3. Kidney, Electrolytes, and pH

he filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers, which is the proper order from from inside to ouside? Question options:endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

cidosis can cause all of the following, except Question options:Depression of the CNS. hyponatremia. increased aldosterone release. increased breathing rate. hyperkalemia.

hyponatremia

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except; increase the glomerular filtration rate. trigger renin release. produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. produce renal ischemia. reduce blood flow to kidneys.

increase the glomerular filtration rate.

Which of the following is(are) important buffers inside cells? Question options:ammonia.proteins.bicarbonate.phosphate.more than 1 .

more than 1 .

The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called Question options: nephrons. calyces. renal pelvises. renal columns. pyramids.

pyramids

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is Question options: filtration. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water. secretion of drugs. secretion of acids and ammonia. adjusting the urine volume.

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except Question options:urea. HPO4-2. creatinine. H2PO4-. hydrogen ions.

HPO4-2.

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? Question options:Decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneysDecreased H+ secretion by the kidneysHyperventilationHypoventilation

Hyperventilation

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?Question options: It causes hyperpolarization. It causes depolarization above threshold. It causes depolarization below threshold. It causes repolarization.

It causes hyperpolarization.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for: Question options: the secretion of drugs. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water. the secretion of acids and ammonia. regulating the rate of filtrate formation and blood volume homeostasis. none of the above. Question 12

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and blood volume homeostasis.

lood plasma is filtered in the ________. Question options:renal corpusclerenal tubulerenal columnrenal calyxrenal capsule

renal corpuscle

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of Question options:the distal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. the nephron loop (loop of Henle). the proximal convoluted tubule. the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of: the distal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. the nephron loop (loop of Henle). the proximal convoluted tubule. the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

In the loop of Henle Question options:the ascending limb is very permeable to water. water osmoses into the descending limb. the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic. there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb. active transport moves salts into the interstial space from the descending limb.

there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb.

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of HCO3- in the blood and a pH of 7. 47, this would indicate the individual probably has: Question options: compensated respiratory acidosis. uncompensated metabolic acidosis. compensated respiratory alkalosis . uncompensated metabolic alkolosis. may as well have the sheet pulled over his face because he's a goner.

uncompensated metabolic alkolosis.

Water output is largely controlled by varying ________. urine volume sweating drinking cutaneous transpiration metabolic water production

urine volume

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce Question options: urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions. urine with a lower concentration of hydrogen ions. urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. a larger volume of urine. urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.

urine with a higher concentration of potassium ions.

The part of the nephron that protects the medullary gradient from the lose of osmotically active solutes is the distal convoluted tubule. proximal convoluted tubule. ascending limb of loop of Henle. collecting duct. vasa recta.

vasa recta

In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signalling for ____________; Juxtaglomerular; dilation of the afferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular; constriction of the efferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular; constriction of the afferent arteriole Macula densa; constriction of the affferent arteriole Macula densa; constriction of the efferent arteriole

Macula densa; constriction of the affferent arteriole

What is the principal cation of the ECF? Pi Cl- Na+ K+ Ca2+

Na+

What is the principal cation of the ECF? Question options:PiCl-Na+K+Ca2+

Na+

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? Question options:Net filtration would decrease.Net filtration would increase above normal.Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change.

Net filtration would decrease.

What is the principal anion of the ICF? Question options: Na+ Cl- PO4- K+ Ca2+

PO4-

Which of the following wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus for structural support and to form part of the filtration membrane? Question options: Podocytes Monocytes Mesangial cells Nephrocytes Macula densa cells

Podocytes

ADH is inhibited by: alkalosis. decreased blood pressure. increased plasma osmolarity. increased blood pressure. a wild night and a lot of margaritas.

a wild night and a lot of margaritas.

The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require Question options:active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water. the vasa recta to be impermeable to water. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta. both A and B

active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by; triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. stimulating thirst. causing the release of ADH. vasoconstriction. all of the above.

all of the above

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. Question options: hemoglobin phosphate bicarbonate protein

bicarbonate

The process of filtration is driven by Question options: active transport. blood osmotic pressure. renal pumping. blood hydrostatic pressure. solvent drag.

blood hydrostatic pressure.

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the ________. Question options: output of natriuretic peptides is low person is lost and deprived of drinking water output of antidiuretic hormone is high body's pH is low body's water volume is high

body's water volume is high

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 43, this would indicate the individual probably has: Question options:uncompensated metabolic acidosis.compensated respiratory alkalosis .uncompensated metabolic alkolosis.compensated respiratory acidosis.may as well have the sheet pulled over his face because he's a goner.

compensated respiratory acidosis.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle: Question options:contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.is not permeable to water.is freely permeable to sodium and urea.pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule.

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________. acute glomerulonephritis renal calculus diabetes mellitus pyelitis diabetes insipidus

diabetes mellitus

Aldosterone acts on the ________. Question options:proximal convoluted tubulemedullary portion of the collecting ductdescending limb of the nephron loopglomerulusdistal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone acts on the ________; proximal convoluted tubule medullary portion of the collecting duct descending limb of the nephron loop glomerulus distal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers, which is the proper order from from inside to ouside? endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Which of the following descriptions best matches loop of Henle? Question options:creates high interstitial medullary osmotic concentration gradientenables production of hypertonic urinerelies on countercurrent multiplicationA, B, and CB and C only

A, B, and C

Each of the following play a role in sodium reabsorbtion/secretion EXCEPT; progesterone estrogen Aldosterone ADH ANG II

ADH

Which hormone stimulates Elana's thirst mechanism? Question options:ADH ANP aldosterone epinephrine BNP

ADH

iabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following hormones? Question options:glucagon ADH aldosterone insulin cortisol

ADH