Sociology-Exam 2 (CHAPTER 4)

Which of the following terms was used by Ferdinand Tӧnnies to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability?

Gemeinschaft

Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?

Civil inattention

In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?

It exists independently of the specific people occupying it

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

Mechanical solidarity

According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit?

a search for alternatives

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies __________.

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?

organic solidarity

Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?

postindustrial society

Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?

role exit

Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?

Social institution

Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?

Social solidarity

In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?

a horticultural society

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.

a shared dependence established through division of labor

Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?

achieved status

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.

characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role __________.

conflict

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?

conflict theorists

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.

deference

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.

dramaturgical analysis

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?

interaction order

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

role

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.

set

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?

social construction of reality

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

social institutions

Which of the following is the sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society?

social interaction

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

social marginality

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.

statuses

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

The term "emotional labor" refers to _______________.

the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings

Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?

functionalists

Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of ___________.

primary groups

Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?

role ambiguity