Public Speaking Final Exam Ch. 4, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19 & 20

Figurative Language

(figures of speech); techniques speakers employ to word specific types of claims or ideas

Differences between oral and written language

-oral language is more adaptive (speaker can respond to how audience reacts to their speech) -oral language is less formal -oral language incorporates repetition

Listening Styles

1) Action-oriented listening 2) Content-oriented listening 3) People-oriented listening 4) Time-oriented listening

Guidelines for developing presentation aids

1) Consider the forum 2) consider audience (demographics/prior exposure) 3) make sure aids support your points 4) keep aids simple and clear 5) rehearse with aids

Three Types of Claims in a Persuasive Speech

1) Fact Claim 2) Value Claim 3) Policy Claim

A Good Introduction Includes what?

1) Gains audiences attention 2) Signals thesis 3) Shows the relevance of the topic for your audience (WIIFM) 4) Establishes Credibility 5) Previews Your Main Points

Why use presentation aids?

1) Make speech more interesting 2) Simplify a complex topic 3) help audience remember your speech

Guidelines for using presentation aid during your speech

1) Make sure everyone can see and hear your aids 2) control audience interaction with your aids 3) maintain eye contact 4) remember the purpose of your aids

How to express your ideas effectively

1) Repetition 2) Hypothetical Examples 3) Personal Anecdotes 4) Vivid Language 5) Figurative Language

Three Goals of Persuasion

1) Strengthen their (audience) commitment 2) Weaken their commitment 3) Promote them to take action

6 Culprits behind poor listening

1) Unprocessed note taking 2) Non listening 3) Agenda driven listening 4) Argumentative listening 5) Nervous listening 6) Interruptive listening

Maximizing Audience's Listening

1) anticipate ineffective listening before your speech 2) consider your listeners' attention and energy levels 3) assess your audience's knowledge and abilities 4) front-and back-load your main message 5) Use presentation aids strategically

How to chose respectful and unbiased language:

1) avoid stereotypes 2) use gender-neutral references 3) make appropriate references to ethnic groups 4) steer clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender or sexuality

3 Types of Graphs

1) bar 2) line 3) pie chart

3 Types of visual images

1) maps 2) photographs/drawings 3) diagrams

Ways to do a clincher

1) striking phrase or sentence 2) use an emotional message 3) highlight thesis 4) end with story or anecdote

How can you encourage active listening during your speech?

1) tailor your delivery 2) watch out for argumentative listeners 3) watch out for defeated listeners 4) watch out for superficial listeners

7 Ways to Do An Attention Getter

1) tell a story or anecdote 2) offer a striking statement 3) build suspense 4) let listener's know you're one of them 5) use humor 6) use a rhetorical question 7) provide a quotation

7 Types of Presentation Aids

1) the speaker 2) assistant 3) visual images 4) object 5) graphs 6) text-based visuals 7) audio and video

Parts of the conclusion

1) transition to conclusion 2) summarize your main points 3) finish with memorable clincher that ties back to your introduction 4) highlight thesis

Tips to use presentation software wisely

1) unify a mixed-media presentation 2) content is king 3) don't let software steal the show

How to present your message clearly

1) use understandable language 2) use concrete words 3) use words properly 4) use concise language

How can you tell if an audience member is actually listening?

Are they looking at you? Eye contact? Sleeping? Engaged? Nonverbal cues.

Who should be listening during a speech?

Both the audience and the speaker

How should you listen when you're in the audience?

CRITIQUE: take notes, identify main points, consider speech's objectives, support your feedback with examples, be ethical.

Two Paths of Persuasion

Central Route and Peripheral Route

How can you become a better listener?

Focus on interactive listening

With different audiences you should exhibit different listening styles. Give an example.

Friend is sad, people-oriented listening would be best. Mayor is trying to go to lunch, but you want to present a piece of legislation, time-oriented approach would be best.

Examples of how/when public speakers listen?

Interviewing people to do research, getting feedback on speech when you practice in front of friends or family, and paying attention to audiences responses during your speech

What is a vital skill for public speakers?

Listening

What is the crucial bit that makes a speech persuasive?

What's In It For Me!!!

Abstract Words

a general word that can be confusing or ambiguous (ex: the vehicle; think common nouns)

gender-neutral term

a word that does not suggest a particular gender (such as poet, chair, representative, cleaner, or firefighter)

retention

ability to remember what you've heard

How can you better focus on the speaker?

actively listen and think about the message behind their speech. ask yourself questions about it.

Listening

actively paying attention to what you're hearing, involves both processing message to find a meaning and retaining what you've heard/understood

processing

actively think about a message you're receiving from someone else-- not only words, but also verbal cues

You should always _______ your word choice for your audience.

adapt

Policy Claim

advocates action by organizations, institutions, or members of your audience

Argumentative Listening

also known as selective listening, listening to only as much as a person needs to in order to fuel their own arguments. (speakers can do this too)

Connotative Meaning

an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word.

hypothetical example

an imagined example or scenario you invite your audience to consider to help them follow a complicated point presented immediately afterward.

Internal Noise

any thoughts that make it hard for you to concentrate (maybe aspects of personal life or stress about school)

a presentation aid

anything beyond your spoken words that you employ to help your audience members understand and remember your message

verbal chart

arranges words in a certain format, such as bullet points

Fact Claim

asserts something that is true or false. The more debatable, the better the persuasive speech

Value Claim

attaches judgement to a subject (good, bad, moral or immoral) (ex: euthanasia should be legal). More challenging than a fact claim because not always tons of concrete evidence to support your value claim. Select a value claim topic that your audience would be open to.

Superficial Listeners

audience members who pretend to pay attention, but are distracted by internal and external noises (own thoughts, phone, or conversations)

Why should you use front and back loading for your speech?

because audience members tend to listen in the beginning go the speech and the end.

summary

brief review of your main points

preview

brief statement of the main points you will be developing in the body of your speech

Antithesis

clause set in opposition to one another, usually to distinguish between choices, concepts or ideas. ("Do we want to go forward or backward? Live in a future that's brighter or stuck in the past?")

Time-Oriented Listeners

concerned with managing time, see time as precious resource to be conserved and protected. Can be impatient and rush interactions.

bar graph

consists of parallel bars of varying height or length that compare several pieces of information

Unprocessed Note Taking

copying the speaker's words verbatim without considering what you're writing down (physically hears words, but not listening)

diagram

drawing that details an object or action, as well as arrangements and relations among its parts

presentation software/ slideware

enables users to create edit and present information (usually in slide show former)

Your words and phrases convey your __________ to your listeners because they say something about you as a person.

ethos

If you have to use it, you should always _______ jargon.

explain

Examples of distractions

external distractions/external noise and internal noise/distractions

Constructive Criticism

feedback a speaker can use to improve his or her skills

Action-Oriented Listening (and an example)

focus on getting the meaning of the message and determining what response is required, want direct, concise messages. (A boy who wants to get to the point on the class lecture and is annoyed when the teacher rambles on a certain topic for too long to get to the point)

stereotype

generalization based on the false assumption that characteristics displayed by some members of a group are shared by all members of that group

persuasive speech

goal is to affect your audience member's beliefs, attitudes or action, while also advocating fact, value or policy claims

vivid language

grabs the attention of your audience with words and phrases that appeal to all the senses (sight, smell, sound, touch, taste)

Interactive Listening

helps improve both processing and retaining. includes filtering out distractions, focusig on the speaker(s), and showing that you are paying attention

Word choice/diction

how one conveys ideas through words, requires consideration of audience, occasion, and nature of one's message

You should avoid _________ or define your terms when giving a speech to people who may be unfamiliar with your topic?

jargon

Content-Oriented Listening

like in depth, complex information. willing to spend a lot of time listening/paying attention to what is being said. Like discussing and thinking about the message afterwards. (A girl who wants the teacher to explain the process of photosynthesis for the entire hour of class and will have questions after)

forum

location of where you are giving speech

Simile

makes explicit comparisons and contains the words "like" or "as" (Pretty as a rose)

Metaphor

makes implicit comparisons of unlike objects by identifying one object as another. (Juliet is the sun)

Attention Getter

material intended to capture the audience's interest at the beginning of the speech

Hearing

merely receiving messages in a passive way

Elaboration Likelihood Model

model showing two ways that audience members may evaluate a persuasive speaker's message. Created by Richard Petty and John Cacioppo

How can you show that you're listening?

non verbal and verbal cues (nods, smiles, laugh, "amen!" or ask questions after)

Non-listening

not paying attention to what you're hearing, when you're more focused on your own thoughts than what is being said

Interruptive Listening

one person consistently interrupting another (speakers can do this to by ignoring an audience member's hand being raised or cutting off an audience member mid question)

Audience Surveillance

paying attention to an audience's nonverbal and verbal responses while giving a speech

Nervous Listening

people who feel compelled to talk through silences because they are uncomfortable with conversational lapses/pauses. blurts out many questions at once, causing person being interviewed to not be able to answer each question fully

Promote Audience Action

persuading to get the audience to do something. (rather that be volunteering, drinking less soda. whatever.)

Words have tremendous _____, which is why it's important to avoid biased language

power

Anaphora

repetition of a word of phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or sentences; used for emphasis and clarity. ("he's watching us as we go to school. he's watching us as we eat. he's watching us as we brush our teeth.")

pie chart/circle graph

show how percentages and proportions relate to one another and add up to a whole

clincher

something that leaves a lasting impression of your speech in your listeners' minds

Agenda Driven Listening

speakers who focus solely on the mechanics (key points/topics) of their presentation, leaves out audience involvement in what is being talked about. (very common with anxious speakers)

jargon

specialized or technical words or phrases familiar to only people in a specific field or group

Concrete Words

specific and suggests exactly what you mean (ex: a blue 2008 Toyota Corolla; think proper nouns)

External Noise

street noise, flashy visual aid left up for an entire speech, chattering audience members.

verbal clutter

term for unnecessary words in a presentation

flowchart

text-base visual that demonstrates the direction of information, processes and ideas

Denotative Meaning

the exact, literal dictionary definition of a word

Strengthening Audience Commitment

they already agree with you, but you convince them to take immediate action.

Weakening Audience Commitment

they disagree with you, you want to weaken their commitment to their differing opinion.

line graph

uses lines plotted on a pair of axes to show a relationship between two elements

graph

visual representation of the relationship among different numbers, measurements, or quantities

Defeated Listeners

when listeners feel overwhelmed by your message and find it too difficult to follow, so they give up

People-Oriented Listening

willing to invest time and attention in communications. but their interest is in supporting friends or strengthening relationships. Great at noticing mood/body language of speakers and express empathy. (Person crying during a speech when someone talks in great detail about something sad in their life)

biased language

word choice that suggests prejudice or preconceptions about other people; erodes your credibility and distracts your audience from listening to your message

Speech Critique

written/oral feedback offered after a presentation, essential component of public speaking classes because it helps people learn from their mistakes.