Review For China Quiz

Spheres Of Influence

A country or area in which another country has the power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Commune

A group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities.

Joint Family

A joint family or undivided family is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India, consisting of many generations living in the same household, all bound by the common relationship.

Collective Farm

A jointly operated amalgamation of several small farms, especially one owned by the government.

Buddhism

A religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.

Ideograph

An ideograph or virtue word is a word frequently used in political discourse that uses an abstract concept to develop support for political positions. Such words are usually terms that do not have a clear definition but are used to give the impression of a clear meaning.

Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Chiang Kai-Shek

Chiang Kai-shek, also romanized as Jiang Jieshi and known as Jiang Zhongzheng, was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975.

Confucius

Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

Cixi

Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908.

Extraterritoriality

Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.

Legalism

Fǎ-Jiā or Legalism is one of the six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy that developed during the Warring States period. Grouping thinkers with an overriding concern for political reform, the Fa-Jia were crucial in laying the "intellectual and ideological foundations of the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire", remaining highly influential in administration, policy and legal practice in China today. Largely ignoring morality or questions on how a society ideally should function, they examined contemporary government, emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrat and state, with the goal of achieving increased order, security, and stability.

Status Of Hong Kong

Hong Kong is an autonomous territory, and former British colony, in southeastern China. It's vibrant, densely populated urban center is a major port and global financial hub with a skyscraper-studded skyline. The business district features architectural landmarks like I.M. Pei's Bank of China Tower. Hong Kong is also a major shopping destination, famed for bespoke tailors and Temple Street Night Market.

Filial Piety

Image result for Filial Piety in Confucian philosophy, filial piety (Chinese: xiào) is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. The Confucian classic Xiao Jing or Classic of Xiào, thought to be written around the Qin-Han period, has historically been the authoritative source on the Confucian tenet of xiào

Kowtow

Kneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom.

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949, until his death in 1976. His Marxist-Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.

Social Changes Under Mao

Mao inherited a country which was ruined by years of war. Not only was China economically backward, it did not have the human expertise or the government institutions to drive progress forward. Mao himself had no experience of industry or economic know-how. At first, therefore, Mao implemented his new Communist society cautiously, relying on the Soviet Union for advice, expertise, and money. The results were generally positive, but progress was not big enough or fast enough.

Open Door Policy

Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Thwart

Prevent someone from accomplishing something.

Propaganda

Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

Pu Yi

Puyi, of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, commonly known as Henry Pu Yi, was the last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty.

Responsibility System

Responsibility system was a practice in China, first adopted in agriculture in 1979 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system partially supplanted the egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses.

Daoism

Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (literally "Way," also romanized as Dao).

Dynastic Cycle

Term used to describe the rise, fall and replacement of dynasties or empires, in China

Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China. Founded in 206 BC when the rebel leader Liu Bang successfully ended the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty lasted for four centuries and is considered a golden age in Chinese history.

Han Feizi

The Han Feizi is an ancient Chinese text attributed to the foundational political philosopher, "Master" Han Fei. It comprises a selection of essays in the "Legalist" tradition on theories of state power, synthesizing the methodologies of his predecessors. Apart from administration, it touches on diplomacy, war, and economics. It's 55 chapters are the only such text to survive intact, most of which date to the Warring States period mid-3rd century BC.

Analects

The Analects, also known as the Analects of Confucius, is a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled and written by Confucius' followers.

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihequan Movement, was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty.

Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a socio-political movement that took place in China from 1966 until 1976.

Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward (Chinese: Dà yuè jìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962.

The Great Wall

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century, these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are now collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built 220-206 BCE by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. Since then, the Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

Loess

The Loess Plateau, also known as the Huangtu Plateau, is a 640,000 square kilometer plateau located around the Wei River valley and the southern half of the Ordos Loop of the Yellow River in central China. It covers almost all of the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi and extends into parts of Gansu, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia. It was enormously important to Chinese history, as it formed the cradle of Chinese civilization and its eroded silt is responsible for the great fertility of the North China Plain, along with the repeated and massively destructive floods of the Yellow River. Its soil has been called "most highly erodible... on earth" and conservation efforts and land management are a major focus of modern Chinese agriculture.

Long March

The Long March was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army.

Mongols

The Mongols are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China, as well as in Russia.

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on January 1st, 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which commenced in 1948. The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations

Revolution Of 1911

The Xinhai Revolution, also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Revolution of 1911, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty and established the Republic of China.

Mandate Of Heaven

The Zhou created the Mandate of Heaven: the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. They used this Mandate to justify their overthrow of the Shang and their subsequent rule.

Roles Of Women

The lives of women in China have significantly changed throughout reforms in the late Qing Dynasty, the Chinese Civil War, and the rise of the People's Republic of China, which publicly committed itself to gender equality. Efforts the new Communist government made toward gender equality were met with resistance in the historically male-dominated Chinese society, and obstacles continue to stand in the way of women seeking to gain greater equality in China.

Confucius's Teachings

The philosophy of Confucius is known as Confucianism, which resembles a religion in some respects because it addresses the afterlife and heaven; however, it's mainly concerned with living peacefully and morally within the structures of society. Confucius' teachings and conversations were written down by his disciples in a text called the Analects. Confucius believed that his ideas were from the ancient Chinese philosophers who preceded him and that he served only as a transmitter for the enlightenment of others on Earth. Confucianism can be separated into two broad categories: social and political.

Guomindang

The political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan.

Totalitarian State

Totalitarian regimes, in contrast to a dictatorship, establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects, and are usually headed by a charismatic leader.

Proletariat

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).