6 word formation
ways in which new words can enter the language ?
1.coinage<br>2.borrowing<br>3.compounding<br>4.blending<br>5.clipping<br>6.backformation<br>7.conversion<br>8.acrynomys<br>9.derivation; multiple processes
what is back formation?
<color red>a type of reduction <br></color red>typically a word of one type ( usually a noun ) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb ) <br><br>one very common source of backformed verbs ---> worker -work ( a noun ending in er or s.th close in sound , can become a verb by removing er )<br>worker-work<br>editor-edit<br>burglar-burgle<br>peddler-peddle; <color red>television --> televise<br></color red>babysitter --->babysit
different clipping types?
<color red>a</color red>pocope-> <color red>A</color red>d ( advertisement)<br><color red>p</color red>rocope-> <color red>p</color red>hone (telephone)<br>syncope-> flu (influenza )
what is conversion ?
a change in part of speech of a word like when a noun is used as a verb; butter <br>bottle <br>vacation
what is <color red>hypocorism</color red> ?
a sort of reduction favored in australian and british english ---> longer word reduced to a single syllable + <color red>y or ie to the end </color red>; telly ( for television ) <br>Aussie ( australian )<br>brekky ( breakfast)
what is calque ?
a typical type of <color red>borrowing </color red>is calque (or loan translation ) ---->direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language <br><color red>rice cooker <br>sky scraper </color red>
what is clipping ?
a word of <color red>more than one syllable </color red>(facsimile) is reduced to a shorter term (fax) usually beginning in casual speech <color red>; ad ( advertisement)<br>phone (telephone)<br>flu ( influenza )
in which process of word formation , two words are combined to produce a word?
blending ; compounding
other names of conversion?
category change <br>functional shift
in which process of word formation , a word of one or more syllable is reduced to one syllable ?
clipping
hypocorism vs coinage ?
coinage --> creation of totally new words <br>hypocrism --> some sort of reduction based on a word that exists in english
what is derivation ?
making new words by adding affixes :<br>prefix --> <color red>un</color red>happy<br>infix ---> abso<color red>bloody</color red>lutely<br>suffix--> hopeless; خوردن--->خور<color red>ان</color red>دن
what are eponyms ?
new words based on the name of a person or a place ---> eponyms<br>lke hoover; sandwich, jeans; fahrenheit,volt, watt
what are acronyms ?
new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words <br>CD ->compact disc<br>ATM-> auto teller machine <br>PIN -->personal identification number
what is coinage ?
one of the least common processes of word formation is coinage , that is the invention of totally new <color red>terms . </color red>the most typical sources -----> invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms ( <color red>kleenex, xerox</color red> )
what is borrowing?
one of the most common sources of new words in english ---> taking over of words from other languages; <color red>lilac ( from persian )<br>piano ( from italian )<br>sofa ( from arabic)<br>yogurt ( from turkish )</color red>
an example of multiple processes ?
problems with the project have snowballed <br>snow + ball --- compounding --> snowball (N)<br>snowball (N) --conversion--> snowball(v)<br>
what is blending?
the combination of two separate <color red>forms </color red>to produce a single new <color red>term </color red>is alo present in blending .<br>in blending --> beginning of one word is joined to the end of another word; <color red>smoke+haze -->smaze<br>smoke+murk-->smurk<br>breakfast+lunch->brunch</color red>
what is compounding ?
the joining of two separate words to produce a single form <br>bookcase<br>fingerprint <br>wallpaper<br>sunburn<br>textbook
what is etymology ?
the study of the origin and history of a <color red>word </color red>is known as it's etymology
