Public Speaking 2

Basics of making a Powerpoint

1. Create your outline before you even think about using powerpoint 2. Look at your outline and ask "Do i need visuals to highlight or explain any of my key points?" 3. For points that need visual support, deice which type of visual would be most effective 4. Create your slides 5. Practice in the room where you will be presenting 6. Give your speech, making sure that you are dominant and not the slides

What are the 6 Powerpoint rules?

1. Don't assume you need a powerpoint 2. Choose images over text (when possible) 3. Use text sparingly 4. Format text for easy reading 5. Choose templates carefully 6. Avoid visual clutter

Guidelines for introductions

1. Don't prepare your introduction first 2. Make your introduction simple and easy to follow, but avoid making it too brief 3.Make sure your introduction has a direct and obvious tie in with the body of the speech 4. never apologize

Guidelines for conclusions

1. Dont drag out the ending 2. dont end weakly (end with confidence) 3. dont end apologetically (makes you look incompetent) 4. never bring in new main points

Criteria for trustworthy information

1. Factual (is the information based on facts?) 2. Reliable (honest and authoritative sources?) 3. Well-supported (strong evidence to prove a case?) 4. Current (up to date?) 5. Verifiable (can it be cross checked?) 6. Fair (unbiased and evenhanded?) 7. Comprehensive (does it include all relevant data?)

4 Ways to Control your Material

1. Revise your outline and speaking notes whenever they need alterations 2. Test your outline 3. Revise for continuity 4. Make deletions if you are in danger of exceeding the time limit

3 Thing to do in a conclusion

1. Signal the end (verbally or nonverbally) 2. Summarize key ideas (should be brief) 3. Reinforce the central idea with a clincher (a clincher is a final statement in a speech that drives home the key concept)

What are the parts of an outline?

1. Title (don't say it in your speech) 2. Purposes and Central idea (help bring focus onto main points) 3. Introduction and conclusion 4. Body (independent of the intro and conclusion) 5. Transitions (placed in parenthesis) 6. Bibliography 7. Visual aids (provide brief description)

What are the 2 types of outlines?

1. Topic outline (a systematic arrangement of ideas, using words and phrases for headings and subheadings) 2. Complete sentence outline (a systematic arrangement of ideas, using complete sentences for headings and subheadings)

Advantages of Visual Aids

1. Visual aids can make ideas clear and understandable 2. Visual aids can make a speech more interesting 3. Visual aids can help the audience remember facts and details 4. Visual aids can make long, complicated explanations unnecessary 5. Visual aids can help prove a point 6. Visual aids can add to your credibility 7. Visual aids can enhance communication with people who speak English as a second language

Intereviews

2 types: • Electronic (via email or social networks) • Personal (interviewing the expert in person, most people do not mind interviews)

Using articles for research

3 types: • Newspapers (The Wall Street Journal) • Magazines (National Geographic) • Scholarly Journals (Journal of Super-computing) 2 Formats: • Print (libraries carry a wide variety of publications and keep past issues for at least one year) • Electronic (most libraries have searchable databases but may not be available to the general public) Electronic datasbases provide information in 3 forms: • Citation (the bibliographical reference that includes title, names of authors, name of magazine, publication date, and page numbers • Abstract (brief summery of an article) • Full-text

search engine

A service that allows a user to enter keywords or phrases related to a topic to retrieve a list of websites with those keywords.

copyright infringement

A violation of the exclusive rights of a copyright holder, such as copying, distributing, or performing the copyright owner's work without permission unless the use is otherwise authorized by law.

Following up

After the interview there are three crucial tasks • Promptly expand your notes (turn keywords or phrases into complete sentences while everything is fresh on your mind) • Evaluate your information (see if you got exactly what you were looking for) • Write a thank-you note

Narrowing search options

Articles about current events • NY Times • BBC News • Google News Complete books or excerpts • Project Gutenberg • Google Books • Amazon Scholarly articles • Google Scholar • Directory of Open Access Journals

For accurate information websites are the best resource?

False, many websites contain inaccurate or misleading information especially on controversial or disputed issues.

How can you rewrite this purpose statement as a question? ""To inform my listeners how they can determine if their drinking water is free of dangerous contamination"

How can we know if our water is safe to drink?

Major Resources

Library: Books, Articles, electronic resources Internet: Websites and apps, groups and forums, blogs and vlogs Field Research: interviews with experts, experiences and investigations, surveys

Is it searching the web faster and more efficient than using a book?

Using websites can be time consuming and reliable sources are harder to find.

internal summary

a concise review of material covered during the body of a speech

spotlight

a device that alerts listeners to important points

what is an app?

a piece of software designed to fulfill a particular purpose

keyword

a word looked for in a search command

signpost

an explicit statement of the place that a speaker has reached

Speaking notes

brief reminders of the points a speaker plans to cover during a speech

Support Materials

elements that illustrate or substantiate a point

Field Research

gathering information firsthand by observing, surveying, interviewing, or being part of some activity

inter-library loan

sharing of materials and services among libraries

attention material

the part of the introduction designed to capture audience interest

Importance of Speech Organization

• A well organized speech is easier to understand • A well organized speech is easier for the audience to remember • A well organized speech is more likely to be believed

Statistics Terminology

• Average (a single value that represents the general significance of a set of unequal values) • Mean (in a set of numbers the sum of all figures divided by the number of figures) • Median (the number that falls in the middle of a numerical ranking) • Mode (the figure that appears most frequently in a set of figures) • Correlation (the degree of relative correspondence between two sets of data; positive or negative)

Types of Visual Aids

• Charts • Graphs • Drawings and photos • video and animation • objects and models

When can you use copyrighted material?

• Classroom speeches • Career and community speeches (with permission to do so)

Types of support material

• Definitions ( a statement of the meaning of a word or phrase) • Vivid images (a description that evokes a lifelike picture within the mind of the listener) • Examples (an instance that serves to illustrate a point) • Narratives (a story that illustrates a point, sometimes made up stories called hypothetical narratives are used) • Comparisons and contrasts (showing how two or more items are like or different) • Analogies (resemblance in some respects between things that are otherwise dissimilar) • Testimonies ( statement by a knowledgeable person, used by a speaker to explain or bolster a point) • Statistics (numerical facts assembled to present significant information about a subject)

Uses for Support Materials

• Develop or illustrate ideas • Clarify ideas • Make a speech more interesting • Help listeners remember key ideas • Help prove a point

Analyzing internet sites

• Don't be swayed by widespread dissemination (just because everyone or everything says something, doesn't make it true) • Watch out for web manipulation • Don't be dazzled by high tech design • Investigate sponsors and authors (look for background information on the author, and sponsor) • Examine internet domain names • Look for country of origin • Check the date

What are the five ways to share your sources with the audience?

• Give credit as you go through your speech (oral footnotes or "spoken citation") • Give global credit in the introduction • Use a slide or poster to present your sources • Provide a handout listing all sources • Display all books articles and materials

Types of graphs

• Line graph (visual consisting of lines that show a trend) • bar graph (visual that contrasts two or more sets of data) • pie graph (a circle showing a given whole that is divided into component wedges) • pictorial graph (visual that dramatizes statistical data using pictures)

Steps to prepare for an interview

• Make an appointment (call ahead and explain what you want to know and how much time you are requesting) • Conduct research before the interview (if you are confused about some of your research, the expert can help clarify. Ff you are unable to find information the expert might help. Do basic homework and gather common knowledge on the subject so you do not ask embarrassing questions) • Prepare questions ( decide ahead of time what questions you want to ask, important questions should be asked first in case of a time shortage. Try emailing some questions to the expert to allow them to prepare) • Decide how to record the interview (most professionals record the interview while writing down the key ideas or concepts. Always ask the interviewee before hand if recording is OK)

Orient the audience

• Orienting material (the part of the introduction that gives listeners the information they need to fully understand or believe the rest of the speech) • give background information • establish your credibility • preview the body of a speech

What are the three special situations for using copyright material?

• Public domain (anything before 1923 is no longer protected by copyright laws and any federal publication) • Fair use (allows you to use small amounts of material if you meet 3 of the following tests. Used a small portion, purpose is educational and not commercial, and you do not cause economic harm to the work • Royalty-free Material (buying these allows you to use them however and whenever you want)

What are the three types of testimonies?

• Quote verbatim (citing the exact words) • Summarize (to give the ubstance of a statement in condensed form) • Paraphrase (to restate material using different words)

Recognizing dubious claims

• Reject claims based solely on anecdotes (ex: Super bowl Sunday is the biggest day for domestic violence against women) -anecdote: a short account of an incident • Reject claims based solely on testimonials (using a concoction for wart removal and getting people saying its working when without treatment 85% of warts go away on their own) -testimonial: a statement supporting a benefit received • Reject claims based solely on opinions (unless supported by solid evidence they are worthless) -opinion: a conclusion or judgement that remains open to dispute but seems true to one's own mind

What three frequent shortcomings often appear when using polls?

• Some people do not respond honestly (ex: in surveys about 40% of people say they go to church every week when in reality only 20% do) • Results often depends on how a question is asked (wording questions in different ways can solicit different responses) • Some polls are biased because they fail to query the right people (best to use random samples)

How to conduct an interview

• Start in a friendly, relaxed manner (thank them for the interview) • Get biographical information (this will prove or disprove if the interviewee is credible) • Ask both prepared and spontaneous questions (open ended, closed, classifying) • Ask about other sources and visual aids (the interviewee may be able to about other people to interview) • Ask if you've omitted any questions (the interviewee may be able to include things you did not ask about but could be relevant) • End the interview on time (Respect the amount of time granted unless invited to stay longer)

Conscientious ethical speakers share what two characteristics?

• They are willing to work hard (avoiding intellectual laziness, they dig for all relevant facts and refuse to rely on opinions, hearsay, and first impressions • They are intellectually honest (analyze objectively and draw reasonable conclusions, even if it means admitting their idea is wrong)

What are the types of plagiarism?

• Wholesale copying (copying a section or entire work and citing the source. Ex: persuading a friend to create a speech for you, or buying a speech from a website) • Cut and Paste (taking fragments of information from multiple sources and making it into a speech) • Unacceptable paraphrase (paraphrasing but only replacing words)

Reasons to give credit to sources

• You protect yourself from accusations of plagiarism • You satisfy the listeners' curiosity about the origin of your material • You demonstrate that you are an ethical researcher and give credit where credit is due

reference librarian

• a librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information • a specialist in information retrieval

Tips for using visual aids

• choose the best time to show visual aids (dont display before the speech, display when audience needs help understanding, and delaying use of aids is acceptable if listener comprehension is unarmed) • never circulate visual aids among the audience (distracting) • remove physical barriers (removing things that block the speaker or visuals) • make sure listeners get maximum benefit from visuals (don't rush, explain visuals) • dont let visuals distract your message (show one at a time, blank the screen, be cautious of using animals or children) • dont talk to your visual aids • use progressive relevation (unveil parts at a time) • plan for emergencies

Organizing main points

• chronological (arrangement if information in a time sequence) • spatial (arrangement of information in terms of physical space, such as top to bottom, ex: solar system, sun, mercury, venus, earth) • cause-effect (a scheme that links outcomes and the reasons for them) • problem-solution (an arrangement of material that explores a problem and then offers a solution) • topical pattern (a division of a topic into components, types, or reasons) • statement of reasons pattern (a variation of topical pattern in which a speaker gives reasons for an idea)

Types of Charts

• information chart (text arranged as a series of key points) • table (numbers or words arranged systematically in rows and columns

Main points

• key assertions made by a speaker to develop his or her central idea • best to have 2 or 3 • restrict each main point to a single idea • don't announce your topic, instead make an assertion • customize points according to the audience • use parallel language when possible (equivalent grammatical forms to express equivalent ideas)

Follow-up questions (unprepared)

• question designed to stimulate elaboration ex: What happened next?

Closed questions (prepared)

• questions that ask for specific information and elicit a short, one- or two- word answer, a "yes" or "no," or a forced choice • effective in getting specific data

open-ended questions (prepared)

• questions that respondents answer in their own words Pros- interviewee can choose the points he or she wishes to emphasize Cons- interviewee may wonder off subject into irrelevant side issues

Classifying questions (unprepared)

• questions used to clarify confusion about something ex: Could you please explain that a little more?

Types of Attention material

• relate a story or use a hypothetical illustration (an imaginary scenario that illustrates a point) • ask a question (rhetorical questions stimulate interest and do not elicit a reply. over-respone questions elicit a direct immediate reply) • make a provocative statement • cite a quotation (works best when short) • arouse curiosity • provide visual aids • give an incentive to listen

How to search info online efficiently

• use keywords ( using multiple can narrow searches) • use phrases (sometimes need to put them in quotation marks) • search by date • use a minus sign to exclude words (Madagascar-movie) • to use several keywords use "or" (movie or film) • use wildcards "*" (invit* comes up with invite, invitation, invited, etc.)

Using books for research

• use library catalog (search by author, title, or subject) • use reference books (encyclopedia, dictionary, or maps) • consider using e-books (can search using ctrl+F) • find previews (some previews can contain good information)