Sen & Percept 2

Attending to part of an object does not change our ability to process the rest of the object when that part is far away. True False

False

Talking hands free on the phone while driving does not alter your attention to the road. True False

False

The perceived upwards motion of a barber pole is a problem for the Reichardt detector theory of motion perception, but is explained by the efference copy. True False

False

The trichromatic theory of color perception is capable of explaining red/green color blindness. True False

False

We can be good at catching a ball, because we see where it is going to land just by looking at it. True False

False

What information is our vestibular sense providing for us? How our body is oriented relative to others. How our body is oriented relative to our desired orientation. How our body is oriented relative to gravity. How our body is oriented relative to a slope.

How our body is oriented relative to gravity

Your friend wear's a particular outfit often. One day you catch sight of your friend wearing the usual outfit but is the color of a postbox. You turn to look directly, and you realize you were mistaken it is your friend with their usual outfit next to a postbox. What is this an example of? Illusory conjunction Pop out Pre-attentive grouping All of the above

Illusory conjunction

When something moves forward next to us, and we mistakenly perceive ourselves moving backwards. Induced motion Apparent motion Autokinetic motion Motion aftereffect

Induced motion

What does the efference copy theory add to the Reichardt theory of motion perception to make it more compelling? It accounts for the phi phenomenon It accounts for the movement of the eye and the motion that causes on the retina It accounts for vestibular senses It accounts for motion aftereffects

It accounts for the movement of the eye and the motion that causes on the retina

What did Gilchrist's study demonstrate about perception of lightness? Color constancy depends on perception of amount of light Lightness constancy depends on the ratio of light reflected off different objects in a scene Lightness depends on the ratio of objects illuminated in the same way Wallach's ratio changes depending on the context

Lightness depends on the ratio of objects illuminated in the same way

Which of the properties of scenes below do you NOT recognize upon immediately viewing the scene? Color Openness Locale Naturalness

Locale

Which word combination marks the distinction between the physical amount of light on a surface, and the appearance of the amount of light on a surface? Reflectance and Lightness Luminance and Lightness Luminance and Brightness Reflectance and Brightness

Luminance and Brightness

Motion sickness on a boat is better when you are up on deck and looking at the horizon. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Mismatch senses

Motion sickness while driving gets worse when you are reading. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Mismatch senses

What is one element of change that if it is absent we often neglect to notice it? Intensity Color Meaning Motion

Motion

When we spend time looking at motion and then we move our eyes whatever we look at appears to move even if it is not really moving. Induced motion Apparent motion Autokinetic motion Motion aftereffect

Motion aftereffect

Recall the loop from perception to action that we discussed in the lectures. What is one of the most basic actions we can take in this loop to change what we are perceiving? Think differently about the objects in a scene. Move our eyes to look at a different part of the scene. Process the information in the scene differently. Shift how we recognize objects in the scene.

Move our eyes to look at a different part of the scene

The Trichromatic theory of color perception posits that we have three types of color receptors: one that is sensitive to short wavelengths, one that is sensitive to medium wavelengths, and one that is sensitive to long wavelengths. What concept did we learn about early in the course that explains why it could reasonably be proposed that a combination of only three receptors could cause the perception of the great variety of colors we experience? Pattern codes Illusory conjunctions Signal detection theory Perception as inference

Pattern codes

Which of the below will change if you are really tired? Perceived slope Registered slope

Perceived slope

What is the Gestalt principle that underlies all of the Gestalt grouping principles? Pragnanz Good figure Common fate Grouping

Pragnaz

Which word combination marks the distinction between the percent of light reflected off a surface, and the appearance of the percent of light reflected off a surface? Luminance and Lightness Luminance and Brightness Reflectance and Lightness Reflectance and Brightness

Reflectance and Lightness

When objects in a scene almost seem to demand attention, even if we do not intend to look at them, they are said to be _____________ ? Loud Central Salient Stimulating

Salient

What aspect of optic flow allows us to predict when we are about to get into a car accident, even if we do not have information about the speed of either car? The shrinking of our periphery is a warning sign. The expansion of the center of our vision allows us to predict the time to contact. The expansion of the center corresponds with an increased heart rate. The abrupt recalibration of optic flow indicates a collision.

The expansion of the center of our vision allows us to predict the time to contact

The third theory of motion perception we learned about in this module is the theory of relative motion. What below is a good summary of this theory? The motion we perceive is relative to the motion of our body The motion we perceive depends on the context of the moving object The motion we perceive depends on the a shift in figure ground perception The motion we perceive depends on the motion of our eye relative to the motion occurring

The motion we perceive depends on the context of the moving object

What is optic flow? The visual experience of moving through a space. The coordination of vision and proprioception. The coordination of vision and vestibular senses. The visual experience of catching a ball.

The visual experience of moving through a space

The most simple theory of motion perception is that there are cells on the retina (called Reichardt detectors) that detect when light from an object has moved along the retina. The theory is that as these Reichardt detectors detect movement along the retina, and that this movement is then interpreted as motion in the world by the brain. What is the most significant evidence for this theory? It explains the Phi phenomenon How else would we perceive motion? There are cells on the retina that respond to movement across the retina. Every time an image moves across the retina, we perceive motion.

There are cells on the retina that respond to movement across the retina

Additive color mixing occurs when lights mix to create different colors, and Subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints together. True False

True

We process certain features (like shape) before having to pay attention to them. True False

True

The most simple theory of motion perception is that there are cells on the retina (Reichardt detectors) that detect when light from an object has moved along the retina. The theory is that as these Reichardt detectors detect movement along the retina, and that this movement is then interpreted as motion by the brain. What is the most significant problem with this theory? It cannot explain peripheral motion When we move our eyes the image moves across our retina, but we do not perceive motion. Movement on the retina never relates to perceived motion Not everyone who perceives motion has Reichardt detectors

When we move our eyes the image moves across our retina, but we do not perceive motion

Imagine you are looking at a water glass and a mug. According to the TEMPLATE theory of object recognition, how would you differentiate between your water glass and your mug? You have a specific code for a water glass and a mug, and each object is marked as distinct by their distinct code. You recognize the difference between the objects by knowing that the mug will function to hold hot liquid for you without burning your fingers and the water glass will be good for holding liquid of other temperatures. You see that the water glass is one hollowed out cylinder, and that the mug is a hollowed out cylinder that has a solid, curved cylinder attached. You see that the water glass is a distinct object from the mug because the glass has no color but the mug is bright red.

You have a specific code for a water glass and a mug, and each object is marked as distinct by their distinct code

When doing a simple visual search, the thing we are looking for can "pop out" of the scene. This pop out occurs... 1. quickly 2. without effort 3. is not dependent on how populated the scene is 4. slowly 5. effortfully 6. is dependent on how populated the scene is 7. loudly 8. quietly

1, 2, 3

What are some of the factors that researchers take into account when doing eye-tracking studies? Salience of objects in the scene. Meaning of objects in the scene. Intent of the participant. All of the above

All of the above

What are some properties of an object that make it more likely to be the figure in our perception and not the ground? Figures are often smaller Figures are often symmetrical Figures are often convex Figures often often meaningful All of the above

All of the above

What from the list below do humans infer from motion? Cause and effect All of the above social relationships Motivation

All of the above

What is a fundamental observation about color that informed the development of the opponent process theory? The range of all possible colors can be captured in a circle, with red/green and blue/yellow on opposing sides When we perceive a surface as having a color, that surface is actually reflecting many different wavelengths of light at the same time Color is not entirely wavelength dependent, but is a product of our mind All of the above

All of the above

When we see a character move in a cartoon. Induced motion Apparent motion Autokinetic motion Motion aftereffect

Apparent motion

According to Feature Integration Theory, what does attention do? Attention identifies unique objects. Attention combines objects to identify a scene. Attention does not process features. Correct! Attention combines features to identify an object.

Attention combines features to identify

Which of our senses below is NOT generally used to help us sit and stand upright? Auditory sense Visual sense Proprioception Vestibular sense

Auditory sense

When we perceive a light to be moving in a dark room. Induced motion Apparent motion Autokinetic motion Motion aftereffect

Autokinetic motion

Lightness constancy states the objects will appear to have the same lightness even under different lighting conditions. Why do we experience lightness constancy? Because the ratio of light reflected between the object and what's around it is constant Because of pattern codes Because the wavelengths of reflected light do not change Because the reflectance of objects do not change

Because the ratio of light reflected between the object and what's around it is constant

The Trichromatic theory and the Opponent process theory can be combined by having the three color receptors (S, M, L) from the Trichromatic theory differentially activate and inhibit the blue/yellow, red/green, and black/white distinctions from the Opponent process theory. Why is the Opponent process theory on its own not a satisfactory explanation of color perception until it incorporates aspects of the Trichromatic theory? Because there was no mechanistic explanation for the opponent processing in opponent process theory Because opponent process theory could not account for illusions Because the three distinct receptor types that defined the trichromatic theory do exist Because psychologists love to combine old and new theories

Because the three distinct receptor types that defined the trichromatic theory do exist

Why is it that our registered slope is accurate even if our perceived slope is inaccurate? Because of our vestibular senses. Because we need to be able to walk on slopes. Because our perceived slope is always accurate. The question is flawed, our registered slope is never accurate.

Because we need to be able to walk on slopes

Why do we recognize caricatures as representative of the actual person's face? Because we process faces piecewise. Because we process faces holistically. Because they are hilarious. Because of the template theory of object recognition.

Because we process faces holistically

Motion sickness on a boat gets better when you change how you walk to match the rocking. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Coordination failure

Motion sickness while driving gets better when you are the one driving. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Coordination failure

Motion sickness while driving gets worse when you are in the backseat. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Coordination failure

When people have been on a boat for a long time they walk weird on the ground. Coordination failure Mismatch senses

Coordination failure

Imagine you are looking at a water glass and a mug. According to the RECOGNITION BY COMPONENTS theory of object recognition, how would you differentiate between your water glass and your mug? You have a specific code for a water glass and a mug, and each object is marked as distinct by their distinct code. You recognize the difference between the objects by knowing that the mug will function to hold hot liquid for you without burning your fingers and the water glass will be good for holding liquid of other temperatures. You see that the water glass is one hollowed out cylinder, and that the mug is a hollowed out cylinder that has a solid, curved cylinder attached. You see that the water glass is a distinct object from the mug because the glass has no color but the mug is bright red.

You see that the water glass is one hollowed out cylinder, and that the mug is a hollowed out cylinder that has a solid, curved cylinder attached.