SLHS 227 exam 3

Why can't linguists just use English spelling conventions in order to indicate how words sound?

- English doesn't have all the sounds for every language - English words aren't pronounced the way they sound - spelling or orthography, doesn't consistently represent the sounds of language - the same sound may be represented by many letters or combination of letters - the same letter may represent a variety of sounds - some letters in a word may not be pronounced at all - there may be no letter to represent a sound that occurs in a word - different languages use different alphabets

Tense & lax vowels differ in the ability to occur at the end of words. Please indicate which of the following transcriptions of nonsense words COULD be an English word - [lusદ] - [pogひ] = horseshoe U that's just as close as I could get - [degi] - [dumæ]

- [degi]

complementary distribution

- allophones of phoneme never occur in the same environment - allophones are always predictable - non contrastive - typically occur when a segments articulation is affected by its neighbors - dental & alveolar

allophones of a phoneme _______

- are in complementary distribution - are phonetically similar

Which of the following are considered to be feature-changing rules?

- assimilation - dissimilation

suprasegmental features of sounds

- length - pitch -stress - tone. - intonation

stressed syllables can have a difference in which of the following characteristics ?

- loudness - length - pitch

contrastive distribution

- sounds cannot be predicted - they belong to different phonemes but not allophones - can occur in same phonetic environment - a pair of sounds are in contrastive distribution if interchanging the 2 sounds changes the meaning of the word (minimal pairs)

Manners of articulation include?

- stop - glide -fricative - nasal - liquid

Choose the types of phonological processes that were found to be present in Case Study number 1 (Lily).

- stridency deletion - cluster reduction - final consonant deletion

English vowels occurring before nasal stops [m], [n] [ng/n w a tail] are typically nasalized, BUT only when the vowel and the following nasal stop occur within the same syllable. In which of the following 2 words, the FIRST vowel is nasalized? - mythical - mental - minute - monstrous

-mental -monstrous

Fricatives

/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

lax vowels

/ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ,/

Choose the correct phonetic symbol for the beginning sound in the following words. 1. gnat 2. phone 3. civic

1. [n] 2. [f] 3. [s]

Choose the correct phonetic symbol for the ending sound in the following words. 1. baked 2. dogs

1. [t] 2. [z]

places of articulation for consonants?

1. bilabials 2. labiodentals 3. interdentals 4. alveolars 5. palatals 6. velars 7. glottal

Comparing the following transcriptions of English words and phrases, name the process or processes that make the actual speech pronunciation different from the target speech. Stress has been omitted. 1. word: glasses target speech actual speech [glæsɪz] [gæsɪz] 2. word: what do you want target speech. actual speech [wʌt du ju want] [wədəjəwan] 3. word: climb the ladder target speech. actual speech [klɑim ðe lædɚ] [klɑimðelæɾɚ] 4. word: look at that target speech. actual speech [lʊk æt ðæt] [lʊkæt̪ðæt]

1. deletion 2. deletion 3. assimilation 4. assimilation

Name the single feature that distinguishes the sounds in each of the following pairs of vowels. 1. i and æ 2. u and ʊ 3. i and ɪ 4. æ and ɑ

1. high/ low 2. tense/lax 3. tense/ lax 4. front/back

Match the following IPA symbols with their corresponding phonetic descriptions. 1. [æ] 2. [k] 3. [u] 4. [dʒ] 5. [θ]

1. low front unrounded lax vowel 2. voiceless velar stop 3. high back rounded tense vowel 4. voiced affricate 5.voiceless interdental fricative

For the following minimal pairs, please determine which distinctive feature differentiates the words. 1. mail vs. bale 2. lear vs. near 3. thief vs. thieve 4. pride vs. bride 5. thing vs. sing 6. part vs. tart

1. manner 2. manner 3. voice 4. voice 5. place 6. place

Determine how these pairs of consonants differ in terms of place, manner, and voicing. They may differ on a single feature or a combination of features. 1. /t/ and /s/ 2. /p/ and /b/ 3. /t/ and /p/ 4. /b/ and /j/ 5. /f/ and /z/

1. manner 2. voicing 3. place 4. place and manner 5. place and voicing

which of the following pairs of words represent minimal pairs? 1. trip/tribe 2. though/cough 3. phone/foam 4. kid/keyed 5. drive/dream

1. no 2. no 3. yes 4. yes 5. no

3 features that consonants are described with?

1. place 2. manner 3. voicing

For each of the following pairs of sounds: a) state whether they have the same or different manners of articulation b) identify the manner of articulation for each sound. You can copy and paste the symbols from the question to your answer. 1. [v] : [ϴ] 2. [l] : [j] 3. [m] : [n] 4. [d] : [ʤ] 5. [p] : [k]

1. same, fricative 2. different; [l] = liquid, [j] = glide 3. same, nasal 4. different, [d] = stop [ʤ] = affricate 5. same, stop

What are the 3 main features of signs in sign languages?

1. the configuration of hand (hand shape) 2. the movement of hand & arm (towards or away from the body) 3. the location of the hand in signing space

Identify if the first sound in the following words is voiced or voiceless 1. wing 2. think 3. doll 4. sure 5. lumpy

1. voiced 2. voiceless 3. voiced 4. voiceless 5. voiced

Consider the distribution of sounds [s] and [t] in the Tongan data below and then answer the questions that follow. [fata] 'shelf' [motu] 'island' [motomoto] 'unripe' [movete] 'to come apart' [sisi] 'grand' [mosimosi] 'to drizzle' [fesi] 'to break' 1. Are [s] and [t] in complementary distribution? 2. Are sounds [s] and [t] allophones of the same phoneme? 3. Are sounds [s] and [t] separate phonemes? (Hint: Remember that to answer this question we usually look for minimal pairs.) 4. Are [s] and [t] in contrastive distribution?

1. yes 2. yes 3. no 4. no

minimal pair

2 (or more) words that are identical except for 1 phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word EX: pain/pen, bane/ben, main/men

How many sounds are there in the word "thought"?

3

What are tone languages?

A language where changes in pitch distinguish different words.

The following is a phonetic transcription of which word? - [swit] A. sweet B. sweat C. swift D. suit

A. sweet

allomorph

Alternative phonetic form of a morpheme ex [-s] [-z] and [-əz] forms of cats, dogs, and kisses

Which of the following vowels is rounded in English? A. [e] B. [ae] C. [ i] D. [U] horseshoe U

D. horseshoe [U]

In English, aspiration does change the meaning of the word? T or F

False, aspiration does not change the meaning of words in English

is tone contrastive (i.e. can it change the meaning of words)?

Not in English, in other languages it can be

Whats the difference between phonemes and allophones?

Phoneme: a contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realization are predictable by rule. allophones: a predictable phonetic realization of a phoneme. EX: [p] & [p^h] are all allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English.

How do sign languages to phonetic features of spoken languages?

Signs can be broken down into segmental features similar to the phonetic features of speech sounds. Just like spoke languages, signed language of the world vary in these features.

The 1st sounds in the word "doll" is voiced? t or F

True

Target Word: dimension Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

[dʌ.mɛn.ʃən]

Based on your syllabification of the word "dimension," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[dʌmɛ̃nʃə̃n]

Based on your syllabification of the word "friend," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[fɹɛ̃nd]

glides

[j] [w] [ʍ] produced with little obstruction of the airstream. They are always followed directly by a vowel

The word coat can be transcribed as

[kot]

liquids

[l], [r]

Stops

[p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ʔ] [ŋ]

In the word "stop," which sound is the onset?

[st]

Alveolar sounds, those produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar ridge, include the following

[t] [n] [z] [r]

affricates

[tʃ] [dʒ] produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative

approximates

[w] [j] [r] [l]

Which /of the following is an example of a feature representation which is affected by manner [± syllabic] [± voice] [± nasal] [± back]

[± nasal]

Target Word: remember Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

[ɹɪ.mɛm.bəɹ]

Based on your syllabification of the word "remember," select the option that correctly reflects which vowels are nasalized in this word, if any:

[ɹɪmɛ̃mbəɹ]

flaps

[ɾ]

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet?

a phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.

What are syllables?

a phonological unit composed of an onset, nucleus, & coda EX: elevator has 4 syllables --> el-e-va-tor & man has 1 syllable

diphthong

a sequence of 2 vowel sounds that run together as a single phonological unit ex: ɑʊ, ɑɪ, ɔɪ

Which of the following is an example of suprasegmental feature of sounds?

all the above (stress, pitch, tone, length, intonation)

In the following sample, the bolded and underlined segments are considered to be: (in the p) "pill" [p^h I l] "spill" [s p I l]

allophones of the same phoneme

The articulatory process in which a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound in terms of 1 or more of its phonetic characteristics is

assimilation

voiced consonants

b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, v, ð, z, d͡ʒ, w, j, r, l

Consider the following data from Hindi: [kap] cup [kap^h] phlegm In Hindi, stop aspiration is

contrastive

Which of the following words has 3 segments? -think (4) -see. (2) -baked (4) -doubt (3)

doubt

If a written statement has ambiguity, the ambiguity is not affected by intonation when the statement is read aloud, T or F?

false

In English, a syllable is required to have both an onset & a nucleus. t or f?

false

In English, the sound [l] as in "lamp" is typically voiced. However, it becomes voiceless after voiceless stops. Therefore, voiced [l] & voiceless [l] are in a contrastive distribution. t or f?

false

Oral sounds are produced with the velum lowered to prevent air from escaping out the nose? t or f

false

The following is an example of a minimal pair: bat- bats. t or f?

false

The manner of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract the airflow is being restricted? t or f

false

sounds [p], [b], and [m] are all oral bilabial sounds? t or f

false, [m] is a bilabial nasal

Target Word: friend Which of the following correctly reflects its syllabification?

friend [fɹɛnd]

tense vowels

i, e, u, o

sounds [l] as in "lemon" & [r] as in "rose" are?

liquids

Can aspiration change the meaning of words in English?

no

dogs & dogs, are they minimal pairs?

no

voicing

occurs when vocal folds are vibrating

What does the vocal tract consist of?

oral & nasal cavity, larynx, glottis & pharynx (upper & lower teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula, upper & lower lip, tongue)

voiceless consonants

p, t, k, ʔ, f, θ, s, ʃ, h, tʃ, m

Which can be directly observed and which are mental constructs?

phonemes = mental construct/ category allophone = directly observed

distinctive (phonemic) features?

phonetic properties of phonemes that account for their ability to contrast meanings of words: for example voice & tense. Phonetic properties of segments (EX: voice, nasal & alveolar) that distinguish 1 from another

When is primary stress in English words?

stress falls on the final syllable if its heavy. Otherwise it falls on the 2nd to last syllable. Words w/ more than 2 syllable is light & then stress falls on 3rd to last syllable

metathesis

the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two sequential sounds EX: ask/ æks in some English dialects as [æks]

aspiration

the puff or burst or air that happens after a voiceless stop

An alveolar stop changes to a flap when the stop is between two vowels. T or F?

true

English is non-tone language

true

In English, vowels become nasalized before nasal stops that occur within the same syllable with the vowels. Therefore, vowel nasalization in English is predictable. T or F?

true

Vowels [i], [ɪ], [u], and [ʊ] all belong to the natural class of high vowels. t or f?

true

Vowels can be described by whether they are produced with round lips. T or F

true

Rounded vowels

u, ʊ, o, ɔ

[s] and [z] differ by which distinctive feature?

voice

main classification features of vowels?

vowels are classified by how high or low the tongue is, if the tongue is in the front or back of the mouth, whether or not the lips are rounded & overall "tenseness"

can aspiration change the meaning of words in other languages?

yes

spin & pin, are they minimal pairs?

yes

Can a change in the position of the main stress in English words change their part of speech?

yes ex; object (thing) object (legal) proceed (continue on) proceed ($)