psych exam #3
Monkey attachment experiment
-Harry F Harlow
criticism of kohlberg's theory
-Individuals demonstrate more than one level of moral reasoning at a time, and may not be applicable to all cultures -moral views based on emotion not reason -ignores female moral development
kleinfelter syndrom
-XXY -affecting males -infertility small testicles -sometimes less body hair, breast growth and other symptoms -intelligence is normal but some learning disabilities may be present
enriched vs impoverished environments
-can result in different stimulation of the brain depending on the environment a child develops in -enriched environments lead to more developed brain neurons
pre conventional level
-earliest level of moral development -at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral -punishment and obedience -instrumental/relativist
Psychosocial Development Theory
-explains personality development and the acquisition of social skills and social attitudes -developed by Erik Erikson -eight stages -infancy, toddler, preschool, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, old age
growth spurt
-females gain more fat, their waists become more define, and their breasts develop -males gain more muscle mass and develop facial hair, their voices deepen and their jaws become more angular
post conventional level
-highest level of moral development -at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life -social contract -universal ethical principle
conventional level
-middle level of moral development -at this level, societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral -interpersonal concordance -law and order
social psychology
-study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behavior are influence by others -interactions of mental states and social influences
brain changes during adolescence
-synaptic connections are refined and gray matter increases -the frontal cortex of the brain is not fully developed until the early 20s -an adolescent's limbic system tends to be more active than the frontal cortex
sex chromosomes
-the 23rd chromosome from each parent determines the zygote's biological sex -the mother's egg cell always contribute an X chromosome as the 23rd chromosome of the zygote
physical development
-the brain changes in two ways -first, myelinated axons from synapses with other neurons -second, over time and with experience, the synaptic connections are refined to preserve the most important and helpful connections
formal operational stage (age 12 and up)
-the final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development -during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic
sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
-the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development -infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills -object permeance
pre operational stage (age 2-7)
-the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development -during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic -law of conversation, centration, egocentrism
concrete operational stage (age 7-12)
-the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development -during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations and they are no longer fooled by appearances
Criticism of Piaget's Theory
-underestimated children's abilities at early ages -underestimated genetic and social/cultural influences and differences between people -cognitive development in terms of trends rather than strict stages
limitations of eriksons psychosocial stages of development
A 30-year-old mother of three is engaged in deep soul-searching regarding who she is and what she wants to do with the rest of her life. A 12-year-old boy is absolutely certain that he was born to be a plumber. Both of these individuals exemplify the ________.
critical
A ________ period is a specific time during which an organism must experience certain stimuli in order to develop properly in the future.
individualistic culture
A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
genetics and biology playing a dominant role
A homosexual orientation appears to be the result of ________.
progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.
piaget's theory of cognitive development
A theory made up of sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations, and formal operations expressed by Jean Piaget
autism spectrum disorder
According to the DSM-5, what is the name of the category that previously included autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders?
dispositions or situations
According to the text, the main question about attributions are whether a given action is about
widespread death of neurons
Aging brings several developmental consequences. Identify which option is not one of them.
temperament
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
vision
At birth, the sense of ________ is poorly developed when compared to the other sensory systems.
parental rejection always has an adverse impact on a child
Cross-cultural and longitudinal research on parenting suggests that ________.
independence and individualism
Cross-cultural research suggests that cognitive dissonance may be a result of placing a high value on _____.
cohort
Differences in age groups that reflect factors unique to a specific age group, rather than being due to developmental changes, are called ________ effects.
anxiety, depression and substance use problems
From which disorders are children diagnosed with ADHD more likely to suffer?
paraphilic disorder
Giancarlo suffers from a sexual pathology in which he has disturbing and repetitive fantasies that cause distress to himself and others and put people at risk for harm. Giancarlo suffers from a(n) ________.
himself
Havelock Ellis used ________ to study human sexuality.
cross-sectional
If a psychologist wanted to compare a group of 6-year-old children to a group of 10-year-old children at the same time on recognition memory performance, the psychologist would use the ________ method of data
anxious ambivalent
In Ainsworth's studies on infant attachment, the ________ infants sought their mothers' comfort, while also squirming to get away when the mother returned to the room.
46
In normal developmental cases, how many chromosomes does a human zygote have after conception?
competition, common goals
In the classic Sherif study, prejudice was initiated in two groups of boys at summer camp by encouraging _____, and successfully eliminated by creating _____.
secure attachment
Infants who are distressed when the mom leaves and quickly comforted when the attachment figure returns
25, 65
Less than _____ percent of the public thought they would shock a learner beyond 300 volts; in reality, _____ percent of the actual participants did so.
informational social influence
Lincoln thought he smelled smoke for a second. He looked at others in the classroom and at the teacher. No one seemed concerned, so Lincoln continued taking his test along with his other classmates. This is MOST likely an example of _____.
Testesterone
Male sex hormone
unaffected
Mental speed declines with age, and general information processing and much of memory are largely ________ by the aging process.
ritalin
OF the following choices, what is the most common medication that is prescribed for those who suffer from ADHD?
law and order
Officers in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the war in Bosnia have explained some of their behavior with the reasoning: "I was just following orders." This is an example of which stage of moral development?
impulsivity
One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is ________.
an attitude, a behavior
Prejudice is _____; discrimination is _____.
affective
Regarding attitudes toward birth control, being fearful of unwanted pregnancy reflects the ______component of attitude.
the outgroup homogeneity effect
Saying that members of another ethnic group "all look alike to me" may be an example of _____.
natural reduction of unused synapses
Synaptic pruning refers to the ________ that helps strengthen connection between neurons and make those connections operate more efficiently.
erikson's psychosocial stages of development
The belief that adult personality reflects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development is the definition of ________.
anonymity
The critical factor in deindividuation is _____.
whose needs and goals are emphasized
The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is ________.
spinal cord
The part of the nervous system that responds reflexively to stroking or touching of the genitals is the ________.
Bem
The psychologist who developed a personality measure of male, female, and androgynous traits was ________.
when do frontal lobes fully mature?
mid-twenties
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
sex glands
part of the endocrine system, release chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream
personal attributions
people's explanations for why events or action occur that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods or efforts
situational attributions
people's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to external events, such as weather, luck, accidents or other people's actions
in-group favoritism
This is a cognitive process in which members of an ingroup are viewed more positively than members of an outgroup.
Increased engorgement in the genitals; penile and clitoral erection and vaginal lubrication
This is characteristic of the excitement phase of sexual arousal.
asked people of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas
To study moral development, Kohlberg ________.
conformity and obedience
Two of the MAJOR kinds of social influence are _____.
the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
Two of the major attributional mistakes people make are _____.
secondary sex characteristics
physical changes during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the difference between the sexes
primary sex characteristics
physical development during puberty that results in sexually mature reproductive organs and genitals
moral development stages
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
hypothalamus (GnRH) - pituitary (FSH/LH) - testicles/ovaries - testosterone/progesterone
primary sex hormone pathway
altruism
prosocial behaviors deishehnd to help others, with no obvious benefits to the helper
testes
release greater amounts of another class of hormones called androgens, during puberty
dementia
severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain
GnRH, FSH, LH
sex hormones
moral emotions
such as embarrassment and shame, are considered self-conscious emotions
conformity
the altering of your own behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
theory of mind
the capacity to understand that other people have minds and intentions
gender roles
the characteristics associated with being male or being female because of cultural influence or learning
maturation
the continuing influence of heredity throughout development age-related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of a species
diffusion of responsibility
the dilution of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other observers
performance anxiety
the fear of being judged in connection with sexual activities
menarche
the first menstrual period
attachment theory
the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life
gender role socialization
the idea that we develop culture-specific expectations about gender roles by being exposed to social information in the environment around us
egocentrism
the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes
discrimination
the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice
mere exposure effect
the increase in liking due to repeated exposure
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
limbic system
the motivational and emotional center of the brain
reference groups
the people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire and want to be like them
biological sex
the physical aspects of being male or female
puberty
the physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development
development
the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism
accommodation
the process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit
assimilation
the process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge
gender
the social differences between being male or female
epigenetics
the study of heritable changes in gene function that are influence by environmental factors rather than changes in the DNA sequence
social loafing
the tendency for people to work less hard in a group that when working alone
self-serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
cognitive dissonance
the unpleasant tension and anxiety caused by a discrepancy between two or more conflicting attitudes or between attitudes and behaviors
involuntary spasms that interfere with penetration
Vaginismus is defined in your textbook as ________.
Normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference groups
What are three factors that explain why people conform?
ethnocentrism
What is the tendency to judge one's own cultural practice as preferable to other practices?
intersexuality
When a person experiences conflicting or ambiguous aspects of biological sex.
the dominant preexisting tendencies of the group
Whether a group's final decision is risky or conservative depends on _____.
the sucking reflex
Which choice has been used as an independent variable in infant sensory-perceptual research?
egocentric thinking
Which is associated with Piaget's preoperational stage?
autism spectrum disorder
Which of the following developmental disorders involves problems with social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities?
Historical and cultural forces suppressed the study of sex.
Which of the following explains why human sexuality was not studied until the 20th century?
There is no one "type" of family that is necessarily at higher risk for domestic violence than all others.
Which of the following families is at risk for family violence? There is no one "type" of family that is necessarily at higher risk for domestic violence than all others.
It is strongly associated with severe mood swings, depression, and loss of sexual interest.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding menopause?
a child who is unwilling or unable to develop an attachment to his or her caregivers
Which of the following is NOT one of Thomas and Chess's temperament styles?
It tends to be consistent and enduring throughout childhood and into adulthood
Which of the following is TRUE regarding basic temperament?
smell sensitivity increases
Which of the following physical changes is NOT associated with late adulthood?
The drive for aggression is a basic instinct that promotes survival.
Which of the following statements regarding the possible biological origins of aggression has NOT been supported by research?
Kellogg's Corn Flakes
Which of the following were developed to discourage masturbation?
Sydney cannot currently finish the problems she has been assigned in algebra, but with her teacher's help she is able to get through the task.
Which option represents the upper limit of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
piaget
_______ was one of the first scientists to theorize that intellectual growth occurs in distinct stages, motivated by an innate need to know.
secondary
________ aging results from disease, disuse, or neglect.
Gender
________ refers to the psychological and sociocultural traits typically associated with one's sex.
premature ejaculation
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female
xenophobia
a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
frustration-aggression hypothesis
a hypothesis which states that the blocking of a desired goal creates anger that may lead to aggression
bystander effect
a phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one individual will feel responsible for seeking help or giving id to someone who is in need of help
synaptic pruning
a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost
longitudinal design
a research design that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes
cross sectional design
a research technique that measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and provides information about age differences
critical period
a specified time span during which certain events or experiences must occur in order for the development of an organism to proceed normally (examples: vision and speech)
Deindivualization
a state of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standards, this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group
empathy-altruism hypothesis
a theory proposing that help because of empathy for someone in need
evolutionary theory of helping
a theory which states that altruism is an instinctual behavior that has evolved because it favors survival of one's genes
egotistic model of helping
a theory which states that altruism is motivated by anticipated gain, later reciprocation, increased self esteem, or avoid cane of distress and guilt
early attachment
all have a fundamental need to form strong connections with caretakers
explicit attitude
an attitude that a person is consciously aware of and can report
implicit attitude
an attitude that influences a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level
gender identity
an individuals beliefs about being male or female
transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
conditioning
because our associations between things and their meanings can change, our attitude can be conditioned
ovaries
begin to release more of one class of sex hormones, called estrogens, during puberty
informational social influence
conforming to a group out of a need for information and direction
normative social influence
conforming to group pressure out of a need to be liked, accepted and approved of by others
collectivist culture
culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership
decline in speed of recall and retrieval, visual and auditory acuity, and depth perception
developmental consequences for aging
attributions
explanations for events or actions, including other people's behavior
spermarche
first ejaculation
Masters and Johnson Study
first laboratory studies on the anatomy and physiology of human sexual response based on direct observations of volunteers having sex
saliency bias
focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior
obedience
following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
Alfred Kinsey
his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)
the effects of social forces on behavior
in contrast to other fields within psychology, social psychology emphasizes _____.
fundamental attribution error
in explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
erectile dysfunction
inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return
motor development
initial reflexes (involuntary movements to stimulation), then voluntary control
outgroup homogeneity effect
judging members of an outgrow as more alike and less diverse than members of the in-group
androgens
male sex hormones
observational learning, modeling, operant conditioning
three forces of gender role socialization
simple attitude
your behavior is consistent with your attitude
complex attitude
your behavior is not consistent with your attitude
Alfred Kinsey
Along with his colleagues, who conducted some of the earliest research examining human sexual behavior?
transvestitism, being transgender
Bradford wears female clothing because it is sexually arousing. Billy wears female clothing because he believes he is female and wants others to perceive him this way. Bradford is an example of ________, whereas Billy is an example of ________.
who criticized kohlberg's theory?
Carol Gilligan
the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.
Compared to individualist cultures, collectivist cultures tend to have lower rates of
fetishistic
Ever since she was a young adolescent, Emilia has been sexually aroused by the smell of vinyl. As she progressed into adulthood, she would make sure that vinyl products were always a part of her sexual interactions, and this continued to the point where it would interfere with her relationships. She is now terribly distressed that she cannot have sex without vinyl products involved, and she cannot find a partner who accepts this. The result is that she is single and very lonely. Emilia might be diagnosed with ________ disorder.
estrogen
Female sex hormone
epigenetics
Jairo lives in a community with a lot of a certain chemical in the water, and as a result of this exposure certain genes in Jairo's genetic code do not turn on when he hits puberty. This example, which notes the interaction of genetics and one's environment, would be of interest to a person who studies ________.
sex, gender
Pat has an XY chromosome pattern and likes to play with trucks. The XY pattern is characteristic of Pat's ________, and playing with trucks is characteristic of his ________.
ambivalent attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
environmental agents
Teratogens are ________ that can cause birth defects.
genetically controlled maximum number of cell divisions
The Hayflick limit refers to the ________.
parasympathetic, sympathetic
The ________ branch of the nervous system is dominant during sexual arousal, whereas the ________ branch is dominant during orgasm and ejaculation.
longitudinal, age changes
The ________ method of developmental data collection follows one person (or a single group of people) over time, and provides information about ________.
the growth spurt
The clearest and most dramatic physical sign of puberty is ________ and significant changes in reproductive structures and sexual characteristics.
in the upper class
The economic and political competition explanation for prejudice suggests that people_____ will be more prejudiced.
longitudinal
The fact that participants in this type of research may drop out over time, leaving behind a "self-selected" sample, means that the researcher may have a problem generalizing the results to a larger population of people.
limited to reflexive actions
The first motor abilities a newborn exhibits are ________.
estrogens, androgens
The hormonal dimension of sex is defined as the predominance of ________ for females and ________ for males.
performance anxiety
The parasympathetic branch of the nervous system must be in control during sex. Both men and women who experience ________ regarding sex have this difficulty due to sympathetic nervous system domination.
Kinsey reports
The popular name for the books, Sexual Behavior and the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior and the Human Female (1958), which shocked the nation with statistics on premarital, extramarital, and other questionable sexual activity and opened the door to subjects previously considered taboo, contributing to the sexual revolution of the 1960s.
conservation
The understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away.
nature vs nurture
nature=development governed by genetically determined maturation and critical periods nurture=development is governed by learning through life experiences
prejudice
negative feelings, opinions and beliefs associated with a stereotype
observer bias
when interpreting our own behavior, we tend to focus on the situation, when interpreting other's behavior, we tend to focus on personal attributes
moral reason
when is it acceptable to take an action that may harm others or that may break implicit or explicit social contracts
social facilitation
when the mere presence of other enhances performance
in-group favoritism
viewing members of the in-group more positively than members of the outgroup
more than 50% men and women had pre-marital sex, masturbation is common in both sexes, women enjoyed orgasms, and homosexuality is more prevalent
what did Alfred Kinsey discover in his surveys?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
what is the sexual response cycle?
