Scrotal pathology
how often does a varicocele occur?
10-15%
What is a spermatocele?
Cyst consisting of non-viable sperm
Benign conditions of the scrotum?
Cysts, Gonadal Stromal Tumors
Most intratesticular masses are what kind of tumors?
Germ Cell
What are extratesticular masses?
Hydrocele/hematocele, cyst, scrotal hernia, calcifications, epidiymitis
Compared to the normal testicular parenchyma, what is the predominant sonographic appearance of malignant testicular tumors?
Hypoechoic
chronic testicular infection is most commonly seen in? Why?
Men, related to urinary obstruction
what would you expect to fin with spermatic cord torsion?
Reduced/absent blood flow to testicle Related to testicular enlargement or traum
A testicular finding of a mass that demonstrates an "onion peel" sign and avascularity is most likely
an epidermoid cyst
Serous is typically looks like what sono?
anechoic
what are routes of testicular infection?
ascending, Hematogenous
Where are cysts found in the tunica?
at periphery of testicle
what usually becomes infected first in the scrotum?
epididymitis
What can cause a hydrocele?
epidydimitis, orchitis, torsion, trauma, idiopathic causes
where is a spermatocele most commonly found?
head of epididymis
In a patient with scrotal trauma the testicle will have a sonographic appearance consistent with
heterogenous parenchymal echogenicity and enlargement
undescended testicle is associated with what?
higher risk of malignancy
What is the most common scrotal fluid collection?
hydrocele
Most malignancies are hyper or hypoechoic?
hypoechoic
what type of varicocele is related to compression of vein?
secondary
The most common type of germ cell tumor of the testicle is the
seminoma
When performing an exam for suspected testicluar or ovarian torsion, the color Doppler settings should be
unchanged from the settings used for the unaffected structure
What are 2 categories of testicular trauma?
Blunt and Penetrating
What is the most common type of Gonadal stromal tumor?
leydig cell tumor
what type of varicocele is common in younger men?
primary
What is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the testis?
prostate
what is a secondary varicocele?
related to compression of vein
Gonadal Stromal Tunors account for what percentage of testicular neoplasms?
3-6%
What is a hydrocele?
Abnormal serous fluid collection between layers of tunica vaginalis
What is a varicocele?
Dilated, tortuous veins in pampiniform plexus (incompetent valves)
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors are?
Embryonal Cell Carcinoma Teratoma Choriocarcinoma Yolk Sac Mixed Germ Cell
Which testicular carcinoma is the most aggressive and presents as a focal or diffuse hypoechoic mass with distinct or indistinct boundaries?
Embryonal cell
whre can cyst occur?
Epididymis, interparenchymal, Tunica A or V
Most common type of germ cell tumor is?
Seminoma (40-50%)
What is the most common location for epididymal cysts?
Throughout the epididymis
Scrotum is lined by?
Tunica Vaginalis
is a scrotal hernia benign or malignant?
benign
what is seen with a testicular rupture?
blood in scrotum, irregular outline of testicle
a hydrocele that is blood/ puss will look ?
echoes within the fluid
what does a spermatocele mimic sono?
epididymal cyst
what is Orchitis?
infection of the testicle
Where is a Epidermoid cyst found?
interparenchymal
which testicle are varicocele most commonly found?
left due to length of testicular vein
What is testicular microlithiasis related too?
neoplasia or previous infection
Tunica vaginalis is composed of what 2 layers?
parietal and viseral
what is a scrotal hernia?
swollen scrotum containing palpable mass
The presence of microcalcifications in the testicle is suspicious for
testicular carcinoma
large calcifications in the testis are related to?
trauma (resolved hematoma)
Scrotum is divided into two compartments by?
tunica dartos
what is the appearance of an epidermoid cyst?
whorled (like an onion)
