Sociology Final
social movements arise when people are motivated by value issues and social identity questions
"New social movements" emphasize
8. NJ Minimum Wage
$7.15 (as of 10-1-06)
Chinese
Which group makes up the largest percentage of the Asians and Pacific Islanders group?
Switzerland
Which modern country best exemplifies the pluralistic state?
African Americans
Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.?
Urban amish
Which slang term is used to identify those who resist technological devices that have become part of our daily life?
Randall Collins
correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's twentieth-century expansionism and overextension of resources.
Which of the following is not one of those five basic properties of a minority group
cultural bias
EXTERMINATION
(Genocide, Annihilation): the dominant group causes the death of minority groups member in large numbers
CASTE SYSTEM
(India, Blacks in South -- see John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town)
CLASS SYSTEM
(US, Western Europe, Japan)
In at least 22 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent receives at least what percentage of all income
40 percent Karuna Chanana Ahmed, an anthropologist from India who has studied developing nations, calls which group the most exploited of oppressed people: women
contact hypothesis.
A Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. This example is a prediction of the
Exploitation theory
A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
Multinational corporation
A commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world
Interactionist perspective
A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. The farmer is stationed between two correctional center inmates who are required to assist in the flood- control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?
Education
A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach, while others adopt the social role of learner
Apartheid
A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites.
Modernization theory
A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations
vested interest
A group of individuals form a protest movement to stop the destruction of the Brazilian rain forest, the spread of businesses into wildlife refuges in the United States, and other examples of environmental destruction through expansion and industrial pollution. This group would be an example of
Racial group
A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance.
Ethnic group
A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
majority group
A minority group is a group whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Genetically modified food
A new technique of using technology to increase food production and to make agriculture more economical is called
adaptive upgrading
A person needing to have his or her car repaired can go to a muffler store, a transmission shop, a tire retailer, or a gas station for a tune-up. Talcott Parsons refers to this type of specialization as
Black power
A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions.
SERIAL MONOGAMY
A series of monogamous relationships as the result of divorces, and/or the death of one's spouse Men and women in the US have more marital partners during their lifetimes, on the average, than do adults in societies that permit polygamy
Racial formation
A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.
exploitation theory
A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely to draw upon
Minority group
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Model, or ideal, minority
A subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination, and without resorting to political and violent confrontations with Whites.
Trobriand Islanders
A woman raises her biological offspring with the assistance of her brother; her husband helps his sister raise her children.
Issei
A young Japanese man migrated to the U.S. in 1893 and was able to get a menial job. This man was an example of a(an)
New England
According to the 2010 census, which geographic area of the U.S. contains the highest percentage of minority groups by county?
find it difficult to use or suspect that it will complicate their lives.
According to your text, people will resist new technology because they
The largest racial minority group in the United States is
African Americans.
REVERSE DISCRIMINATION
Allan Bakke was rejected by the University of California Medical School because they were reserving spaces in their incoming class for members of different minority groups who were accepted with lower quality credentials than Bakke and others; Bakke decision determined that reverse discrimination was illegal in most instances.
Dependency theory
An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
Karl Marx
An approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist?
Symbolic ethnicity
An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.
Charter school
An experimental school that is developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or educational management organizations
Transnational
An immigrant who sustains multiple social relationships that link his or her society of origin with the society of settlement.
Credentialism
An increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field
Contact hypothesis
An interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice.
a glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as
Glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.
Stereotype
An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Jewish prejudice.
Racial profiling
Any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.
POVERTY LINE
As of 2008, the Federal Poverty Line for an urban family of four people was $21,200 per year. Any family of four making less money was considered to be in poverty (37,000,000 people), and any family of four making more money was not living in poverty.
Institutional discrimination
At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement. This was an example of
mythology to the scientific method.
Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from
Nisei
Children born in the U.S. to first-generation Japanese immigrants are known as
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments in other parts, and if these adjustments do not occur, the society's equilibrium may be threatened?
22
By 2010, ____ percent of people were connected to the Internet.
Consanguine and conjugal relationships
CONSANGUINE RELATIONSHIPS and CONJUGAL RELATIONSHIPS
PRIVILEGE
Combination of WEALTH (money and property that you possess -- stocks, bonds, real estate, automobiles), and INCOME (money that you are earning)
pressure government to ease restrictive standards AND cut corner within their production plants
Conflict theorists suggest that capitalist firms would likely utilize
Neocolonialism
Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
POWER ELITE THEORY Wright Mills
Crucial public decisions are made by a cohesive elite of 200-300 people corporate elite military elite political eliteConflict approach because it sees power concentrated in the hands of a small number of people
Types of segregation
DE JURE SEGREGATION and DE FACTO SEGREGATION.
PLURALIST MODEL
Disagrees with Mills; power is not held by a few, but rather it is distributed among competing interest groups who have veto power to prevent decisions entirely contrary to its interests
Segregation
physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events
strengthening a group's solidarity
Electronic communication can aid new social movements by
attitudes that do not reflect workers' objective positions
False consciousness is Marx's concept for
are useful for analyzing relations among racial and ethnic groups
Four major theoretical perspective
Based on false stereotypes of certain racial and ethnic groups
thepractice is not an effective way to fight crime.
Which of the following nations would Immanuel Wallerstein classify as a core country within the world economic system
Germany 4
nonmaterial culture
Ideas are an example of
vested interests
If the U.S. Congress passed strict anticigarette laws that banned their sale anywhere in the country, it would create serious problems for cigarette manufacturers, retailers, tobacco growers, tobacco farm workers, truckers, and many other employees in the cigarette industry. Each of these groups would probably oppose this legislation because they are examples of
Transnational
Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their societies of settlement are known as
66%
In 1940, white non-Hispanics made up 87% of the United States. What percentage did they represent as of 2007?
40%
In 2100, white non-Hispanics will make up what percentage of the population following the Census estimates?
assimilation
In Australia, when Aborigines become part of the dominant society but then refuse to acknowledge their darker-skinned grandparents on the street, they are practicing the process of
inclusion
In Talcott Parsons's equilibrium model, the incorporation of groups that were previously excluded because of their race, ethnicity, and social class is known as
Racial profiling
The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as
QUOTA SYSTEMS
Institutions reserved spaces in their school or company for members of minorities that mirrored their representation in society. That is, if Blacks represent 14% of the population inCalifornia, 14% of the places in the University of California Medical School were reserved for Blacks -- regardless of qualifications. Bakke decision determined that quota systems were illegal and replaced them with INSTITUTIONAL GUIDELINES (an institutional plan that indicated how equality was going to be established in an institution within a specified period of time).
Intergroup relations
Interactionists would be concerned about the impact of racial profiling on
Supreme Court Cases that relate to segregation-integration, equality, and education
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, and The Regents of the State University of California at Davis Medical School v. Allan Bakke
Affirmative action
Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
nonmaterial culture
Inventions are an example of
ethnocentrism
Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe's belief is an illustration of
Cultural lag
Large families are no longer economically necessary, nor are they commonly endorsed by social norms, but certain religious faiths continue to extol large families and disapprove of using contraception to limit family size. This example illustrates
the collapse of communism, terrorist attacks in various part of the world, dismantling of the welfare system in the U.S.
List three significant social events in recent decades, according to Maureen Hallinan:
MINORITY GROUP
Louis Wirth's definition Physically or culturally distinctive (physical distinction is more important -- gender and race -- because it persists from generation to generation; you can always change cultural characteristics -- language, clothes, food -- to blend in they are the object of prejudice and discriminationthey have low amounts of power, privilege and prestige they are collectively regarded and treated as inferior; a rationalization for their minority status
Segregation
The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
inclusion
The practice of colleges admitting more ethnic minorities and women would be:
William Graham Sumner
Minority group members have a strong sense of group solidarity. Which sociologist noted that individuals make distinctions between members of their own group, or the in-group, and everyone else, or the out-group?
Pluralism
Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their cultures without experiencing prejudice.
Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim
Name two theorists who have taken an evolutionary position on social change, suggesting that all societies move in the same direction.
In which of the following racial or ethnic groups has one teenager in every six attempted suicide
Native Americans
DUAL CAREER MARRIAGES
Nearly two-thirds of all families are nuclear families with both mother and father working
industrialization
Neo-Luddites have questioned the incessant expansion of
Tracking
The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
New social movements
Organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in the quality of life are called
CULTURAL PLURALISM
Oscar Handlin -- recognizes the ranking system that exists between groups that may participate in a live and let live scenario
Institutional discrimination
Passage of the recent Aviation and Transportation Security Act, which stipulated that all airport screeners must be U.S. citizens, has been noted by many observers to be a form of
Max Weber
Power (party), Privilege (class), and Prestige (status)
behavior.
Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to
Apartheid
The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as
World systems analysis
The global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations
Luddites
Rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new industrial revolution were known as
exploitation theory
Recent Chinese immigrants to the U.S. often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown, where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry, earning less than minimum wage. The big businesses that hire these illegal and often uninformed immigrants illustrate
White privilege
Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or favor simply because they are White.
Oscar Lewis
SUBCULTURE OF POVERTY THEORY
The correspondence principle was developed by
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
the correspondence principle
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call
Disagreement with text
Schaefer and Kassop
process of redentialism
Sixty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the United State Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum
Teacher-expectancy effect
The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
Technology
The laptop computer, wireless telephones, pagers, and laser eye surgery are all examples of
significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture.
Social change is defined as
Minority Groups
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe
vested interest
Some people have a _____________ in resisting social change.
discrimination
The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as
Amalgamation
The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group.
Hidden curriculum
Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
institutional discrimination
Suppose that a workplace requires that only English be spoken,even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages This requirement would be an example of
generalization
Talcott Parsons contends that societies experience value ____________, the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities.
adaptive upgrading
Talcott Parsons uses the term ________________ to characterize a feature of social change that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes.
equilibrium
Talcott Parsons viewed society as naturally being in a state of
the equilibrium model
Talcott Parsons' functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as
Corporate welfare
Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations
nonmaterial culture
Technology is an example of
permits people to seize control of the historical process and gain their freedom from injustice
The Marxist view of social change is appealing to some because it
assimilation
The Mexican people of today are the result of a gradual merging of generations of Spaniards and Indians. This is an example of
Poverty Index/Poverty line
The Social Security Administration takes the cost of a low-level food budget that meets "all" (yeah, right!!!) nutritional requirements, which they get from the Department of Agriculture and they multiply by three, since, they believe, food should represent 1/3 of a family's expenses. (2008 data follows): Single person: $10,400 Family of two: $14,000 Family of four: $21,200
Colonialism
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
Remittances
The monies that immigrants return to their families of origin. Also called migradollars.
Social movements
The most all-encompassing type of collective behavior is/are
Assimilation
The process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.
not in my back yard
The abbreviation NIMBY, which is often used when people protest landfills, prisons, and nuclear power facilities, stands for
Racism
The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.
amalgamation
The belief that the U.S. was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce
institutionalized discrimination
The civil rights movement of the 1960s had little impact on
Genocide
The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
Discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons.
Institutional discrimination
The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.
Modernization
The far-reaching process through which periphery nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies
Equilibrium model of social change
The role of women in the family has changed dramatically within the U.S. during the last 50 years. Women have furthered their education and developed careers. This change in the family has necessitated adaptive changes in school systems, corporations, churches, and other facets of society to provide childcare services. This situation reflects which view of social change?
language, Islam, and Country of orgin
The single most unifying force among Arabs is
Correspondence principle
The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.
color blind racism
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as
Color-blind racism
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo.
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
evolutionary
The writings of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim are examples of
vested interests
Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo are called
Ralph Ellison
Which Black author wrote: "I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids— and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me?"
Discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities
Which aspect of discrimination is the focus of feminist scholar Peggy McIntosh's research?
Differentiation
Which concept does Talcott Parsons use to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization?
Robert Merton
Typology of Discrimination (ideal types)
Schaefer
US is an Open Class System, because education gives everyone an opportunity to get ahead
Kassop
US was more open 100 years ago when we needed unskilled labor as opposed to the credentialled work-world of today; easier to go from rags to riches in 1900 than in 1990s
cultural lag
Various religious groups and their followers are very upset about scientific advances in reproductive technology, such as birth control pills, abortion pills, in-vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering. This conflict between religious values and new scientific concepts illustrates
assimilation
Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the U.S., insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian, even in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of
Asian American men
What group (ethnicity and gender) has the highest income level?
Hispanic Women
What group (ethnicity and gender) has the lowest income level?
33%
What percentage of the United States is projected to be Hispanic according to Census estimates by the year 2100?
Racial Group
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?
Issei
What term refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective criticizes the functionalist approach to social change for disregarding the crucial significance of change that is needed to correct social injustices and inequalities?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that censorship is an ever-present danger that society's most powerful groups will use to invade the privacy of the less powerful?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views transnational migration as having increased the economic gulf between developed and developing nations?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective views transnationals as a way for economies to maximize their use of human labor?
Interactionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely be interested in the labels attached to activists associated with a social movements such as a feminist student referred to as a "bra burner"?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely stress that social movements should require leaders to sharpen the awareness of the oppressed, who may suffer from false consciousness?
Conflict perspectives
Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities?
Interactionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely study the new social roles assumed by activists within a social movement?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that individuals, institutions, and societies will face unprecedented adaptive challenges in adjusting to the technological advances soon to come?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that the Internet serves the manifest function of facilitating communication?
Manning Nash
Which sociologist has identified three functions that racially prejudiced beliefs have for the dominant group—one being that they provide a moral justification for maintaining an unequal society that routinely deprives a minority group of its rights and privileges
Oliver Cox, Robert Blauner, and Herbert M. Hunter
Which sociologist has used the exploitation theory to explain the basis of racial subordination in the U.S.?
W. E. B. DuBois
Which sociologist noted over 90 years ago that enslaved Blacks were in an even more oppressive situation than other subordinate groups because, by law, they could not own property and they could not pass on the benefits of their labor to their children?
William I. Thomas
Which sociologist observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them?
Karl Marx
Which sociologist suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice?
Socialist revolution
Which term does Karl Marx use to describe the change that human society will move toward in the development of social change?
Social movements
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society?
nonviolent civil disobedience.Black power
Which term refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, which supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?
Evolution theory
Which theory of social change holds that society is moving in a definite direction?
Masked craft workers in England that took extreme measures by mounting nighttime raids on factories and destroyed machinery
Who were the Luddites?
Interactionist perspective
William I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person, but also to the meaning that situation or person has for them. This observation reflects which sociological perspective?
Gender roles
Women's education tends to suffer in those cultures with traditional
Exploitation theory
a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the united states as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
Racism
a belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.
INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY
a change of status for a specific individual during their own lifetime
ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others because of its national orgin or distinctive cultural patterns.
Interactionists pose the contact hypothesis as
a means of reducing prejudice and discrimination.
SINGLE PARENT FAMILY
a nuclear family that is missing one of the adult members
Four patterns describe typical intergroup relations in North America and elsewhere
amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism.
Intermarriage over several generations, resulting in various groups combining to form a new group, would be an example of
amalgamation.
UNPREJUDICED DISCRIMINATOR
an employer who may have no personal hostility toward members of another group, but may not hire them for fear of offending customers
STEREOTYPE
an exaggerated belief associated with a particular category
1. STATUS SYMBOLS
any symbol that indicates your status (e.g., a Mercedes Benz signifies great wealth, a person pushing a grocery cart which holds their life's possessions -- the grocery cart symbolizes poverty and homelessness) Thorsten Veblen:
Global factories
are factories found throughout the developing world that are run by multinational
Anthony Oberschall
argued that in order to sustain social protest or resistance, there must be an "organizational base and continuity of leadership" (resource mobilization theory)?
Alphonso D'Abruzzo changed his name to Alan Alda. His action is an example of
assimilation.
RELATIVE POVERTY
being poor in relation to the standards of living of one's society
CONSANGUINE RELATIONSHIPS
biological/genetic relationships
Conservative theory
blames the victim (they are the cause of their own poverty)
A racial group is set apart from others by physical difference an ethnic group is set apart primarily
by national origin or cultural patterns.
dependency
byproduct of welfare system
helplessness
byproduct of welfare system
lack of achievement motivation helplessness
byproduct of welfare system
dependency
byproduct of welfare system inferiority: looking glass self-
Amalgamation
combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group
In viewing the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that are controlled and exploited, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the
conflict perspective
Tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants are all forms of
corporate welfare
VERTICAL MOBILITY
change of social position, and change of social rank AND, horizontal mobility
HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
change of social position, but no change of rank (college professor-middle class, becoming a therapist-middle class)
INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY
changes of status between different generations, which is caused by: structural mobility differences between parents and children in ability, ambition, etc. population change: birth rates, death rates, age structure -- relate to the downward mobility of the baby boomers and/or generation X
Max Weber identified three analytically distinct components of stratification
class, status group, and power
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is referred to as
colonialism
Genocide
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation
Institutional discrimination
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society is called
Wallerstein's world systems analysis is the most widely used version of
dependency theory.
True division of income in Brazil
difference between the races in the top income bracket and difference between the races in the bottom income brackets
Prejudice often but not always leads
discrimination.
Suppose that a White employer refuses to hire a qualified Vietnamese American but hires an inferior White applicant This decision is an act of
discrimination.
Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy,all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level
division of labor written rules and regulations impersonality Not level of five basic characteristics of bureaucracy: shared decision making
Most recent research on ability grouping raises questions about its
effectiveness, especially for lower-achieving students
Advocates of Marxist class theory argue that the basis for racial subordination in the United States lies within the capitalist economic system. Another representation of this point of view is reflected in which of the following theories
exploitation
Conflict theorists explain racial subordination through
exploitation theory.
There are three basic sources of power within any political system
force, influence, and authority
EXPULSION
forcing people to leave their homes and the dominant society: Native-Americans
Functionalists point out that discrimination is both
functional and dysfunctional for society.
Four major theoretical perspectives
functionalism, conflict theory, labeling theory, and interactionism
Modernization theory reflects the perspective
functionalist
ACCOMMODATION
groups are permitted to maintain their identities; they permit others to maintain their identities; they treat each other as equals; this is an ideal types that doesn't exist -- groups always have a ranking system (they don't view each other as equals and they view some groups as being better than others)
INTEREST GROUPS
groups of people who share a common point of view about a particular social issue Social issues are any matters of public concern that interest groups have differing views about
RACIAL GROUP
groups with distinctive physical characteristics
ETHNIC GROUP
groups with distinctive social and cultural characteristics
Which of the following goals of the Millennium Project has already been reached
halve extreme poverty worldwide Which of the following approaches to the delivery of aid to developing countries has been successful in Uganda: direct selling Which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world: the functionalist perspective Which of the following terms is used by contemporary social scientists to describe the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies: modernization Which of the following statements about the division of income in Brazil is not true: Income is distributed more evenly across the population in Brazil than in the United States
4. Homeschooling
has become a viable alternative to traditional public and private schools. In some countries homeschooling is illegal.
Ralf Dahrendorf
has noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflect the contradictory nature of society.
STATUS INCONSISTENCY
having relatively dissimilar amount of power, privilege, and prestige most people are status consistent: Bill Gates has a lot of power, privilege, and prestige. A homeless person has very little of each component. A priest has a lot of prestige, some power, and (theoretically) not much privilege.
STATUS CONSISTENCY
having relatively similar amounts of power, privilege, and prestige
OPEN CLASS SYSTEM
ideal type that does not really exist in reality
Academic subculture
identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake
Gender differences
in mobility exist in both developed and developing societies.
Charles Darwin
pioneering work in biological evolution contributed to nineteenth-century theories of social change. According to his approach, there has been a continuing progression of successive life forms.
Technology
is "cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires."
A charter school
is an experimental school that is developed and managed outside the public school system
Tracking
is the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
Bakke decision also ruled that
it is not necessary to hire less qualified people, if you can prove that you have a set of guidelines, and job requirements are really necessary for the job, and job requirements are not discriminatory against an entire category of individuals (e.g., Hispanics), and that you have made a concerted effort to find qualified minority group candidates: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
The human ecology perspective suggests that the environment serves three basic functions
it provides essential resources, serves as a waste repository, and houses our species
PREJUDICE
judging people, things or situations on the basis of preconceived stereotypes or generalizations; may be positive or negative; an attitude
SEGREGATION
keeping groups apart socially and culturally; enforced by attitudes and informal mechanisms of social control
CONJUGAL RELATIONSHIPS
kinship that is determined by marriage
DE JURE SEGREGATION
laws that segregate (e.g., Jim Crow Laws); really partitioning.
The Industrial revolution
led to the emergence of Luddites.
inferiority
looking glass self-see Charles Horton Cooley
MONOGAMY
marriage of one person to one other person
There are four basic types of government
monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, and democracy
POLYGAMY
more than two marital partners at the same time
Colonial domination established patterns of economic exploitation leading to former colonies remaining dependent on more industrialized nations. Such continuing dependence and foreign domination are referred to as
neocolonialism
The student subculture that is hostile to the college environment and seeks out ideas that may or may not relate to studies is called the
nonconformist subculture
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
not having enough money for the basic necessities of life.
EXTENDED FAMILY
nuclear family plus one or more other relatives living in the same household
POLYGYNY
one man, two or more women. What is the function of polygyny?
MAJORITY GROUP
one or more groups who actively discriminate against minority groups
POLYANDRY
one woman, two or more men
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and opened Pandora's box (how do you give everyone the same opportunity to use the same facilities, when there is a limited number of spaces?).
Ogburn
pointed out that one cannot devise methods for controlling and utilizing new technology before the introduction of a technique, and that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture.
Sociologist Robin Williams
points out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to information, to hold more diverse opinions, and to possess the ability to make subtle distinctions in analysis
In large developing nations, the most significant form of social mobility is the movement out of
poverty.
Racism is a form of which of the following
prejudice
Sometimes, through color-blind racism
prejudiced people try to use the principle of racial neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo.
When sociologists define a minority group, they are concerned
primarily with the economic and political power, or powerlessness, of the group.
Expulsion
process of expelling a group of people from a territory
The meaning people attach to the physical differences between races gives social significance to race
producing stereotypes.
Racial profiling is any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on
race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.
Types of minorities
racial national (ethnic) age religious sex (male/female) sexual orientation (heterosexual/homosexual) language (BILINGUALISM)
prejudice
refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people
hidden curriculum
refers to standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools For example, children must not speak until the teacher calls on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or the bell
Relative deprivation
refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities?
Cultural lag
refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
Resource mobilization
refers to the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel?
Pluralism
remains more of an ideal than a reality.
Ogburn outlined six basic functions of the family
reproduction, protection, socialization, regulation of sexual behavior, companionship, and the provision of social status
Thorstein Veblen
responsible for coining the term vested interest.
EXOGAMY
rules that dictate that one must get married outside of certain specified groups (e.g., getting married outside of one's sexual group and one's family); enforced by social custo and, frequently, law.
ENDOGAMY
rules that dictate that one must get married within certain specified groups (e.g., getting married within one's race, religion, ethnic background, socioeconomic status-SES, neighborhood, etc); enforced by family and friends; not by law.
lack of achievement motivation
see Erik Erikson
DE FACTO SEGREGATION
segregation that is based on residential segregation; if a community is segregated than institutions, such as schools, that only serve that community will also be segregated.
PARTITIONING
segregation that is enforced by law; JIM CROW LAWS; Native-American reservations; 110,000 Japanese-Americans lived in concentration camps during World War II in the United States
Which one of the following was introduced into school systems to promote social change
sex education classes affirmative action programs Project Head Start
MODIFIED EXTENDED FAMILY
social and emotional and financial ties without geographic proximity William Goode
ASCRIBED STATUS
social position is assigned -- usually at birth (however, an ascribed status is assigned to people who are old -- therefore, focus on "assigned" and not "birth")
ACHIEVED STATUS
social position is earned ascribed status at birth
PRESTIGE
status groups are people who share a similar social identity based on similar lifestyle patterns of consumption (denotes the possession of attributes that are regarded as admirable and perhaps enviable by people in a specific social setting.
The value-added model outlines six determinants of collective behavior
structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized belief, a precipitating factor, mobilization of participants for action, and the operation of social control
Schools perform a variety of latent functions
such as transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, and maintaining social control
Charter schools / experimental schools
that are developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or an educational management organization—are one of several recent attempts to reform the public school system in the United States. Although charter schools are popular with parents, research shows that about a third of them do worse than the public schools they replaced.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
the "separate but equal" decision; permitted de jure segregation; if a community provided schools for both White and Black students those schools could be separate and segregated; that was considered "equal treatment under the law".
Social Power
the ability to make decisions that effect other people's lives
Personal Power
the ability to make decisions that effect the course of one's life
Patterns of ASSIMILATION
the blending together of groups
Viewed from functionalist
the combination of skilled technology and management provided by multinationals and the relatively cheap labor available in developing nations is ideal for a global enterprise.
Working together as computer programmers for an electronics firm, a Hispanic woman an a Jewish man overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's strengths and talents. This scenario is an example of
the contact hypothesis.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that the common identity and social integration fostered by education contribute to overall societal stability and consensus
the functionalist perspective
With the Industrial Revolution, a new form of social structure emerged
the industrial society
The teacher-expectancy effect is most closely associated with
the interactionist perspective
CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION
the process of acquiring status symbols; not because you need them, but because you want to prove to others that you can acquire them. A sign of upward mobility -- to prove that you have made it!
EXCLUSION
the process of keeping groups apart from one another
MELTING POT THEORY (AMALGAMATION)
the social, cultural, and biological merging of groups to create a new race ("Americans")
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or is superior to all others is called
INTEGRATION
to blend fully the culture and social organization of the incoming group and the dominant society; give and take process (both groups change)
INCORPORATION
to blend fully the culture and social organization of the incoming group and the dominant society; one-sided; minority group must give up their way of life and accept the majority group's way of life
Sometimes, through color-blind racism, prejudiced people try to use the principle of racial neutrality
to defend a racially unequal status quo.
Elliot Liebow solution
to the poverty problem is not to change the values of the poor, but the conditions of neglect, exploitation, and racism that create poverty.
Max Weber identified three ideal types of authority
traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic
The most basic manifest function of education is
transmitting knowledge
NUCLEAR FAMILY
two adults and their children (heterosexual or homosexual) 7% of all nuclear families have the mother home and the father working
GROUP MARRIAGE
two or more men who are married to two or more women at the same time. Usually occurs on communes. The Oneida Community was an example from 1840-1880.
Sociologists have identified five basic properties of a minority group
unequal treatment and physical traits ascribed status
DISCRIMINATION
unfair or unequal treatment that is accorded to people or groups; an action
stereotype
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
simple to more complex forms of social organization.
Émile Durkheim contended that societies progressed from