Western Civ. Test 3

Crassus and Pompey

(112-53 b.c.e) Not long after Sulla's attempts to revive senatorial power, the senate made two extraordinary military appointments that raised to prominence two very strong personalities—______________ (112-53 b.c.e) and__________________(106-48 b.c.e.).

Tiberius Gracchus

(163-133 b.c.e.) was a member of the nobiles who ruled Rome. believed that the underlying cause of Rome's problems was the decline of the small farmers. was elected one of the tribunes of the plebs for 133 b.c.e. Without consulting the senate, where he knew his rivals would oppose his proposal, ______________v took his legislation directly to the council of the plebs, which passed his land reform bill. It authorized the government to reclaim public land held by large landowners and to distribute it to landless Romans. Many senators, themselves large land-owners whose estates included large tracts of public land, were furious, and a group of them took the law into their own hands and assassinated him.

Gallic Wars

Julius Caesar's campaigns 58-51 bc, which established Roman control over Gaul north of the Alps and west of the River Rhine (Transalpine Gaul). During this period Caesar twice invaded Britain (55 and 54 bc).

Commodus

Marcus Aurelius son who became emperor after him. he was a poor choice, and his assassination led to a brief renewal of civil war

who were the five good emperors?

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

Second Triumvirate

Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony, Caesar's ally and assistant, and Marcus Lepidus, who had been commander of Caesar's cavalry. Together, the three formed the ____________________, which was legally empowered to rule Rome. Their first act was to restore Sulla's policy of proscription, as described by the ancient historian Appian:

princeps

Octavian preferred the title _____________, meaning chief citizen or first among equals. The system of rule that Augustus established is sometimes called the principate, conveying the idea of a constitutional monarch as coruler with the senate. But while Augustus worked to maintain this appearance, in reality, power was heavily weighted in favor of the ____________.

Jerome

the church father, with his work in translating the Bible into Latin. A number of intellectuals in the early church who wrote in Latin profoundly influenced the development of Christian thought in the west. They came to be known as the Latin Fathers of the Catholic Church. They include Augustine, _____________, and Gregory the Great

Servius Tullius

the legendary sixth king of ancient Rome who built the city walls and whose accession to the throne was prophesied by and secured with the help of Tanaquil, the widow of the previous king: assassinated by his daughter Tullia and her husband Tarquin.

Paul of Tarsus

was a Jewish Roman citizen who had been strongly influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture. He believed that the message of Jesus should be preached not only to Jews but to Gentiles (non-Jews) as well. he was responsible for founding Christian communities throughout Asia Minor and along the shores of the Aegean.

Nerva

was the first of the good emperors, chosen by the senate after the assassination of Domitian. had to resort to adoption for heirs.

Battle of Milvian Bridge

where Constantine's army was about to fight a crucial battle against the forces of Maxentius (mak-SEN-shuss) at this bridge, which crossed the Tiber River just north of Rome

Antoninus Pius

who achieved a reputation as the most beneficent of the five good emperors. It was said of him that "one should behave in all things like a pupil of _______________: his energy on behalf of what was done in accord with reason, his equability everywhere, his serene expression, his sweetness, his disdain of glory, his ambition to grasp affairs."

Marcus Aurelius

who has been viewed as a philosopher-king of the sort Plato envisioned

Hadrian

who spent years inspecting the provinces and restoring the military forces to good order.

Arius

a priest from Alexandria in Egypt postulated that Jesus had been human and thus not truly God

Battle of Cannae

(216 b.c.e.)During the Punic Wars of the third century b.c.e., the period of service had to be extended, although this was resisted by farmers whose livelihoods could be severely harmed by a long absence. Nevertheless, after the disastrous ______________ 216 b.c.e., the Romans were forced to recruit larger armies, and the number of legions rose to twenty-five. Hannibal used his legendary double envelopment tactic and took down the Romans

Cato the Elder

(234-149 b.c.e.) was a Roman praetor, consul, and member of the ruling class. Cato scorned the "Greeklings"—people who followed Greek ways and read Greek philosophy and literature. He wrote to his son *was elected one of the tribunes of the plebs for 133 b.c.e. Without consulting the senate, where he knew his rivals would oppose his proposal, Tiberius took his legislation directly to the council of the plebs, which passed his land reform bill.

War with Jugurtha

(86-35 b.c.e.) One of Sulla's two extant works on history. _____________ discusses Rome's war with an African king from 111 to 105 b.c.e.

Augustine of Hippo

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430)

Ambrose

(c. 339-397) of Milan was an early example of a strong and independent bishop. Through his activities and writings, which brought him recognition as another of the four Latin Fathers of the Catholic Church._____________ created an image of the ideal Christian bishop. Among other things, this ideal bishop would defend the independence of the church against the tendency of imperial officials to oversee church policy. When Emperor Theodosius I ordered the massacre of many citizens of Thessalonika for refusing to obey his commands, __________ denounced the massacre and refused to allow the emperor to take part in church ceremonies. Theodosius finally agreed to do public penance in the cathedral of Milan for his dastardly deed. ____________ proved himself a formidable advocate of the position that spiritual authority should take precedence over temporal power, at least in spiritual matters.

Aeneas

* A poem called "The Aeneid" *The son of Anchises of Troy, survives the destruction of Troy and eventually settles in Latium; thus, Roman civilization is linked to Greek history. The character of __________ is portrayed in terms that remind us of the ideal Roman—his virtues are duty, piety, and faithfulness. Virgil's overall purpose was to show that ____________ had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world

Tarquin

* Chronology in early Republic, 509 ___________ the Proud expelled—end of Roman monarchy according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC)

Hannibal Barca

* His father Hamilcar Barco, swore to him when he was nine years old that he would hate Rome forever. *Went to war with Romans and defeated them in the "Battle of Cannae" * Was defeated by Scipio at "The Battle of Zama" * Killed himself saying "Let us free Rome of her dread of one old man."

Plebeians

* One of the two social organizations of Early Rome. The _______________ constituted the considerably larger group of "independent, unprivileged, poorer and vulnerable men" as well as nonpatrician large landowners, less wealthy landholders, artisans, merchants, and small farmers. Although they were citizens, the ________________ did not possess the same rights as the patricians, and at the beginning of the fifth century b.c.e., they began a struggle to rectify that situation.

tribunes

* leader *First secession of the plebeians; creation of __________ of the plebs

Lucretia

*A Roman noblewoman of great virtue. Raped by a son of the king, ____________ told her father, husband, and their friends what had happened and then committed suicide "rather than be an example of unchastity to other wives," as an ancient Roman historian put it ____________ became the model Roman woman: a faithful wife and a pure and courageous woman who chose death rather than be seen as lacking in virtue. In revenge, the Roman nobles drove the king and his family from Rome and established a republican form of government, which ushered in the era of the Republic. (509 B.C.E.)

Pyrrhus of Epirus

*Crossed the Adriatic with 20,000 troops and defeated the Romans twice. In both battles, however, experienced heavy losses, leading him to comment that "another such victory, and we shall be lost"—hence our phrase "Pyrrhic victory." *After a diversion to Sicily, _____________ came back for one more battle with the Romans and this time was decisively defeated. By 267 b.c.e., the Romans had completed their conquest of southern Italy. After crushing the remaining Etruscan states to the north, Rome had conquered all of Italy, except the extreme north, by 264 b.c.e.

Senate

*During the Roman Republic, in the Roman states. A political institution, The Roman ____________. *Body of elder statesmen

Scipio Africanus

*Romans pursued a Spanish strategy that aimed at undermining the Carthaginian empire in Spain. _______________ the Elder, was given command of the Roman forces in Spain. A brilliant general who learned from Hannibal's tactics, he had pushed the Carthaginians out of Spain by 206 b.c.e. *Lead Romans to "battle of Zama" and defeated Hannibal which eventually lead to Hannibal killing himself.

Dictator

*Sulla beat Marius and seized Rome itself in 82 b.c.e. He forced the senate to grant him the title of ____________ to "reconstitute the Republic."

Etruscans

*The initial development of Rome was influenced most by a people known as the ________________, who had settled north of Rome in Etruria. *Numerous inscriptions in tombs show that the _______________ adopted alphabetic writing from the Greeks before 600 b.c.e. *Filled their tombs with furniture, bowls, and other objects of daily life, as well as murals showing diversions experienced in life and awaiting the dead in the afterlife *Controlled Rome and possibly all of Latium. * invaded by the Gauls and then conquered by the Romans

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

*There is perhaps no better account of how the virtues of duty and simplicity enabled good Roman citizens to prevail during the travails of the fifth century b.c.e. than Livy's account of ___________________. *He was chosen dictator, supposedly in 457 b.c.e., to defend Rome against the attacks of the Aequi. The position of dictator was a temporary expedient used only in emergencies; the consuls would resign, and a leader with unlimited power would be appointed for a limited period (usually six months). *___________________ did his duty, defeated the Aequi, and returned to his simple farm in just fifteen days

Sulla

*a member of the nobiles *beat Marius in civil war *seized Rome itself in 82 b.c.e. He forced the senate to grant him the title of dictator to "reconstitute the Republic." After conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition, ___________revised the constitution to restore power to the senate. He eliminated most of the powers of the popular assemblies and the tribunes of the plebs and restored the senators to the jury courts. He also enlarged the senate by adding men of the equestrian order

Romulus

*the founder of Rome, in 753 b.c., and its first king: a son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, he and his twin brother (Remus) were abandoned as babies, suckled by a she-wolf, and brought up by a shepherd; Remus was finally killed for mocking the fortifications of Rome. * creates monarchy, and is the founder of senate of 100 Patres

Julius Caesar

100-44 bc, Roman general, statesman, and historian. He formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus (60), conquered Gaul (58-50), invaded Britain (55-54), mastered Italy (49), and defeated Pompey (46). As dictator of the Roman Empire (49-44) he destroyed the power of the corrupt Roman nobility. He also introduced the Julian calendar and planned further reforms, but fear of his sovereign power led to his assassination (44) by conspirators led by Marcus Brutus and Cassius Longinus

Battle of Zama

202 b.c.e., Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal and the Carthaginian forces, and the war was over. Eventually, Hannibal left Carthage and went to help Antiochus, the ruler of the Seleucid kingdom, in his struggle with Rome. After Antiochus made peace with the Romans, Hannibal fled to Bithynia, near the Black Sea. Pursued by the Romans, Hannibal killed himself saying, "Let us free Rome of her dread of one old man."

plebescite

287 Hortensian law—_______________—measure passed by the Council of the Plebs has the force of law for all Romans

Mark Antony

31 b.c.e., when Octavian defeated _____________ and stood supreme over the Roman world. By that time, the constitution of the Roman Republic was in shambles.

Crisis at Saguntum

A city of eastern Spain north-northeast of Valencia. Founded by Greek colonists and later allied with Rome, it was besieged and captured by Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal (219-218 bc), thus precipitating the Second Punic War. Sagunto was held by the Moors from ad 713 until 1238.

Third Punic War

A number of prominent Romans, especially the conservative politician Cato, advocated the complete destruction of Carthage. Cato ended every speech he made to the senate with the words, "And I think Carthage must be destroyed." When the Carthaginians technically broke their peace treaty with Rome by going to war against one of Rome's North African allies that had been encroaching on Carthage's home territory, the Romans declared war. Led by Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the Younger, Roman forces undertook their___________ and last war with Carthage (149-146 b.c.e.). This time, Carthage was no match for the Romans, who seized the opportunity to carry out the final destruction of Carthage. The territory of Carthage was made a province called Africa.

Sulla

Beat Marius and seized Rome in 82 b.c.e. He eliminated most of the powers of the popular assemblies and the tribunes of the plebs and restored the senators to the jury courts. He also enlarged the senate by adding men of the equestrian order. In 79 b.c.e., believing that he had restored the traditional Republic governed by a powerful senate, he resigned his office of dictator, retired, and soon died, leaving a power vacuum

optimates

By the end of the second century b.c.e., two types of aristocratic leaders, called the _________________ ("the best men") and the populares ("favoring the people"), became prominent. and populares were terms of political rhetoric that were used by individuals within the aristocracy against fellow aristocratic rivals to distinguish one set of tactics from another. tended to be the nobiles who controlled the senate and wished to maintain their oligarchical privileges, while the populares were usually other ambitious aristocrats who used the people's assemblies, especially the council of the plebs, as instruments to break the domination of the optimates. The conflicts between these aristocratic leaders and their supporters engulfed the first century b.c.e. in political turmoil.

First Triumvirate

Caesar joined with two fellow senators, Crassus and Pompey, who were also being stymied by the senate. Historians call their coalition the _________________. Though others had made political deals before, the combined wealth and power of these three men was enormous, enabling them to dominate the political scene. Caesar was elected consul for 59 b.c.e. and used the popular assemblies to achieve the basic aims of the triumvirs: Pompey received his eastern settlement and lands for his veterans; equestrian allies of Crassus were given a reduction on tax contracts for which they had overbid; and Caesar was granted a special military command in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and parts of the Netherlands) for five years.

De agricultura

Cato's _______________-A passage expressly concerned with competing systems of values that occur in the context of a work seeking to transmit appropriate standards of conduct from one generation to the next. is not just a hodgepodge of traditional recipes and prayers, but an attempt to develop a set of rational principles for the newly altered conditions of Roman agriculture in an era that saw the decline of the traditional peasant farmer and the spread of large and far-flung estates known as latifundia

Clientage

Closely associated with clan and family was the practice of ____________ during the Roman Republic (509-264 B.C.E.) Clients constituted a dependent class; they were people who did not have the means to protect themselves or their families without the assistance of a patron.

Octavian (Augustus)

Defeated Antony and Cleopatra was adopted by Julias Ceasar (was his grandnephew) Create a new system of government that seemed to preserve the Republic while establishing the basis for a new system that would rule the empire in an orderly fashion. took charge, the senate had more than a thousand members. _______________ revised the senatorial list and reduced its size to six hundred but also added new men from wealthy families throughout Italy. Overall,________________ was successful in winning the support of the senatorial class for his new order. was given the power of a tribune without actually holding the office itself; this power enabled him to propose laws and veto any item of public business. Although officials continued to be elected, _________________ authority ensured that his candidates for office usually won. This situation caused participation in elections to decline. Consequently, the popular assemblies, shorn of any real role in elections and increasingly overshadowed by the senate's decrees, gradually declined in importance.

Reforms of Diocletian

Diocletian and Constantine, who restored order and stability. The empire was virtually transformed into a new state, the Late Roman Empire, which included a new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social system, and a new state religion—Christianity.

heptascopy

Divination by the liver of an animal or bird. The liver was divided into sections, each section representing a deity, and the markings in these zones were important. A form of aruspicy.

wergeld

Feuds could result in savage acts of revenge—hands or feet might be hacked off, eyes gouged out, or ears and noses sliced off. Since this system had a tendency to get out of control and allow mayhem to multiply, an alternative system arose that made use of a fine called ___________. This was the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who had been injured or killed. ______________, which means "money for a man," was the value of a person in monetary terms. That value varied considerably according to social status.

Second war

Hamilcar extended Carthage's domains in Spain to compensate for the territory lost to Rome. A major goal in creating the Spanish empire was to get manpower for Carthage. Hamilcar and his successors proceeded to build up a formidable land army in the event of a _________________ with Rome because they realized that Carthage's success depended on defeating Rome on land. In 221 b.c.e., Hamilcar's son Hannibal, now twenty-five, took over the direction of Carthaginian policy. Within three years, Rome and Carthage were again at war.

St. Antony

He was born into a wealthy family and by the age of fifteen asked to be sent to the Abbey of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, the then capital of Portugal. During his time in the Abbey, he learned theology and Latin. Following his ordination to the priesthood, he was named guestmaster and was responsible for the abbey's hospitality. When Franciscan friars settled a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to Saint Anthony of Egypt, Fernando felt a longing to join them. Fernando eventually received permission to leave the Abbey so he could join the new Franciscan Order. When he was admitted, he changed his name to Anthony. Anthony then traveled to Morocco to spread God's truth, but became extremely sick and was returned to Portugal to recover. The return voyage was blown off-course and the party arrived in Sicily, from which they traveled to Tuscany. Athony was assigned to the hermitage of San Paolo after local friars considered his health. As he recovered, Anthony spent his time praying and studying. An undetermined amount of time later, Dominican friars came to visit the Franciscans and there was confusion over who would present the homily. The Dominicans were known for their preaching, thus the Franciscans assumed it was they who would provide a homilist, but the Dominicans assumed the Franciscans would provide one. It was then the head of the Franciscan hermitage asked Anthony to speak on whatever the Holy Spirit told him to speak of. Though he tried to object, Anthony delivered an eloquent and moving homily that impressed both groups. Soon, news of his eloquence reached Francis of Assisi, who held a strong distrust of the brotherhood's commitment to a life of poverty. However, in Anthony, he found a friend. In 1224, Francis entrusted his friars' pursuits of studies to Anthony. Anthony had a book of psalms that contained notes and comments to help when teaching students and, in a time when a printing press was not yet invented, he greatly valued it. When a novice decided to leave the hermitage, he stole Anthony's valuable book. When Anthony discovered it was missing, he prayed it would be found or returned to him. The thief did return the book and in an extra step returned to the Order as well. The book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna today. Anthony occasionally taught at the universities of Montpellier and Toulouse in southern France, but he performed best in the role of a preacher. So simple and resounding was his teaching of the Catholic Faith, most unlettered and the innocent could understand his messages. It is for this reason he was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XII in 1946. Once, when St. Anthony of Padua attempted to preach the true Gospel of the Catholic Church to heretics who would not listen to him, he went out and preached his message to the fish. This was not, as liberals and naturalists have tried to say, for the instruction of the fish, but rather for the glory of God, the delight of the angels, and the easing of his own heart. When critics saw the fish begin to gather, they realized they should also listen to what Anthony had to say

Valens

In 376, one of the largest groups, which came to be known as the Visigoths, asked the Roman emperor ____________ (364-378) to allow them to cross the Danube and farm in the Balkans in return for providing troops for the Roman military.

Visigoths

In 376, one of the largest groups, which came to be known as the _____________, asked the Roman emperor Valens (364-378) to allow them to cross the Danube and farm in the Balkans in return for providing troops for the Roman military. But the Roman military commanders mistreated them

Ostrogoths

In his desire to act against the German leader, Zeno brought another German tribe, the _______________. ____________ had recovered from a defeat by the Huns in the fourth century and under their king Theodoric (493-526) had attacked Constantinople. To divert them, Emperor Zeno invited Theodoric to act as his deputy to defeat Odoacer and bring Italy back into the empire. Theodoric accepted the challenge, marched into Italy, killed Odoacer, and then, contrary to Zeno's wishes, established himself as ruler of Italy in 493.

Justinian

In the sixth century, the empire in the east came under the control of one of its most remarkable rulers, the emperor ___________. As the nephew and heir of the previous emperor, ________________ had been well trained in imperial administration. He was determined to reestablish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean world and began his attempt to reconquer the west in 533. ____________ has been criticized for overextending his resources and bankrupting the empire. Historians now think, however, that a devastating plague in 542 and long-term economic changes were far more damaging to the Eastern Roman Empire than Justinian's conquests _______________ army under Belisarius, probably the best general of the late Roman world, presented a formidable force. Belisarius sailed to North Africa and quickly destroyed the Vandals in two major battles. From North Africa, he led his forces onto the Italian peninsula after occupying Sicily in 535. But it was not until 552 that the Ostrogoths were finally defeated. The struggle devastated Italy, which suffered more from Justinian's reconquest than from all of the previous barbarian invasions.

Germanic successor states

In the year 400 CE the frontiers of the Roman empire were much as they had been for centuries. By 500, however,North Africa was in the hands of the Vandals; Spain and southwest Gaul under the Visigoths: there was aBurgundian kingdom in southeast Gaul and a Frankish kingdom further north. Italy was in the hands of theOstrogoths, while Britain was being fought over by the residue of the Romano-British population and Germanicincomers. The Byzantine empire reconquered Africa in 533, Italy between 535 and 553, and a large part of theMediterranean coast of Spain in circa 551, while the Franks drove the Visigoths out of most of the Gallic territoriesafter 507 and destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in circa 534. By 600 the Lombards had seized much of northernand central Italy from the Byzantines, while a number of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had emerged in eastern andcentral England. A century later North Africa had fallen to the forces of Islam, and much of Spain would follow suitafter 711. In 774 the Franks took over most of the Lombard kingdom. By the end of the eighth century the Frankishempire, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, and Christian states of northern Spain can scarcely be called "successor states"of the Roman empire: they are better seen as the forerunners of the great kingdoms of the Middle Ages

Third Century Collapse

Invasions, civil wars, and a recurrence of the plague came close to causing this in the Roman Empire in the third century. The population declined drastically, possibly by as much as one-third. There was a significant decline in trade and small industry. The manpower shortage created by the plague affected both military recruiting and the economy.

The Twelve Tables

One of Rome's chief gifts to the Mediterranean world of its day and to succeeding generations of Western civilization was its development of law. ______________ of 450 b.c.e. were the first codification of Roman law, and although inappropriate for later times, they were never officially abrogated and were still memorized by schoolboys in the first century b.c.e. Civil law, or ius civile (YOOSS see-VEE-lay), derived from ________________ proved inadequate for later Roman needs, however, and gave way to corrections and additions by the praetors

Arianism

One of the major heresies of the fourth century was ____________________ which was a product of the followers of

Battle of Adrianople

Outraged at this treatment, the Visigoths revolted. In 378, Emperor Valens and an army of 40,000 soldiers confronted the Visigoths at ______________. The emperor was killed, and two-thirds of the Roman soldiers were left dead on the battlefield. Attacked from all sides, reeling under the everlasting impacts of the Gothic cavalry charges, the Roman infantry fell into disarray and alas collapsed. Emperor Valens was killed in the fighting. The Roman force was annihilated, accounts suggesting 40'000 dead on their side may well not be an exaggeration

Patres

Roman aristocracy; claimed descent from Romulus' 100 _______________.

equestrian class

Roman citizens were divided into three basic classes: the senatorial, _________________, and lower classes. The __________________ order was expanded under Augustus and given a share of power in the new imperial state. The order was open to all Roman citizens of good standing who possessed property valued at 400,000 sesterces. They could now hold military and governmental offices, but the positions open to them were less important than those held by the senatorial order. At the end of his career, an ________________ might be rewarded by membership in the senatorial order.

Marc Anthony

Roman orator, politician, and soldier. His love affair with Cleopatra split the triumvirate he had formed with Octavian and Lepidus and led to war. In 31 bc the forces of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian at Actium, and both subsequently committed suicide.

Tiberius Gracchus

Roman tribune (133 bc) who sponsored agrarian reforms to restore the class of small independent farmers and who was assassinated in a riot sparked by his senatorial opponents. His brother was Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. Born into an aristocratic Roman family, _______________was heir to a nexus of political connections with other leading families—most notably with the Cornelii Scipiones, the most continuously successful of the great Roman houses—through his mother, Cornelia, daughter of the conqueror of Hannibal, and through his sister Sempronia, wife of Scipio Aemilianus, the destroyer of Carthage. He was equally associated with the great rivals of the Scipios, the Claudii Pulchri, through Tiberius' wife, Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, the contemporary head of the house and princeps senatus, who had the honour of speaking first in all discussions in the Senate

Constantine

Soon after Diocletian's retirement in 305, a new struggle for power ensued. The victory of this guy (306-337) in 312 led to his control of the entire west, although he continued to share imperial authority with Licinius (ly-SIN-eeuss), a fellow emperor. Twelve years later, in 324, his army routed Licinius's forces, and he established himself as the sole ruler.

Council of the Plebs

Sulla had been made a consul for 88 b.c.e. and been given command by the senate of a war in Asia Minor. But when the __________________, contradicting the senate's wishes, transferred command of this war to Marius, a civil war ensued between the forces of Marius and Sulla

Caligula

The Julio-Claudian rulers varied greatly in ability. (37-41) was a grandnephew of Tiberius and the great-grandson of Augustus. He exhibited tyrannical behavior and was extremely erratic.

Claudius

The Julio-Claudian rulers varied greatly in ability. (41-54) had been mistreated by his family because of a physical disability due to partial paralysis, but he was intelligent, well educated, and competent. He was followed by Nero

Nero

The Julio-Claudian rulers varied greatly in ability. Followed Cladius (54-68), who was only sixteen when he came to power. ______________ interest in the arts caused him to neglect affairs of state, especially the military, and that proved to be his undoing.

Tiberius

The Julio-Claudian rulers varied greatly in ability. ________________ (14-37) was a competent general and an able administrator who tried initially to involve the senate in government

Pax Romana

refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries c.e.

Theodoric

The Ostrogoths had recovered from a defeat by the Huns in the fourth century and under their king ______________ (493-526) had attacked Constantinople. To divert them, Emperor Zeno invited _____________ to act as his deputy to defeat Odoacer and bring Italy back into the empire. _______________ accepted the challenge, marched into Italy, killed Odoacer, and then, contrary to Zeno's wishes, established himself as ruler of Italy in 493. he established separate systems of rule for the Ostrogoths and Romans. The Italian population lived under Roman law administered by Roman officials. The Ostrogoths were governed by their own customs and their own officials. Nevertheless. system was unable to keep friction from developing between the Italian population and their Germanic overlords.

First Punic War 218-201 b.c.e. Second Punic War 216 b.c.e. Battle of Cannae 206 b.c.e. Scipio completes seizure of Spain 202 b.c.e. Battle of Zama 149-146 b.c.e. Third Punic War 148 b.c.e. Incorporation of Macedonia as a Roman province 146 b.c.e. Destruction of Carthage 133 b.c.e. Roman acquisition of Pergamum

The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean

Polybius

The ancient historian ________________ believed that one of the reasons the Romans were so successful militarily was that in the early centuries of the Republic the Roman army was basically a citizen army led by the Republic's elected magistrates. An army of citizens defending their homeland would be braver and fight harder than hired mercenaries. Roman military success may also have been due to the aggressive behavior of the Roman military leaders, although this could be detrimental at sea.

Ides of March

The conspirators set the _________________ (March 15) of 44 b.c.e. as the date for the assassination. "__________________ are come," who answered him calmly, "Yes, they are come, but they are not past

Cicero

The development of Roman prose was greatly aided by the practice of oratory. Romans had great respect for oratory, for the ability to persuade people in public debate often led to success in politics. Oratory was brought to perfection in a literary fashion by ______________ the best exemplar of the literary and intellectual interests of the elite of the late Republic and, indeed, the greatest prose writer of that period. For ______________, oratory was not simply skillful speaking. An orator was a statesman, a man who achieved his highest goal by pursuing an active life in public affairs.

Gaius Gracchus

The efforts of Tiberius Gracchus were continued by his brother __________________ (153-121 b.c.e.), who was elected tribune for both 123 and 122 b.c.e. Like Tiberius, _____________ pushed for the rapid distribution of land to displaced farmers, but he also broadened his reform program to appeal to more people disenchanted with the current senatorial leadership. To win the support of the equites, he replaced the senators on the jury courts that tried provincial governors accused of extortion with members of the equestrian order and opened the new province of Asia to equestrian tax collectors. Thus, _____________ gave the equites two instruments of public power: control over the jury courts that often tried provincial governors and control over provincial taxation.

Virgil

The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was ________________. (70-19 b.c.e.). The son of a small landholder in northern Italy, he welcomed the rule of Augustus and wrote his greatest work in the emperor's honor. _____________masterpiece was The Aeneid, an epic poem clearly meant to rival the work of Homer. The poem makes an explicit connection between Troy and Rome. Aeneas, the son of Anchises of Troy, survives the destruction of Troy and eventually settles in Latium; thus, Roman civilization is linked to Greek history. The character of Aeneas is portrayed in terms that remind us of the ideal Roman—his virtues are duty, piety, and faithfulness. ____________ overall purpose was to show that Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world:

Livy

The most famous Latin prose work of the golden age was written by the historian ____________ (59 b.c.e.-17 c.e.). ______________ masterpiece was a history of Rome from the foundation of the city to 9 b.c.e., written in 142 books, although only 35 of them have survived. ____________ perceived history in terms of moral lessons. history celebrated Rome's greatness.

Patricians

The most noticeable element in the social organization of early Rome was the division between two groups—the ________________ and the plebeians. The _____________ class in Rome consisted of families who were descended from the original senators appointed during the period of the kings. Their initial prominence was probably due to their wealth as great landowners. Thus, they constituted an aristocratic governing class. They alone could be consuls, other magistrates, and senators.

Corpus iuris civilis

The result was the Code of Law, the first part of the ____________________ (Body of Civil Law), completed in 529. Four years later, two other parts of the Corpus appeared: the Digest, a compendium of writings of Roman jurists, and the Institutes, a brief summary of the chief principles of Roman law that could be used as a textbook on Roman law. The fourth part of the Corpus was the Novels, a compilation of the most important new edicts issued during Justinian's reign.

Attila

The second selection is taken from an account by Priscus, an envoy from the Eastern Roman Empire to the court of _________________, king of the Huns from 434 to 453. His description of the Huns in 448 is quite different from that of Ammianus Marcellinus.

The Five "Good Emperors"

These rulers treated the ruling classes with respect, cooperated with the senate, ended arbitrary executions, maintained peace in the empire, and supported domestic policies generally beneficial to the empire. Though absolute monarchs, they were known for their tolerance and diplomacy.

Spartacus

Thracian gladiator who led a slave revolt in Italy (73-71). He defeated Roman armies in southern Italy, but his forces were crushed at Lucania (71), where _____________ was killed and many of his troops were crucified.

Consuls

Two _______________, chosen annually, administered the government and led the Roman army into battle

Vandals

Visigoths chased __________________ into N. Africa- very hostile state of Rome 455 sack Rome—carry off part of imperial family. Threaten stability of grain supplies from Alexandria. Reaction: Magister militum become emperor makers in West. 455-476 rapid succession of emperors made and unmade by 476 Odoacer—Ostrogoths deposes Romulus "Augustulus" in Ravenna. Claims there is no ned for an emperor in West. Writes Eastern Emperor Zeno and is granted title "patrician". Zeno empowers Theodoric—royal Ostrogoth to rule Italy as his representative. 489—Theodoric defeats Odoacer and creates an "Ostrogothic" substate.

Septimius Severus

ruled after Commodus, who was born in North Africa and spoke Latin with an accent, used his legions to seize power. On his deathbed, he advised his sons, "Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else."

Marcus Brutus

When it became apparent that Julius Caesar had no intention of restoring the Republic as they conceived it, about sixty senators, many of them his friends or pardoned enemies, formed a conspiracy to assassinate the dictator. It was led by Gaius Cassius and _____________, who naively imagined that this act would restore the traditional Republic. The conspirators set the Ides of March (March 15) of 44 b.c.e. as the date for the assassination. Caesar was in the midst of preparations for a campaign in the eastern part of the empire. Although warned about a plot against his life, he chose to disregard it

rock/keys

You are the Christ, the Son of the living God. Jesus replied, Blessed are you, Simon, son of Jonah, for this was not revealed by man, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this _____ I will build my church, and the gates of hell will not overcome it. I will give you the _______ of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.

Mercenary Revolt

_____________ (c. 240 BC) (also, Libyan War or Truceless War): an uprising of mercenary armies formerly employed by Carthage, backed by Libyan settlements revolting against Carthaginian control.

Crassus

_____________ had fought for Sulla and had also become extremely rich—it was said that he "owned most of Rome." In 73 b.c.e., the senate gave ______________ a military command against the slave rebellion led by Spartacus, which he successfully completed

Pompey

_______________ had also fought for Sulla and was given an important military command in Spain in 77 b.c.e. When he returned six years later, he was hailed as a military hero. *Although both men had been supporters of Sulla, they undid his work. They restored the power of the tribunes and helped put equites back on the jury courts, thereby reviving the populares as a path to political power.

Franks

________________ constructed Roman-style villas; Gallo-Romans adopted Frankish weapons. there leader was Clovis.

The First Punic War

_____________________ (264-241 b.c.e.) began when the Romans decided to intervene in a struggle between two Sicilian cities and sent an army to Sicily. The Carthaginians, who considered Sicily within their own sphere of influence, regarded this as a just cause for war. In going to war, both sides determined on the conquest of Sicily. The Romans realized that the war would be long and drawn out if they could not supplement their land operations with a navy and promptly developed a substantial fleet. The Carthaginians, however, had difficulty finding mercenaries to continue the fight. After a long struggle in which both sides lost battles in North Africa and Sicily, a Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy off Sicily in 242 b.c.e., and the war quickly came to an end. In 241 b.c.e. Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and had to pay an indemnity. Three years later, Rome took advantage of Carthage's problems with its mercenaries to seize the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. This act so angered the Carthaginians that, according to one story, their leading general, Hamilcar Barca, made his nine-year-old son swear that he would hate Rome ever after. The son's name was Hanniba.

Social Wars

______________was a civil war between the Romans and their Italian allies. Like the American Civil War, it was very costly. When the Romans wouldn't grant the Italians equality, most of the allies attempted to secede, although Latium and northern Campania remained loyal to Rome. The rebels made their headquarters at Corfinium, which they renamed Italia. Poppaedius Silo headed the allied Marsic troops and Papius Mutilus headed the Samnites, altogether about 100,000 men. The Romans divided their roughly 150,000 men under the 2 consuls of 90 B.C. and their legates. The Romans in the north were headed by P. Rutilius Lupus, with Marius and Cn Pompeius Strabo (Pompey the Great's father under whom Cicero served) under him. L. Julius Caesar had Sulla and T. Didius under him, in the south. Rutilius was killed, but Marius was able to defeat the Marsi. Rome fared worse in the south, although Papius Mutilus was defeated by Caesar at Acerrae. The Romans made concessions after the first year of war. The lex Julia gave Roman citizenship to some -- possibly all Italians who stopped fighting or just those who had remained loyal. Next year, in 89 B.C., the Roman consuls were Strabo and L. Porcius Cato. They both went north. Sulla headed the Campanian forces. Marius had no commission despite his successes in 90. Strabo defeated 60,000 Italians near Asculum. The capital, "Italia", was abandoned. Sulla made progress in Samnium and captured the Italian HQ at Bovianum Vetus. The rebel leader Poppaedius Silo regained it, but it was defeated again in 88, as were other pockets of resistance. Supplemental laws gave the franchise to the remaining Italians and people of the Italian regions of Gaul by 87. There was still a grievance, though, since new citizens were not equitably distributed among the 35 tribes of Rome.

Marius

a series of military disasters gave rise to a fresh outburst of popular anger against the old leaders of the senate and resulted in the rise of ____________ (157-86 b.c.e.). *___________________ recruited volunteers from both the urban and the rural proletariat who possessed no property. These volunteers, who were now trained more thoroughly, swore an oath of loyalty to the general, not the senate, and thus inaugurated a professional-type army that might no longer be subject to the state. Moreover, to recruit these men, a general would promise them land, so generals had to play politics to get legislation passed that would provide the land for their veterans. Marius left a powerful legacy. He had created a new system of military recruitment that placed much power in the hands of the individual generals. proposed a bill affecting procedure in elections and legislative assemblies by narrowing the bridges—the gangway across which each voter passed to fill in and deposit his ballot tablet—as a result of which there was no longer room on the gangway for observers, normally aristocrats, who abused their position to influence an individual's vote. he lacked the education in Greek normal to the upper classes. He was superstitious and overwhelmingly ambitious, and, because he failed to force the aristocracy to accept him, despite his great military success, he suffered from an inferiority complex that may help explain his jealousy and vindictive cruelty Roman

Cleopatra

beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC)

Diocletian

began the process of restoring the strength of the Roman Empire. He had risen through the ranks to become a prominent military leader, and after the murder of the emperor Numerian by his praetorian prefect, Diocletian executed the prefect and was then hailed as emperor by his soldiers. Diocletian's own rise to power led him to see the need for a new system for ruling the Roman Empire.

Jewish Revolt

building in 66 c.e. that was crushed by the Romans

Trajan

established a program that provided state funds to assist poor parents in raising and educating their children. He was not motivated simply by benevolence, as he believed that such assistance would materially aid in creating a larger pool of young men in Italy eligible for military service. also active in constructing public works—aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbor facilities—throughout the provinces and in Rome.

"Great Persecution"

from A.D. 303 to 311, was a time of sudden transition and massive change in the history of Christianity. Diacletion- Christians suffer consequences when they refuse to make sacrifices to Roman Gods.

Clovis

he establishment of a Frankish kingdom was the work of ____________ (c. 482-511), the leader of one group of Franks who eventually became king of them all. found that his conversion to Catholic Christianity gained him the support of the Roman Catholic Church, which was only too eager to obtain the friendship of a major Germanic ruler who was a Catholic Christian. The conversion of the king also paved the way for the conversion of the Frankish peoples. Finally,______________ could pose as a defender of the orthodox Catholic faith in order to justify his expansion at the beginning of the sixth century. He defeated the Alemanni in southwest Germany and the Visigoths in southern Gaul. By 510, Clovis had established a powerful new Frankish kingdom stretching from the Pyrenees in the west to German lands in the east leader of the Franks, married Clotilde, daughter of the king of the Burgundians.

Council of Nicaea

held in 325, condemned Arianism and stated that Jesus was of "the same substance" as God: "We believe in one God the Father All-sovereign, maker of all things visible and invisible; And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, only-begotten, that is, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father."

Vulgate

known as "common text,", the Scriptures that became the standard edition for the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages.