise and fall together. a. strong b. weak c. positive d. negative
c. positive
Compared to more rural cultures, Westerners tend to view childbirth as being a more ________ aspect of human experience. a. natural b. ritualized c. specialized d. common
c. specialized
Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies, the dependent variable was the: a. length of time the infant monkey spent exploring the cage b. age of the infant monkey at the time of the test c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled d. material from which the surrogate was made
c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled
Which statement is true? a. sensation and perception are two distinct processes with little or no overlap b. perception involves the detection of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them d. because sensation and perception involve separate and distinct brain areas, most researchers can focus exclusively on one or the other for research purposes
c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them
Betty's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland. a. hypothalamic b. adrenal c. thyroid d. parathyroid
c. thyroid
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: imitation. observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning.
classical conditioning
Vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.
clock
You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.
closure
Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina.
cochlea; rods and cones
Sequential processing is to parallel processing as _____ is to _____. a. unconscious; conscious b. complex tasks; simple tasks c. many stimuli; one stimulus d. familiar tasks; novel tasks
complex tasks; simple tasks
concrete images are to abstract ideas.
concrete images are to abstract ideas.
In an industrial psychology experiment, one group of participants is exposed to confinement while another group is not. All participants then perform a manual dexterity task, and their performance is examined. What is the independent variable?
confinement
Jay complains to his father that he does not have enough juice. There is no more juice in the house, so his father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller, narrower glass. Jay believes that he has more juice because he has not yet developed an understanding of:
conservation
David is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.
conservation
top-down processing
constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing on your experience and expectations.
a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
contends that hypnosis is a form of social influence — a by-product of normal social and mental processes
According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with ambivalent attachment will:
continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.
conventional
Ren is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
conventional
Ren is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.
conventional
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.
Samantha is creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, she writes the following ages in sequence: 2 months> 4 months> 12 months> 18 months How should she label these ages, from youngest to oldest?
cooing> babbling > first words > telegraphic speech
If two traits vary together, then the two traits are said to: a. be operationally defined b. be biased c. replicate d. correlate
correlate
Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students' self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:
correlation does not prove causation
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults (50 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.
corss-sectional
Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5- year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a __ research design
cross-sectional
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.
cross-sectional
Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of ___________intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of ________________ intelligence.
crystallized; fluid
In 2016, _____ percent of adults aged 25 to 35 were living in their parents' home, a proportion that is _____ that in 1981. a. 15; triple b. 10; double c. 10; triple d. 15; double
d. 15; double
A lesbian couple recently asked their friend Paul if he would donate sperm so they can conceive a child. Paul was honored by the request, but declined because he was concerned about the child having an increased risk for developing schizophrenia later in life. How old is Paul? a. 17 b. 36 c. 47 d. 53
d. 53
The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts. a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. Gestalt
d. Gestalt
Maturation refers mainly to _____ development. a. social b. emotional c. cognitive d. biological
d. biological
Who would derive the most benefit from being fed with breast milk rather than formula? a. a low SES baby b. an Asian baby c. a Hispanic baby d. a preterm baby
d. a preterm baby
When one is conscious, one is: a. capable of higher-level thinking b. aware and alert c. able to respond to environmental stimuli d. aware of oneself and the environment
d. aware of oneself and the environment
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her: a. amygdala b. corpus callosum c. hippocampus d. cerebellum
d. cerebellum
Keyshawn's buddies have been teasing him about the weight he's put on since his wife got pregnant. They tell him that his wife is supposed to be "eating for two," not him! But Keyshawn brushes them off, saying he's simply experiencing ________. a. chorion b. anoxia c. rubella d. couvade
d. couvade
Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of the neurotransmitter _____, the brain's natural painkiller. a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. endorphins
d. endorphins
Which of the following is most commonly used for pregnancies in the United States? a. C-section b. forceps c. oxytocin d. epidural
d. epidural
Dr. Destri argues that sleep functions to conserve energy during periods in which hunting and gathering would be dangerous or unproductive. Dr. Destri's views reflect the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary
d. evolutionary
Understanding how a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is probably of MOST interest to psychologists reflecting the _____ perspective. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. evolutionary
d. evolutionary
A noted politician miraculously survived a gunshot to the head. Following his recovery, however, his personality was radically altered, and his planning and decision-making skills were impaired. The injury apparently damaged the politician's _____ lobe. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal
d. frontal
In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____. a. brainstem; limbic system b. limbic system; frontal lobe c. brainstem; frontal lobe d. frontal lobe; limbic system
d. frontal lobe; limbic system
Which of the following terms best reflects the focus of neural differentiation that occurs during the fetal period? a. volume b. location c. density d. function
d. function
In the annual Blue versus Red football game, Justin initially bet against the Blue Team, who eventually won. After the game, he claimed he knew Blue would be the winners. Justin's claim illustrates: a. overconfidence b. critical thinking c. perceiving order in random events d. hindsight bias
d. hindsight bias
In Western cultures, the duration of adolescence is: a. decreasing greatly b. decreasingly slightly c. holding steady d. increasing
d. increasing
How has the rate of breastfeeding in the United States changed since the early 1970s? a. it has doubled b. it has fallen by one-half c. it is increased slightly d. it has tripled
d. it has tripled
After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise a woman heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Her _____ has/have helped her to calm down. a. sympathetic nervous system b. adrenal glands c. central nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system
d. parasympathetic nervous system
Walter and Joanna have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Walter's Aunt Rae tells them not to worry because a friend of her neighbor's daughter had the same problem and then had two children in rapid succession. Walter and Joanna are more inclined to see a specialist rather than rely on Aunt Rae's advice because it reflects: a. overconfidence b. hindsight bias c. the placebo effect d. perceiving order in random events
d. perceiving order in random events
Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of: a. transduction b. Weber's law c. subliminal sensation d. perceptual sets
d. perceptual sets
Marius believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. a. conforming b. unconventional c. precoventional d. postconventional
d. postconventional
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps? a. probably within 4 months; nearly 75 percent of all babies in the United States are waking by 15 months b. probability within a month; nearly 90 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday c. it cannot be predicted; readiness to learn to walk is not influenced by genes d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day
d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day
One thinking error that many people make is to assume that a strong correlation _____. However, this is NOT true regardless of the strength of the relationship between two variables. a. suggests a bias in sampling b. is rarely positive c. is rarely negative d. proves causation
d. proves causation
Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ approach in psychology. a. behaviorist b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychoanalytic
d. psychoanalytic
An infant with _____ attachment is disturbed at his mother's departure in the strange situation but is easily soothed upon her return. a. avoidant b. difficult c. anxious d. secure
d. secure
The minute Beth walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her mother-in-law's perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Beth no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of: a. Weber's law b. subliminal sensation c. perceptual set d. sensory adaptation
d. sensory adaptation
The culturally preferred timing of life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock. a. biological b. cultural c. psuchological d. social
d. social
Memory expert Eric Kandel claims that _____ of what the mind does is unconscious. a. about half b. very little c. none d. the great majority
d. the great majority
Which statement BEST captures the relationship between the humanistic approach and the psychoanalytic approach? a. the humanistic approach accepted the psychoanalytic view b. the humanistic approach preceded the psychoanalytic view c. the humanistic approach supplanted the psychoanalytic view d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view
d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view
A woman learns that her death is imminent. According to Kübler-Ross, her initial reaction to this news will likely be shock and disbelief, which are common to the stage.
denial
In Kubler-Ross's theory, acceptance of death is most immediately preceded by:
depression.
Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity vs. _____.
despair
Humans adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus to:
detect potentially important changes in what is ongoing in the environment.
Conditioned taste aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
development of the frontal lobe and its connections with other parts of the brain.
Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
development of the frontal lobe of the brain.
The field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span is called __________?
developmental psychology
In a study of white-collar workers, Velma found that there was a positive correlation between self-reported alcohol and drug use and sick days taken. A graph of her results would show a:
diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right
A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.
difference
Sensory adaptation can be defined as:
diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.
Research has shown that American couples who live together before marriage have had higher rates of _____.
divorce
The _____ is a method in which neither the research participants nor the researchers know which participants are getting the treatment and which are getting a placebo.
double blind procedure
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
Physical warmth may promote social warmth. In a café, for example, one may perceive another customer as friendlier when one is holding a steaming mug of coffee than when holding a chilled can of soda. This example illustrates the concept of:
embodied cognition
Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.
early
Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?
early adulthood
Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.
emerging
Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call__________ adulthood.
emerging
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well has his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:
emerging adulthood.
conditioned emotional response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person -May lead to phobias-irrational fear response
The neurotransmitter that serves as our natural painkiller is _____.
endorphins
_____ is/are a type of neurotransmitter produced by the brain that has similar properties to morphine.
endorphins
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:
experience greater contentment.
In science, the clearest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct a(n): a. experiment b. survey c. correlational study d. case study
experiment
Cause-effect hypotheses may be tested in: a. surveys b. correlational research c. case studies d. experiments
experiments
At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:
external consequences.
Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local day-care center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Malcolm will:
feel better about himself and not drop out.
According to Jonathan Haidt, moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.
feelings; reasoning
The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week to birth, is called the ________period.
fetal
Judith just turned 68 years old. Judith is in the developmental stage called _____ adulthood.
late
counciling psychology
focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems
Formal instruction in the scientific method usually begins when students are between 11 and 13 years of age. At this point, students are capable of the abstract thinking and deductive reasoning characteristic of Piaget's stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:
fovea.
Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the__________lobe.
frontal
During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.
frontal
_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
frontal
Mirror Neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so (empathy)
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?
frontal lobes are growing
Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation state.
generativity
Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.
generativity, stagnation
Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.
generativity; stagnation
Elements of the scientific attitude do NOT include:
generosity
Biological influences
genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors, genes responding to the environment
An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:
genotype
An individual's_ is composed of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.
genotype
The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the___ period.
germinal
Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.
grief
According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to what?
group nearby figures together
Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
bandura, observational
he famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. Albert Bandura; observational learning B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve. The most common form of hearing loss (also called nerve deafness)
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness
Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.
high amplitude
You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.
high-frequency; low-frequency
Research has shown that among American couples that live together before marriage, there are:
higher rates of divorce.
Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared to humans, snakes can see _____ waves.
higher-wavelength
In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.
hindsight
Watson is to behaviorism as Rogers is to _____ psychology.
humanistic
Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend, when they don't always practice their religion during the week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents' lives.
hypocrisy
In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:
identity
Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.
identity
The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
identity
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning -unconditioned stimulus means it occurs naturally or is unlearned that is planned to pair with the stimulus that is causing a response EX: events the dog could see or hear but didn't associate with food- with food in the dog's mouth
unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.
late
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. (usually same as conditioned response) EX: the tone that now triggers the salivation
Unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth) EX: Just before placing food in the dog's mouth to produce salivation, Pavlov sounded a tone. After several pairings of tone and food, the dog, now anticipating the meat powder, began salivating to the tone alone. Later experiments, a buzzer, a light, a touch on the leg, even the sight of a circle set off the drooling (works w/people too) EX: when hungry young Londoners viewed abstract figures before smelling peanut butter or vanilla, their brain soon responded in anticipation to the abstract images alone
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
frequency theory / temporal theory
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Also called temporal theory.) combining with volley principle nueron's combined firing frequency makes up for the fact that an individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second.
Operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Judith just turned 65. What stage of adult development is she entering?
late adulthood
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses EX: a punch card that gets you a free coffee after 10 punches
Fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
This variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated.
independent
14
infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.
integrity
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of ______.
integrity
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of:
integrity
Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called:
integrity vs. despair.
Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.
interaction
The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:
intersexual
Madison has a job, a cat named Morris, and 32 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Madison is in the stage of development called _____ versus isolation.
intimacy
Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of:
intimacy and generativity.
Jenny has a job, a cat named Joker, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right" partner. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:
intimacy versus isolation
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:
intimacy vs. isolation.
A researcher would MOST likely find a(n) _____ correlation between scores on a measure of impulsivity and scores on a measure of self-control. a. inverse b. positive c. direct d. near-zero
inverse
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called intimacy vs. _____.
isolation
A weakness of the experimental method is that:
it may not be ethical to manipulate some variables.
With respect to adolescence, biology determines:
its beginning, but not its end.
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Latent Learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques such as:
linear perspective
Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he might use the technique of:
linear perspective.
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:
linear perspective.
A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal
Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a __ research design.
longitudinal
Dr. Faircloth is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a _____ study.
longitudinal
Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with posttraumatic stress disorder have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal
A research team has followed a large sample of men from their college graduation in 1955 through their retirement, trying to understand better how their cognitive abilities change over time. They interview and test these men once every 5 years. This would be considered a:
longitudinal method
The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of (loudness/pitch)
loudness
The longer the sound waves are, the ____ (lower/higher) their frequency and the (lower/higher) their pitch.
lower; lower
"Cramming" for tests is an example of:
massed practice
Psychologists use the term ___to refer to the patterns of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.
maturation
Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:
mature at an earlier age.
Chanice is 12 years old. When she woke up this morning she noticed blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing:
menarche
_____ is to a girl's sexual development as spermarche is to a boy's sexual development.
menarche
During middle adulthood, one major physical change for women is, which is often preceded by a decrease in estrogen production and a reduction in the size of the uterus.
menopause
When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction, she experiences _____.
menopause
perceptual set
mental tendencies and assumptions that set us up to perceive one thing and not another
Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.
middle
Currently, 61-year-old Jim is in a life stage called _____ adulthood.
middle
June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.
middle
Pearl is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.
middle
Juanita is 56 years old. She is in which stage of adult development?
middle adulthood
In Erikson's theory, early adulthood is to intimacy as _____ is to _____.
middle age; generativity
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
_____ observation is a type of descriptive research method in which a researcher records behavior without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
naturalistic
Cognitive perspective
modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
Relative height, motion, size, and linear perspective are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.
monocular
Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.
monocular
Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky placed ______emphasis on the ________ foundations of cognitive development.
more; social
Juggling two independent sources of sensory input at the same time is an example of:
multitasking
Frontal lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of _____, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
myelin
much more likely
n Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll. unable much less likely much more likely equally likely
violence-viewing
n analysis of more than 3000 network and cable TV programs aired in the 1996-1997 season revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, that 74 percent of the violence went unpunished, that 58 percent did not show the victims' pain, that nearly half the incidents involved "justified" violence, and that nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. These conditions define the recipe for the _____ effect described in many studies.
homicide
n the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.
Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the ______ debate.
nature versus nurture
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angles, or movement
Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____.
neurogenesis hippocampus
According to the text, physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. In other words, exercise facilitates ________ in the ________.
neurogenesis; hippocampus
Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____. a. plasticity; amygdala b. plasticity; hippocampus c. neurogenesis; hippocampus d. neurogenesis; amygdala
neurogenesis; hippocampus
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
neutral networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.
While Maria was stacking her term paper, she received a paper cut. The cut produced a sharp pain on her index finger. This pain was initiated by _____ in her skin.
nociceptors
Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. Because the neighborhood looks dangerous, Carmen feels extremely alert. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation.
norepinephrine
Phantom limb sensations and other experiences of amputees show that the brain can produce pain in the absence of:
normal sensory input
modeling
ohnny is "hammering" a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
The term consciousness refers to:
one's awareness of oneself and the environment.
Which of the following is a psychological factor that helps people flourish in later life?
optimistic outlook
stimulus substitution
original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
vestibular sense
our sense of balance—our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance.
nociceptors
pain receptors
Robert is having trouble regulating the level of sugar in his blood. He is diagnosed with Type II diabetes. There is MOST likely an abnormality with his _____.
pancreas
Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities BEST illustrate our normal capacity for:
parallel processing
Whereas _____ processing is the brain's "default," _____ processing takes over when the task is complex or unfamiliar.
parallel; sequential
For most adolescents, the MOST important people in their lives are their:
peers
Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:
phenotype
Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:
piagets theory
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.
pitch
The _____ effect means that experimental results are caused by expectations alone.
placebo
Under the surface of awareness, the brain is constantly changing, building new pathways as it adjusts to experience. This is called:
plasticity
Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:
pneumonia
Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:
pneumonia
Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of antisocial behavior.
A _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores tend to rise or fall together—for example, height and weight. A(n) _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores have an inverse relationship: As one set goes up, the other goes down—for example, time spent brushing teeth and tooth decay.
positive; negative
With respect to correlations, direct is to inverse as _____ is to _____.
positive; negative
The number of words young children hear at home is ____ correlated with family income.
positively
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as _____ morality.
postconventional
Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ______ morality.
postconventional
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
postconventional
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.
preconventional
During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's____________ moral reasoning.
preconventional
Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a _____ morality.
preconventional
Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) _____ level of moral reasoning.
preconventional
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:
preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.
Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
psychological influences
previous experiences, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination EX: kid comes from abusive env. (Household) kid will have more difficult time with other behaviors and how to act in diff. env., like act disruptive instead of normal behaved child
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at the same time
Dissociation theory
proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dissociation — a split between normal sensations and conscious awareness. Dissociation theory seeks to explain why, when no one is watching, hypnotized people may carry out posthypnotic suggestions (which are made during hypnosis but carried out after the person is no longer hypnotized)
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Celia's neurons have probably started to _____.
prune
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's _____ development theory.
psychosocial
Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?
pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Carol decides to send out a survey to see what her co-workers think of the new dress policy. If she chooses a sample of the population that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be a(n) _____ sample.
random
Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to a young adult if she is asked to:
recognize the words
Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to young adults if asked to do which of the following?
recognize the words
In the MOST common form of color blindness:
red and green cannot be distinguished.
sensory adaptation
reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation.
Shaping
reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior
Variable-Ratio Schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses
Fixed-Interval Schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable-Interval Schedule
reinforces at unpredicted time intervals
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement EX: if you give your dog sometimes a treat, it will take longer for the dog to learn that action causes a treat
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs EX: If psychology teacher gives hw and checks it every time
applied research
research undertaken to solve a specific problem
The light-sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the _____.
retina
A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers because 3-D movies exaggerate _____ disparity.
retinal
_____ disparity is an example of a binocular cue to depth perception.
retinal
Cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina, and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. Rods are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract __ among adolescents.
role confusion
Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.
role confusion
Laurent is 16-years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity vs. _____.
role confusion
Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the __ reflex; it helps an infant to ___________
rooting; obtain food
A teacher who pushes children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing is using:
scaffolding
Piaget used the word ____to refer to a collection of ideas that functions as a basic unit of understanding.
schema
One of the important tasks of adolescence is to , that is, to find a sense of self based on values, beliefs, and goals.
search for identity
André is starting to notice facial hair and hair under his arms. His voice also seems to be deepening. He is noticing changes in _____ sex characteristics.
secondary
CS; US
secondary reinforcer; operant behavior negative reinforcer; operant behavior UR; CS CS; US
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) cross-_____ study.
sectional
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others is called _____ attention.
selective
At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:
self-interest.
Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.
self-interest; social relationships
Jackson was just touched on his cheek. The pressure is registered in his brain as a(n):
sensation
Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called _____.
sensation
_____ is the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.
sensation
Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.
sensation, perception
Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.
sensation; perception
audition
sense of hearing
Olfaction
sense of smell
Gustation
sense of taste
In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called_______. The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called _______.
sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational
Which sequence accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational
The minute Karen walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Karen no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of what?
sensory adaptation
While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:
sensory adaptation
"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I do not even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the perceptual process of:
sensory adaption
One sense influencing the perception of another is known as:
sensory interaction
Sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
_____ processing occurs when just one aspect of a stimulus is processed at a time
sequential
Jane is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are: a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. ACh and GABA c. serotonin and ACh d. serotonin and GABA
serotonin and norepinephrine.
John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is MOST likely to be:
sexually active.
There are many computerized game programs that are designed to improve cognitive functioning and reduce cognitive decline by exercising both memory and attention. Research has shown that those who engage in such games:
show improvement in the practiced skills.
Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:
signal detection theory
Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:
signal detection theory
For older people, which of these is easiest to remember?
skills
The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.
social
Bottom-up processing
starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.
Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Jenny is:
struggling with intimacy issues.
Generalization
students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a. acquisition b. habituation c. generalization d. functional fixedness e. stimulus
_____ stimulation occurs below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
subliminal
Which of the following is a social-cultural factor that helps people flourish in later life?
support from family and friends
It would be harder for a person in late adulthood to win a game of Jeopardy because it:
takes longer to react
"All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley, placing the empty glass on the table. Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon called:
telegraphic speech.
Mind-to-mind communication is to _____ as mind over matter is to _____.
telepathy; psychokinesis
Tips of chromosomes are called _____.
telomeres
Characteristic differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions make up a person's:
temperament
Instinctive drift
tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns. Biological restraints dispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.
Men experience a gradual decline in sperm count, _____, and speed of erection and ejaculation.
testosterone level
perceptual adaptation
the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards EX: saving up instead of sprucing on little things
vision
the ability to see
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
Cognitive Learning
the acquisition of mental information
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
Intensity
the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)
What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?
the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
inner ear
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Fifty-year-old Jack finds that he really enjoys the taste of scotch, whiskey, mushrooms, strong peppers, and onions, but his 21-year-old son does not. The reason for this difference in taste is likely due to:
the number of taste buds in the mouth that decreases with age.
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
External locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. EX: When you study hard for a test but say the test was easy instead of owning up and saying your hard work paid off
Learned helplessness
the perception that we control our own fate is also called what A. Self-control B. Learned helplessness C. Internal locus of control D. External locus of control E. Emotion-focused coping
Internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate EX: you studied hard for a test and say I tried, new method that worked and did good on a test (owning up to your success and failures)
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; this part of the retina is "blind" because it has no receptor cells
clairvoyance
the power to see things that cannot be perceived by the senses
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Perception
the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors (we __ by association) Ex: we __ to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain (classical conditioning) Ex: we __ to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results (operate conditioning) Ex: we __ new behaviors by observing events and by watching others, and through language we learn things we have neither experienced nor observed (cognitive learning)
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished CR
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response EX: A different picture emerged when Pavlov allowed several hours to elapse before sounding the tone again. After the delay, the dogs would again begin salivating to the tone.
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
vestibular
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Generalization
the tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses
Biological preparedness
the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning (evolutionary perspective) (We learn to not eat it again)
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are turned "on" by green and turned "off" by red; others are turned on by red and off by green
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue. When stimulated in combination, these receptors can produce the perception of any color
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory.
the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (Influenced by North American psychology during first half twentieth century Watson called __)
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
behaviorism
the work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. humanism b. Gestalt psychology c. trait theory d. Behaviorism e. Neuropsychology
opponent-process theory
theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
Ethel loves to talk about when she and her husband first were married. She has so many stories about their struggles and accomplishments. This is common, as older adults tend to remember:
things that happened during their teens and twenties well
Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood, this will be a vivid memory for him. This is because older adults tend to remember:
things that happened during their teens and twenties well.
critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Clarissa's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland
thyroid
The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing.
top down
The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The A and H are nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects _____ processing.
top-down
_____ processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations.
top-down
An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:
transsexual
According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ______________ stage.
trust versus mistrust
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of _____.
umami
To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect:
unconscious decision making.
Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense.
vestibular
According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:
watching others
classical conditioning
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events. We learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crack of thunder; when lightening flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves
the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning
what did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner's experiments establish? a. that the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b. that different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations c. the current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d. that mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e. the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning
operant conditioning
what do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer a. operant conditioning b. respondent behavior c. classical conditioning d. shaping e. punishment
something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer
which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. an innately reinforcing stimulus c. something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. an event that decreases the behavior it follows e. an amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses
a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded
which of the following illustrates generalization? a. a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded b. a dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer c. a light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on d. a pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again e. a child is startled when the doorbell rings
Learning
which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience a. Acquisition b. Stimulus c. Learning d. Habituation e. Response
Negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer
word of praise is to a soothing back rub as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he:
wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for eight days.
Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time?
write a note to himself
Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. use mnemonics
write a note to himself
The physical features not associated with reproduction, but that become more distinct during adolescence, are known as
secondary sex characteristics.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:
Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development
Physical changes during middle adulthood include declines in hearing, eyesight, and height. Research suggests which of the following can help limit the shrinking process?
physical exercise
Critical periods suggest that:
they are a type of sensitive period of development, during which "certain capacities are readily shaped or altered by experience"
