Psychology-nature vs. nurture

shared environments account for less than ___% of children's personality differences

10%

how many chromosomes does a human sperm cell contain?

23 chromosomes

genetic variations produce __%-___% of our individual variations in personality

40-50%

how many chromosomes does one person have?

46: 23 from father's sperm and 23 from mother's egg

natural selection

Darwin's principle that those inherited traits that will most likely lead to increased reproduction and survival will be passed on to future generations

who is more likely to crave and initiative sex? men or women? why?

Men, because they are biologically-disposed to try and spread their genes out as widely as possible.Females automatically look to send their genes into the future by wisely picking a partner

Y-chromosome

ONLY IN MEN. When paired with an X-chromosome from the mother, forms male child

heritability

Refers to the extent to which differences among people can be attributed to genes. May vary trait-to-trait, depending on population and environment.

gender-typing

acquisition of a traditional male or female role

genes

biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

gender

characteristics, whether biological or socially-influenced, from which people define male or female

gender schema theory

children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female, and then adjust their behavior accordingly.

genome

complete genetic make-up of an organism, consisting of all genetic info in chromosomes

DNA

complex molecule containing genetic info that makes up chromosomes. In shape of a double helix - held together by bonded nucleotides

what are parents important for?

discipline, responsibility, education, orderliness, selflessness, and interacting w/ authority figures

culture

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to next

environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

what kind of women are males attracted to?

fertile-looking, youthful women

in studies, which share more similarities in personality: identical or fraternal twins?

identical twins

testosterone

most important male sex hormone. In both men and women, but influx in males promotes development of secondary sex characteristics & growth of sex organs

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

who influences children's personalities more: parents or peers?

peers because children seek out friends with similar interests/attitudes and their personality further develops. More important for learning cooperation and social interaction

temperament

person's emotional reactivity and intensity

mutation

random error in nucleotide sequences. The source of genetic diversity

memes

self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person

role

set of expectations (norms) about a social position

gender role

set of expected behaviors for males and females

X-chromosome

sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2, men only have 1. One from father and mother forms female child

evolutionary psychology

study of evolutionary behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

behavior genetics

study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior

molecular genetics

subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

chromosome

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

identical twins

twins who develop from a single, fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically-identical organisms

fraternal twins

twins who develop from separate eggs. Are not any genetically closer than brothers or sisters, but they share a feta; environment

norm

understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

what kind of men do women prefer?

usually dominant and powerful men

social learning theory

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by rewards and punishments

what does heritability NOT reveal?

what percentage of an individual's personality or intelligence is inherited