Sociology exam 2
Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the U.S?
Max Weber
Which sociologist argued that nonmaterial culture typically responds to changes in material culture?
William F Ogburn
What are the main characteristics of post-industrial cities?
global finance and electrical flow of info dominate the economy
What is the primary topical focus of sociology?
influence of social relationships on people's attitudes and behavior and on how societies are established and change
What is meant by the term human ecology and what does it study?
interrelationships between people and their things and the environment
How did Harold Lasswell define politics?
"who gets what, when, and how"
Which theorist believed that government officials and military leaders were essentially servants of the capitalist class and followed their wishes?
Karl Marx
What did Max Weber mean by the concepts of authority and power?
Power - the ability to exercise one's will over others Authority - institutionalized power recognized by people He said all can be present in a single society, but their relative importance will vary
What does the sociological perspective emphasize?
The ability to see the societal patterns that influence individuals and groups.
What is meant by the idea of "goal displacement"?
The adoption of the new goals by an organization in order to continue its existence
What were the main ideas in Robert Park and Ernest Burgess's theory of the city?
The city was a living organism - constantly changing
What did Max Weber mean by the ideas of legal-rational authority?
a bureaucratic authority. The U.S. Constitution gives Congress and President the authority to make and enforce laws and policies.
What is meant by an extended family?
a family form in which two or more generations live together in adjacent dwellings
What did Max Weber mean by the ideas of traditional authority?
a king or a queen is accepted as ruler of a nation simply by virtue of inheriting the crown. People accept the rulers authority bc that is how things have always been done
What is meant by the idea of environmental justice?
a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities and the lower classes are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards
What were the main features of the feminist movement?
a series of political campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, all of which fall under the feminist movement
What is meant by an ethnic group?
a shared cultural background
What did Max Weber mean by the ideas of charismatic authority?
a type of organization or a type of leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the leader.
What is meant by deindustrialization and what are its main features as a process of social change?
a widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants. social change is significant alterations over time in behavior patterns and culture
What is meant by the concept of social change?
alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture including values and norms
What is meant by the idea of glass ceiling?
an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the persons gender, race or ethnicity
What is meant by the concept of social institutions?
an organized pattern of beliefs and behaviors centered in basic social needs
What is meant by stereotype?
an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
Which pattern of descent is most typical in the U.S.?
bilateral descent that means that both sides of a person's family are equally important
What were the main findings of Margret Mead's research?
gender roles can vary greatly from one physical environment, economy and political system to the next
What is meant by the term "sabotage" and where it is originate?
deliberately destroy, damage, or obstruct something, especially for political or military advantage
What is the difference between discrimination and prejudice?
discrimination is a behavior resulting in unfair treatment due to prejudice prejudice is an attitude that pre judges others
What is the best definition of a family?
family is the people you are born to
What was the main idea of Max Weber's "protestant ethic thesis"?
followers of protestant reformation emphasized a disciplined work ethic
What is meant by the concept of gender roles?
gender role are expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of a gender
What are the main characteristics of industrial cities?
middle of the 18th century (1940s)
What is monogamy?
one person is married exclusively to another person
What are the main characteristics of preindustrial cities?
permanent settlements free from dependence on crop cultivation
What is meant by the concept if growth rate in demography?
population growth
What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term "power elite" and which groups were members of it?
power and elite: small ruling elite of military, industrial and government leaders
What are the main ideas of the pluralist model of power relations in the U.S?
power is held by many competing groups which have access to government, so that no single group is dominant
What are the main features of Capitalism as an economic system?
production are held largely in private hands (money)
How do socialists societies differ from capitalist nations?
provision of social service programs
What are instrumental roles?
refers to the emphasis on tasks and earning the money and supporting the family (male)
What are expressive roles?
shows a concern for the harmony and emotions of the family (female)
What is meant in the study of social movements by the ideas of relative deprivation and resource mobilization?
social movement is an organized collective activities to bring about or resist change in an existing group or society resource mobilization is to get the media, people of power or people with money to support
Which social science is most likely to focus on the production, distribution, and consumption of?
socialism/ economics
What is meant by the concept of the sick role?
societal expectations about attitudes and behaviors of a person viewed as being ill
What is meant by the idea of "hidden curriculum" in education?
standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
What is the best definition of health, according to the world health organization?
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
What does research demonstrate about the relationship between lower income and health?
that lower income people get ill more because they cannot afford good healthcare or money to go to the hospital or to get medicine
What were the main ideas in Thomas Robert Malthus's theory of population?
that our food supply is growing faster than our population
What did W.I. Thomas mean by the definition of the situation?
that people act in given circumstances on the basis of the way that they define the situation they are in
What is meant by the idea of the "second shift" and who developed the concept?
the double burden - work outside the home, followed by child care and housework developed by Arlie Hochschild
What is meant by the sociological process of medicalization?
the growing role of medicines as a major institution of social control
What is meant by sexism?
the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
What is polygyny?
the marriage of a man to more than one woman at the same time
What is polyandry?
the marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time
What is meant by the field of demography and what topics does it study?
the study of population
What is meant by ethnocentrism?
the tendency to assume that ones own culture are superior to all others
How did Emile Durkheim define religion?
unified system of beliefs and practices
