The Blood Vessels
A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries. True False
true
A systolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or less would be considered hypotension. True False
true
Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries. True False
true
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. True False
true
The pulmonary circulation does NOT directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues. True False
true
Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. True False
true
Blood flow from the heart to the lungs is called: a. The pulmonary circuit b. the circuit court c. the indy circuit d. the electrical circuit e. the systemic circuit
a
The diastolic blood pressure: a. provides information about the resistance of blood vessels b. indicates the force of ventricular contratction c. indicates the force of atrial contraction d. is normally higher than the systolic blood pressure e. indicates the cardiac output
a
Vascular resistance: a. increases as blood viscosity increases b. decreases as blood viscosity increases c. increases with increased blood vessel diameter d. is higher in arteries than capillaries e. decreases with increasing blood vessel length
a
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? a. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure only c. blood volume and viscosity d. plasma and formed element concentration
a
Which of the following increases blood pressure? a. Increased cardiac output b. increases vascular resistance c. increased blood volume d. increased water retention e. All of the above
a
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? a. A decrease in carbon dioxide b. changes in arterial pressure c. A decrease in oxygen levels d. An increase in oxygen levels
b
The blood rich in substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is carried by the: a. fetal circulation b. cerebral circulation c. hepatic circulation d. systemic circulation e. pulmonary circulation
c
Which of the following chemicals does NOT help regulate blood pressure? a. ADH b. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. Angiotensin II d. Nitric acid
d. nitric acid
Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. True False
false
The vasomotor center is located in the hypothalamus. True False
false
The smallest type of blood vessels are: a. Arteries b. Arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
c. capillaries
All veins carry blood low in oxygen. True False
False
The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called the muscular arteries. True False
False
Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction. True False
False
An increase in blood viscosity will cause in increase in periopheral resistance. True False
True
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. True False
True
Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. True False
True
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis. True False
True
Aldosterone will: a. promote an increase in blood pressure b. promote a decrease in blood volume c. result in a largert output of urine d. decrease sodium reabsorption
a
Blood pressure is highest in the: a. arteries b. arterioles c. veins d. venules e. capillaries
a. arteries
Histologically, the ____________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. a. tunica interna b. tunica media c. tunica externa d. tunica adventitia
a. tunica interna
Blood flow to the skin: a. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH b. Increases when environmental temperatures rise c. increase when body temperature drops so that skin does not freeze d. Is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells.
b
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure: a. and osmotic pressure are the same b. is the same as capillary blood pressure c. generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries d. is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure.
b
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? a. Superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle b. Right ventricle, pulmonary artery and left atrium c. left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava d. right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle
b
Which statement BEST describes arteries? a. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart b. all carry blood away from the heart c. all contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood d. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium
b
Wich of the following is NOT true? a. arteries are stronger than veins b. arteries have a larger lumen as compared to veins c. veins have valves, most arteries do not d. arteries have higher blood pressure than veins e. All of the above are true statements
b
the short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? a. reflex arcs involving baroreceptors b. altering blood volume c. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers d. chemoreceptors
b
The pulse pressure is: a. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure b. Systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure c. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure d. diastolic presure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
b.
The formation of new blood vessels is referred to as: a. syncope b. angiogenesis c. occlusion d. aortography e. osteogenesis
b. angiogenesis
Neurons (receptors) that monitor carbon dioxide levels in the blood and are located in the carotid and aortic bodies are: a. baroreceptors b. chemoreceptors c. mechanoreceptors d. sympathetic neurons e. parasympathetic neurons
b. chemoreceptors
The most common type of blood capillary is the: a. sinusoidal capillary b. continuous capillary c. fenestrated capillary d. distributing capillary
b. continuous capillary
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the: a. elastic arteries b. muscular arteries c. arterioles d. capillaries
b. muscular arteries
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called: a. fenestrations b. Sinusoids c. thoroughfare channels d. anastomoses
b. sinusoids
Blood flow through a particular tissue area is controlled by: a. constriction of the venous walls b. constriction of the precapillary sphincter of the venules c. constriction of the precapillary sphincter of the arterioles d. how fast the heart is beating e. the pulse rate
c
Brain blood flow autoregulation: a. is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level b. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure c. is abolished when abnormally high carbon dioxide levels persist d. is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
c
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by: a. skin temperature b. ADH c. instrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms d. the hypothalamic "thermostat"
c
Peripheral resistance: a. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel b. increases as blood vessel diameter increases c. increases as blood viscosity increases d. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
c
Secondary hypertension can be caused by: a. obesity b. stress c. atherosclerosis d. smoking
c
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is: a. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis b. any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally c. shock that results from a large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea d. Always fatal
c
Which of the choices below does NOT explain why low CAPILLARY pressures are desirable? a. Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. b. Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. c. Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure d. Low capilary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
c
Which of the folloiwng blood vessels would have the greatest resistance to blood flow? a. a long, large diameter blood vessel b. a short, large diameter blood vessel c. a long, small diameter blood vessel d. a short, small diameter blood vessel e. a medium length, large diameter blood vessel
c
Which of the following describes the pulmonary circulation? a. right atrium to left ventricle b. left ventricle to right atrium c. right ventricle to left atrium d. left atrium to right ventricle e. left ventricle to left atrium
c
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? a. hypovolumic, caused by increased blood volume b. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels c. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone d. Circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
c
Which of the following is not one of the main factors influencing blood pressure? a. Cardiac output b. Peripheral Resistance c. Emotional State d. Blood volume
c
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? a. blood viscosity b. total blood vessel length c. blood vessel diameter d. blood vessel type
c
The arteries that directly directly feed into the capillary beds are called: a. muscular arteries b. elastic arteries c. arterioles d. venules
c. arterioles
Blood vessels that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane: a. venules b. arterioles c. capillaries d. Both A and B e. None of the above
c. capillaries
Where is blood flow the slowest? a. arteries b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins e. heart
c. capillaries
The cardiovascular center is located in the: a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. medulla oblongata d. midbrain e. cerebral cortex
c. medulla oblongata
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT: a. increased work of the left ventricle b. increased incidence of coronary artery disease c. increased damage to the blood vessel endothelium d. decreased size of the heart muscle
d
All of the following blood vessels are commonly used to feel the pulse EXCEPT: a. radial artery b. brachial artery c. popliteal artery d. cerebral artery e. carotid arteries
d
Baroreceptors are located in the: a. Aorta b. internal carotic arteries c. jugular veins d. in both A and B e. in both B and C
d
Factors that aid in venous return include all of the following EXCEPT: a. activity of skeletal muscles b. pressure changes in the thorax c. venous valves d. urinary output
d
Gases and nutreints leave the blood at the: a. veins b. arterioles c. venous end of the capillaries d. arteriole end of the capillaries e. venules
d
Select the correct statement about blood flow: a. It is relatively constant through all body organs b. it is measure in mm Hg c. It is greatest where resistance is highest d. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
d
The circulatory route which brings blood to the tissues and back to the heart is the: a. hepatic protal circulation b. pulmonary circulation c. aortic circulation d. systemic circulation e. cerebral circulation
d
The pulse is a direct reflection of the: a. cardiac output b. blood preessure c. venous return d. heart rate e. None of the above
d
The term ductus venosus refers to: a. a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs b. damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins c. a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity d. A special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver.
d
The velocity of blood flow is: a. in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels b. slower in the arteries than in the capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter c. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter d. slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
d
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? a. ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis b. fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum c. ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres d. ligamentum arterosum; fossa ovalis
d
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? a. It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing b. Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins c. It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together d. It branches off of the inferior vena cava
d
Atrial natriuretic peptide a. Is released by the cells of the heart b. lowers blood pressure c. increases blood pressure d. A and B e. A and C
d. A&B
All of the following hormones cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT: a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. renin d. ANP e. ADH
d. ANP
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of: a. arterioles b. arteries c. veins d. capillaries
d. capillaries
Venules a. are small veins b. receive blood from capillaries c. deliver blood to veins d. are similar in structure to arterioles e. All of the above.
e
Which of the following are involved in regulation of blood pressure? a. baroreceptor reflexes b. chemoreceptor reflex c. proprioceptor reflexes d. A and B e. A, B, and C
e
Which of the following hormones influences blood pressure? a. ADH b. epinephrine c. norepinephrine d. renin e. all of these hormones influence blood pressure
e.
Resistance is related to: a. Blood viscosity b. Blood vessel length c. blood vessel radius d. Elasticity of blood vessels e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the : a. arteries b. arterioles c. veins d. venules e. capillaries
e. capillaries