A & P Exam 2

___________ ___________ contain myosin and actin myofilaments.

Muscle myofibrils

An ________________ is a muscle working in opposition to another muscle.

antagonist

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone? movement support immunity blood cell formation calcium storage

immunity

Anabolic steroids can do all of the following except increase the number of muscle fibers. cause cardiovascular disease. increase total muscle mass. increase muscle size and strength. cause testicular atrophy.

increase the number of muscle fibers.

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

_____________ is the end of the muscle where the action occurs

insertion

When skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment of the muscle is named its

insertion.

Joints between the carpal bones are

intercarpal joints

The loss of height that occurs with aging is due to compression of the

intervertebral discs

The opposite of eversion is

inversion

a place where two or more bones come together is a/an

joint and an articulation

This condition is also known as hump back.

kyphosis

Moving the mandible to the side as when grinding the teeth is

lateral excursion

A _________________ may be temporary.

synchondrosis

Arrange the following list of biochemical events is the correct sequence. (1) An action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule. (2) Calcium ions bind to troponin. (3) The membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes more permeable to calcium ions. (4) Calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril. (5) The troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites.

1,3,4,2,5

Put the events of intramembranous ossification in the correct order.

1. Some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochodral progenitor cells. 2. Osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts. 3. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix. 4. Trabeculae develop 5. Osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae. 6. Trabeculae increase in size. 7. Spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together. 8. Red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone. 9. Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone.

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the

A band

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Increased Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine decreased Ca2+ loss by the kidneys increased vitamin D formation in the kidneys All of these are effects of PTH

All of these are effects of PTH

___________ cartilage provides a smooth surface where bones meet.

Articular

This type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

Articular cartilage

Which of the following is a synovial joint? tibiofibular joint intervertebral disk epiphyseal plate costosternal joint Atlanto-occipital

Atlanto-occipital

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is FALSE? The I band and H zones become narrower during contraction Actin and myosin do not shorten during contraction. The sarcomere shortens. Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction. The A band remains constant in length.

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.

______________ contains chondrocytes located in lacunae.

Cartilage

What chemical causes a decrease in the blood calcium level?

Calcitonin

Theses type of joints unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

Cartilaginous joints

In this type of bone fracture, the bone is broken the whole way through.

Complete fracture

In this type of fracture, the skin is torn open by bone.

Compound fracture

Which events occur during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch?

Crossbridges form actin my-filaments are pulled past myosin myofilaments.

One effect of aging on the skeletal system is

Decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers are effects of aging.

Which of the following statements about bone growth is true? Appositional bone growth results in increased bone length. Most growth in long bones results from interstitial growth. In the epiphyseal plate, osteoblasts degenerate to form chondrocytes. Bones can not grow by appositional growth. Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

Every muscle fiber receives a collateral of an axon from the nerve.

Which of the following is part of a thin myofilament? ATP-binding site sarcolemma myosin globular (G) actin calcium

Globular (G) actin

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is

Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

In this type of bone fracture, broken edges are wedged into each other.

Impacted fracture

Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle contractions is FALSE?

In isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant.

Which of the following changes have the potential to dramatically affect the potential difference across the plasma membrane? Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions, increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions and any change in the rate at which the sodium-potassium pump works. Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions. Any change in the rate at which the sodium-potassium pump works. Increase intracellular concentration of potassium ions. Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions and increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions.

Increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions and increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions.

What are dense bodies and intermediate filaments in smooth muscle?

Intracellular cytoskeleton

Which of the following is Not true of muscular atrophy? It is irreversible Transcutaneous stimulation can help prevent it. Muscle fibers are replaced by connective tissue. It can be caused by denervation. It can be caused by disuse.

It is irreversible.

A bacterial infection transmitted by ticks is known as ________ disease.

Lyme

Which of the following statements concerning the ankle joint is true?

Most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot.

_____________ ____________ is characterized by replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.

Muscular dystrophy

Which of the following is true?

Optimal actin and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction.

___________ is a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.

Osteomalacia

____________ is the cytoplasm of muscle cells.

Sarcoplasm

Which of the following events occurs last? Osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage. Cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. Blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center A cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts.

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

Sharpey fibers

In this type of bone fracture, bone ends do not pierce the skin.

Simple fracture

In this type of bone fracture, bone twisting occurs.

Spiral fracture

Which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?

both cardiac and smooth muscle

____________ fluid decreases friction between bones.

Synovial

Which of the following statements concerning bursae is true?

They are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane.

___________ is a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix.

Tropomyosin

______________ is a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix.

Tropomyosin

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true? Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity. Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney. When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases. Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels.

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

Which of the following movements does not occur at the knee joint? extension abduction rotation all occur at the knee

abduction

An _______ _________ occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.

action potential

Which type of respiration can use a variety of molecules as energy sources?

aerobic respiration

Aerobic exercise develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. increases vascularity of muscle. can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells. all of these are correct.

all of these are correct.

Which of the following does NOT influence the range of motion of a joint? the amount of fluid in and around the joint the amount and shape of cartilage the strength and location of tendons and ligaments the shape of the articular surfaces of the bones all of these influence a range of motion

all of these influence a range of motion

The dentoalveolar joint is between the

alveolar process and tooth

Which of the following statements is true? lordosis is an exaggeration of the cervical curvature. scoliosis is the term applied to normal curvature of the spine. the adult vertebral column has three curvatures. an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis . the cervical curve develops before birth.

an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule

Bone growth of the epiphysis occurs at the _________ cartilage.

articular

_________ cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

articular

The vertebral column is part of the

axial skeleton

The type of joint is multiracial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

This type of joint is multiracial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

Which of the following joints is most movable? plane pivot saddle hinge ball and socket

ball and socket

Which of the following joints is moveable? plane pivot saddle hinge ball and socket

ball and socket

In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to

both calcium binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads.

In which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?

both spongy and compact

Small channels extending through the bone matrix are

canaliculi

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteopath is a

canaliculus

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

cancellous bone is formed

Which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch?

cardia muscle

Identify the components of the skeletal system. Select all that apply. cartilage muscles tendons bones ligaments

cartilage tendons bones ligaments

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called

circumduction.

A bone fracture that does not perforate the skin is a(an)

closed fracture

A bone fracture that does not perforce the skin is a(n)

closed fracture

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

compact bone

A ___________ contraction is described as a muscle producing increasing tension as it shortens.

concentric

A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in

contraction with no relaxation.

During resting conditions, ____________ ___________is synthesized to store energy.

creatine phosphate

One of the effects of aging on the skeletal system is

decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers are effects of aging.

Acetylcholine binds to membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization

The opposite of depression is

elevation

___________ joints are actually modified ball and socket joints.

ellipsoid

Which of the following types of joints is mismatched with its location? hinge-cubital saddle-thumb ball and socket-between humerus and scapula ellipsoid-between femur and tibia plane-between carpal bones

ellipsoid-between femur and tibia

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondral

What is the role of myosin phosphate?

enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

Turning the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally is

eversion

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis.

Inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue resulting in stiffness and soreness is

fibrositis.

The _________ _________ is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.

fibrous capsule

What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

glenohumeral joint

The type of movement between carpal bones is described as

gliding

Which of the following is part of thin myofilament? calcium sarcolemma globular (G) actin ATP-binding site myosin

globular (G) actin

A metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood is known as ___________.

gout

The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a ________ joint.

hinge

A synchondrosis contains __________ cartilage.

hyaline

Which of the following represents a class I lever system? crossing your legs lifting weight with your arm flexion of the elbow to elevate the hand hyperextension of the head standing on your tiptoes

hyperextension of the head

The length of the resting sarcomere is __________ than the length of a contracted sarcomere.

longer

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called

menisci

Returning the thumb to the anatomical position after touching the little finger is

reposition

Visceral smooth muscle contracts only when stimulated. occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions. may contain groups of cells that function as an independent unit. does not function as a unit. all of these choices are correct.

occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.

The type of muscle that functions as a sphincter is

orbicular.

The brachioradialis is named for its

origin and insertion

The most common type of arthritis is

osteoarthritis

When blood calcium levels are low ________ activity increases.

osteoclast

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix? fibroblast chodroblast osteoclast chodroclast osteocyte

osteoclast

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix? fibroblast chondroblast osteoclast chondroclast osteocyte

osteoclast

Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes?

osteoclasts

Which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi?

osteocytes

Which of these conditions could result in a wedge fracture? rickets scurvy osteomalacia osteoporosis osteopenia

osteoporosis

Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely

parathyroid hormone

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the

perichondrium

The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _________ joint.

pivot

The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a ___________ joint.

pivot

A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a ________ joint.

plane

A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a __________ joint

plane

Standing on one's toes is an example of a movement called

plantar flexion

Which of the following pairs of terms are opposite? plantar flexion-dorsiflexion inversion-retraction pronation-rotation abduction-extension elevation-protraction

plantar flexion-dorsiflexion

The movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament is the _________ ___________.

power stroke

The location where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as

primary centers of ossification

The muscle that does most of the moment is called the

prime mover

Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water? hyaluronic acid elastin collagen chondrocytes proteoglycan

proteoglycan

The opposite of retraction is

protraction

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? rib scapula clavicle radius coxa

rib

The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the

rotor cuff

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is

scoliosis

Which of these conditions result from a lack of collagen production? rickets scurvy osteopenia osteomalacia osteoporosis

scurvy

The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by

sex hormones.

Which of the following is correctly matched? flat bone-phalanges of the toes short bone-humerus irregular bone-femur long bone-vertebra short bone-carpal bone

short bone-carpal bone

The epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a _________________.

synchondrosis

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _____ joints

synovial

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _________joints.

synovial

What is the thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint?

synovial fluid

The inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the

synovial membrane

The inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the ___________ ____________.

synovial membrane

The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+.

Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules? Z disks sarcolemma I Bands tropomyosin thick my-filaments

thick my-filaments

A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus the that stimulus reaches the __________ level.

threshold

If you stepped in a hole in the yard and sprained your ankle, you have

torn a ligament of the ankle.

The symphysis pubis is between the

two pubic bones

Which of the following movements is an example of extension? kneeling raising your arm laterally shrugging your shoulders using your finger to point out an area on a map bending forward at the waist

using your finger to point out an area on a map

A traumatic hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae is referred to as

whiplash