Scaling

As brain size gets larger, white matter gets ____________________________ ___________________ than gray matter. Why?

Dis-proportionally larger, r=.99. Because larger brain needs to send signals farther and faster so need more myelination for conduction of APs. More white matter(that is the myelination)

The Oxygen curve shifts to the ____________ as mammals get larger, showing a P50 that is __________ meaning ______________ oxygen affinity

Left, Smaller, Greater.

As the brain get's bigger the metabolic rate gets __________

smaller.

Surface is proportional to length ^?

squared - 2

Kleiber's Law is

the scaling coefficient is 0.74

Allometric Equation

y=ax^b or logy = blog x + log a

Per gram tissue slope is

-0.25

Metabolically related on a mass value slope is __________. (total body mass)

0.75 slope

Nielson discovered...

1) Moisture-conserving mucus in the nose - water not stored in hump of the camel. 2) Special glands help seabirds and marine reptiles shed excess salt 3) Learned how ostriches can run in the heat without sweating

Surface is proportional to volume ^?

2/3

The 3 parameters that can be changed when size increases are...

Dimensions, Materials, and Design

The cost of running expressed as the oxygen needed to transport, __________________ regulary with increasing body size.

Decreases

Heart Rate ____________ with body size with a slope of _________

Decreases with a slope of -0.25

Per unit Volume - relate S/V as a __________ line with slope of ___________ ploted on a log log plot

Decreasing, -33

Aristotled observed in 350 BC that...

Larger animals seemed to live longer than smaller animals

The effect of body size on weekly food requirements. Explain.

In 1 week, the vole eats about 6x its body weight and the rhino, by contrast, eats only 1/3 of its body weight. The larger the animal the more efficient the energy use and storage.

The lung volumes that ____________________ with Body weight are...

Increase. Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, and Total Compliance.

As the Body Weight increases, Lung volume __________________ _________________ with a slopes close to ___________.

Increases Proportionally with slope close to 1.

Metabolic rate _______________ with body size, but _________ than proportional to body size

Increases, Less than

Per unit Length - relate S/V as a __________ line with slope of ___________ ploted on a log log plot

Increasing, 2/3

Size is measured in ____________ and ______________ dimensions.

Mass and Linear

On a log log plot P50 has a slope of _________ because it is related to _________________.

Negative (-0.25) and related to metabolism.

Allometry

Non-isometric scaling

Specific Metabolic Rate is

Pmet - the metabolic rate per unit body mass Mb (in grams). Decreases with increasing body size. The regression line having a slope of -0.25.

Knut Schmidt Nielson wrote the book

Sacling. Why is Animal Size so Important?

Scaling Nielson Definition

Scaling deals with the structural and functional consequences of changes in size or scale among otherwise similar organisms

The brain has high levels of energy metabolism due to greater metabolic consumption of human neocortical neurons relates to the energetic costs of maintaining expansive dendritic arbors and long-range projecting axons in the context of an enlarged brain.

The high metabolic activity of the brain is partly due extensive myelination, dendritic centers, and long-range axons.

Why does White matter increase with brain size?

The larger brain needs large and more myelin sheaths to be able to increase conduction for the longer axons around the brain. They have to devote more volume to myelination than smaller brains do.

Neuro density per gram of tissue goes down because

The more neurons you have, the more white matter you need in proportion.

Galileo proposed that bigger animals had ________ bones and it was __________ proportional to smaller animal bones.

Thicker bones, Bones get bigger than the larger fraction that is proportional

Galileo wrote the book _________ about...

Two New sciences mechanics and movement mathmatics

Volume is proportional to length ^?

cubbed - 3

Heart rate _____________________ with increasing body size, slope is ___________

decreases, b=-0.25

Humans based on weight should....

die at 20 years

Isometry

similarity in triangles in linear proportional scaling

Blood volume and Heart Size _______________ ____________________with body weight with a slope of __________.

increase proportionally, 1.0

Skeleton of mammal _______________ _____________jof proportion to body size with a slope _______

increases out of proportion with a slope greater than 1

Blood volume of mammals _____________ _____________ to body size with slope of __________

increases proportional with slope of 1

Hematocrit in all mammals is _________________ to body size

independent

Frequency of respiration is _____________ to body size but with a slope _________ than 0 of __________.

proportional, less than 0 of -0.26. Due to being related to metabolism.

Oxygen consumption rate is ________________ to body size but with a slope ____ than 1 of ___________.

proportional, less than 1 of 0.76. Due to being related to metabolism.