Unit IV Study Guide
Galileo's persecution
24. Galileo's persecution by the Catholic Church was largely brought about by his support of Copernicus.
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36. The Enclosure Movement of the 17th and 18th centuries fenced in public land for private use.
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nations
Diderot
The Encylopedia
Principia Isaac Newton
1. Isaac Newton's Principia was a milestone in science because it demonstrated how the universe worked through explainable natural causes.
Commercial Revolution
10. The Commercial Revolution in the years between 1500 and 1700 had the effect on western European society by an increase in the political and economic influence of the middle class
The Dutch Republic
11. The Dutch Republic was the most important trade and finance center during the first half of the 17th century.
European Diplomacy
12. Between 1689 and 1815 the central issue in European diplomacy was limiting the power of France.
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30. Joseph II instituted the largest number of "Enlightened" reforms.
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39. The Treaty of Paris(1763) removed France from North America.
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47. Russia was the last to industrialize during the 19th century.
Voltaire
Candide
Descartes
Discourse on Method
Rousseau
Social Contract
John Locke
Two Treatises of Civil Government
Treaty of Utrecht
15. The expansion of Louis XIV being contained was an important consequence of the Treaty of Utrecht. (1713)
Deism
4. Deism was represented as a secular view of the world.
Classical Liberalism
9. Supporters of classical liberalism would likely support laissez faire economic policies.
Montesquieu
Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws
Larger number of People
16. England saw the largest number of its people migrate to the New World during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Vesalius
3. Vesalius is most closely associated with advances in human anatomy during the 16th century.
Control of Smallpox
13. The work of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Edward Jenner paved the way for the control of smallpox by the early 19th century.
Economic Properity
14. A key to the economic prosperity of the Dutch Republic in the early 16th century was its religious toleration and cosmopolitan culture.
Agricultural Revolution
17. A consequence of the agricultural revolution in the 18th century was the availability of low-wage labor for industrial firms.
Middle class families
18. Middle class families became more child-centered and nurturing in regards to child-rearing in the 18th century.
Crop Rotation
19. The most important innovation of the agricultural revolution that led immediately to dramatic increases in food production was the rotation of crops.
Francis Bacon
2. Francis Bacon is an important figure in the Scientific Revolution because he argued for empiricism and inductive reasoning in analyzing the physical world.
Hobbes and Voltaire
20. Hobbes and Voltaire are very similar in their views regarding political power.
Deism
21. Deism rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible and the divinity of Jesus, argued that God does not intervene in the day-to-day affairs of people, and argued that God created the universe and is therefore the source of the physical laws of nature.
The royal society of London
22. The Royal Society of London is associated with growing correspondence within the scientific community.
Philosophies
23. A fundamental difference between the philosophies of Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon in the 17th century was that Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning and was therefore less bound to observation.
Scientific Revolution
25. Johanne Kepler's contribution to the Scientific Revolution was his proof through mathematics that orbits of the planets were elliptical.
Human Understanding
26. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke held that human knowledge was derived from environment and reason.
Two Treatises on Civil Government
27. John Locke's Two Treatises On Civil Government approved of revolution provided that the government had violated property rights.
Ideal Government
28. Jean-Jacque Rousseau's concept of the ideal government was centered on the general will.
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29. "Ecrasez l'infame", Voltaire's slogan of "crush the infamous thing", called for the suppression of the church.
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31. The Underlying goal of mercantilism was to maintain a favorable balance of trade in order to increase their country's wealth.
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32. The asiento, granted to Great Britain in the Peace of Utrecht (1713), gave it control over the African slave trade in Spain's New World colonies.
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33. The English Navigation Acts, the first of which was passed in 1651, were initially designed to prevent Dutch trade with England's colonies.
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34. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the typical European marriage was most often made by two mature people, generally in their late twenties.
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35. Viscount Charles Townshend's contribution to the Agriculture Revolution in England was introducing turnips as part of crop rotation.
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37. Jean-Baptiste Colbert promoted the French economy by building a large merchant fleet, new roads and canals, and providing state support to domestic industries.
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38. The "agriculture revolution" in 17th and 18th Europe increased the amount of land under cultivation, caused significant demographic shifts by the enclosure of common lands, and planting some seeds with mechanical drills.
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40. The primary cause of the large increase in the population of Europe in the 18th century was increase in food supply.
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41. The most important innovation of the agricultural revolution that led immediately to dramatic increases in food production was the rotation of crops.
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42. The following were conditions that enabled England to industrialize: increased food supplies, surplus population in the countryside, and a adequate transportation system.
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43. The following were essential to the development of the Industrial Revolution between the years 1780 to 1850: steam engine, railroad and the cotton gin.
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44. A significant long-term consequence of the Industrial Revolution for the working class after 1850 was a decline in the financial contribution of women to the family income.
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45. Thomas Paine would most likely favor the interests of the bourgeoisie.
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46. The Zollverein was significant in the mid-nineteenth century due to its facilitating increased trade among the German states.
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48. The long-term consequence of the Industrial Revolution for the working class was to raise the standard of living.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was prominent in advocating the responsibility of governments to rule by the consent of the people.
Voltaire
6. Voltaire had the biggest impact on the philosphy and practices of Frederick the Great.
Peter the Great
7. Peter the Great did not seek to rule as an Enlightened monarch.
Adam Smith
8. Adam Smith would have most likely objected to mercantilism.
