Safety fundamental concepts terms (Safety health Eng Chapter 3)

Incident -Cost Relationships

There is also an important relationship between the frequency of injury accidents and direct costs. Vital Few - (Gordon Lembkeof Wausau insurance companies, recognizes that costs are unequally distributed for similar accidents.

Uninsured costs

"are paid directly from other sources"

Insured costs

"are paid through insurance claims

Frequency

Frequency strategies try to prevent as many incidents as possible.

Incident - Injury Relationships

Heinrich - another con concept. "He said that preventive actions should focus primarily on accidents and their causes ( unsafe acts and unsafe conditions) .

Severity

Serious injuries occur most frequently in four kinds of work activities: construction, nonproductive activities, rarely performed and unusual nonroutine work and work involving high health risks

Accident

" a happening or event that is not expected, foreseen, or intended" "An accident is an unexpected , unforeseen , or intended event that causes injury, loss or damage." There are two fundamental types of accident causes: Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. An accident is an unintended, unplanned single or multiple event sequence that is caused by unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, or both and may result in immediate or delayed undersirable effects.

Indirect costs

"are real expenses associated with incidents " =* lost time of injured employee, time lost by other employees to assist injured coworker, to see what is going on, and to discuss events *time lost by a supervisor to assist injured worker, investigate incident, prepare reports, and make adjustments in work and staffing *Time spent by company first aid, medical, and safety staff on case *Damage to tools, equipment, materials, or property *Losses due to late or unfilled orders, loss of bonuses, or payment of penalties. * Payments made to injured employee under benefit programs *Losses resulting from less than full productivity of injured workers on return to work *Loss of profit because of lost worktime and idle machines *losses due to reduction in productivity of cowokers because of concern or reduced morale *Overhead costs that continue during lost work.

Direct Costs

"are those expenses incurred because of an incident and ascribed to it. " Direct costs = typically include medical expenses and compensation paid to an injured employee for time away from work and costs for repair or replacement of damaged items.

Incident

"unplanned event or event sequence, whether it results in loss, injury, illness, disease, death, or none of these.

The Three Es of Safety

3 Es of safety i. Engineering = includes such actions as substituting less hazardous materials, reducing the inventory of hazardous materials modify processes, designing out hazards, incorporating fail-safe devices, using warning device and prescribing protective equipment. Education = _ training people in safe procedures and practices -teaching people how to perform a job correctly and safely. -teaching people how to perform a job correctly and safely -teaching users how to use a product safely -teaching people what hazards exist in a product, process, or task and how to take appropriate protective actions -training engineers about hazard recognition, hazard evaluation, compliance with safety standards, and legal responsibilities Enforcement = is achieving compliance with federal, state, and local and laws and regulations, with consensus standards and with company rules and procedures

Risk

= " is a measure of both the likelihood and the consequences of all hazards of an activity or condition. It is subjective evaluation of relative failure potential. It is the chance of injury, damage, or loss."

Hazard

=" is the potential for an activity, condition, circumstance, or changing conditions, or circumstances to produce harmful effects. A hazard is an unsafe condition

Safety

=" is the state of being relatively free from harm , danger, injury or damage"

Multiple factor theories

Grose, proposed a multiple factor model referred to as the four Ms: man, machine, media, and management Man= refers to people Machine= refers to any kind of equipment or vehicle Media = includes such things as environments, roadways, and weather Management = is the human context in which the other three Ms exist and operate * Multiple factor theories are useful in incident prevention. They help identify which characteristics or factors are involved in a given operation or activity. Statistical techniques, such as factor analysis, multiple regression, and other multivariate methods, may be used in analyzing characteristics. Fault tree analysis, similar branched event-chain analysis, and other methods are also used to establish association among characteristics and their relationships to damage, injuries, illness, and death.

Unsafe Acts, and Unsafe Conditions

Heinrich's 88:10:2 ratio (88% were caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes *Both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions do contribute to incidents.

Errors in Management Systems

Juan and Demming focused on work processes and the role management has in establishing the processes provided for workers to follow/ Deming claims that 85% of errors are the result of poor processes, and no matter how hard someone tries to improve within a given process, it is not possible unless there is a change in the process itself.

Domino Theory

W.F.Heinrich "The theory states that an incident sequence is like a series of five dominos standing on end. On can knock other over. THe five dominos in reverse sequence are (1) an injury caused by (2) and incident, which , in turn is caused (3) unsafe acts or conditions (4) undersirable traits ( such as recklessness, nervousness, violent temper, lack of knowledge, or unsafe practices) that are inherited or developed through one's (5) social environment The incident sequence can be stopped by removing or controlling contributing factors. * The theory places strong emphasis of incident prevention on the middle domino: unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. Heinrich believed that unsafe acts are more frequently involved in incidents than unsafe conditions. * His philosophy of incident prevention emphasized unsafe acts and person related factors leading up to them.

Energy Theory

William Haddon "Engery Theory" proposed the idea that many accidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy. The energy theory suggest that quantities of energy, means of energy transfer, and rates of transfer are related to the kind and severity of injuries. Sometimes the theory is called the energy release theory , because of release is an important component. Haddon suggests 10 strategies for preventing or reducing losses. i. Prevent the marshalling of energy= the goal is not producing energy or changing it to a form that can not cause an accident or injury. ii. Reducing the amount of energy marshalled = i.e vehicle speeds down. iii. Prevent release energy = iv. Modify the rate at which energy is released from its source or modify the spatial distribution of the released energy. v. Separate in space or time the energy being released from the structure that can be damaged or the human who can be injured. vi. Separate the energy being released from a structure or person that can suffer loss by interposing a barrier. vii. Modify the surface of structures that come into contact with people or other structures. Viii. strengthen the structure or person susceptible to damage IX. Detect damage quickly and counter its continuation or extension X. During the period after damaged and the return to normal condition, take measures to restore a stable condition