A&P Chapter 8

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the

shoulder joint

Pivoting of the radius against the ulna turns the palm forward and/or upward. This movement is called _____.

supination

The outer layer may be reinforced by _____which are bundles of collagenous fibers. Some of these bundles are part of the capsule while others are located outside of the capsule.

ligaments

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by

a joint capsule

When doing jumping jacks, the feet are spread apart by _____.

abduction

The anular ligament encircles the head of the _____ and attaches to the margin of the trochlear notch, holding the head against the radial notch.

radius

The head _____ when shaking the head to say "no".

rotates

Turning the ankle so that the sole of the foot points laterally is called _____.

eversion

Straightening the elbow from a bent position is an example of _____.

extension

Within a joint called a symphysis, the bone ends are held together by _____. Within joints called synchondroses, the bone ends are held together by _____.

fibrocartilage ; hyaline cartilage

Along the margin of the glenoid cavity is a fibrocartilage rim called the glenoid _____. It deepens the cavity, making the joint more stable.

labrum

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called

menisci.

Artificial joints are built of

silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints

Some joints, such as those between the bones of the _____, allow change in shape of a part of the body during childbirth.

skull

Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as __________ joints

cartilaginous

The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint?

Synovial

With aging, joint diseases such as _____ may develop. This large group of joint diseases involve inflammation of the joint(s) accompanied by pain and stiffness.

arthritis

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

bursae

By definition, the structures, such as some ligaments, that are located outside the capsule are called _____.

accessory structures

A joint capsule is reinforced by

ligaments binding articular ends of bones together

The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of

muscle tendons.

A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the

origin

Tendons of several muscles (including the supraspinatus and subscapularis) cross the joint, blending with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule to form the _____.

rotator cuff

Joints of the body, also called _____, serve several functions. Most obviously, they serve to bind bones together.

articulations

The ankle is able to _____ when pulling the foot and toes up toward the shin.

dorsiflex

A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is

dorsiflexion

Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate __________ and __________ your lower extremities

abducting; adducting

Two articulations are found within the elbow joint: a _____ joint between the trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the _____, and a _____ joint between the _____ and the fossa of the head of the radius.

hinge ; humerus ; plane ; capitulum

Turning the ankle so that the sole of the foot points medially is called _____.

inversion

A synovial joint is surrounded by a two-layer _____ which encloses a fluid-filled space called the _____.

joint capsule ; synovial cavity

Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnoses a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his

knee joint

The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because

the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder

A lateral and medial ligament stabilize the joint. The _____collateral ligament is medial, running from the _____ epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna.

ulnar ; medial

Joints are also called

articulations.

T/F: Arthritis is a circulatory problem.

False

The joints between the epiphyses and diaphyses of long bones are a type of _____, a cartilaginous joint. These joints ossify around the time of puberty.

synchondroses

A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a

syndesmosis

Types of fibrous joints include

syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints

In _____ joints, changes within the joint capsule occur with aging. The blood flow to the synovial membrane decreases, reducing fluid production. It also loses elasticity as fibrous material builds up.

synovial

The inner lining of the joint capsule secretes a fluid called _____. This fluid is viscous, and it moistens and lubricates the surfaces within the joint capsule.

synovial fluid

The inner layer of the joint capsule is the _____, consisting of _____.

synovial membrane ; connective tissue

Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to

changes in collagen structure.

Which of the following is an infection? Lyme disease Bursitis A sprain Osteoarthritis

Lyme disease

The bending of a joint is _____.

flexion

Pivoting of the radius against the ulna turns the palm down and back is called _____.

pronation

A suture is an example of a

fibrous joint.

Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition? Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground Adduction—moving the arm forward so its is in front of the body Extension—bending the leg at the knee to bring the heel closer to the buttocks Flexion—bringing the arm from overhead back down to the side of the body

Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground

Choose the joint characteristic that applies to all joints of the body. All joints are involved in elongation of long bones of the skeleton. All joints allow movement in response to muscle contraction. All joints are connections between neighboring bones.

All joints are connections between neighboring bones.

Name the ligament that holds the head of the radius in place within the elbow joint

Anular ligament

Match the description to the correct joint disorder. Inflammation of fluid-filled sacs associated with a joint Torn or overstretched ligaments Intermittent disorder caused by bacterial infection Inflammation of a joint due to autoimmune condition Degenerative disorder of joints

Bursitis Sprain Lyme arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis

These terms refer to types of joints or features of joints. Drop each term onto the appropriate figure. Joint fluid within cavity Fibrocartilage Joint capsule Freely movable Hyaline cartilage holds bones together Symphysis Suture Intervertebral discs Generally synarthrotic Dense connective tissue holds bones together

Cartilaginous Synovial Fibrous Joint fluid within cavity Fibrocartilage Joint capsule Freely movable Hyaline cartilage holds bones together Symphysis Suture Intervertebral discs Generally synarthrotic Dense connective tissue holds bones together

What type of synovial joint involves a raised ovoid surface on one bone fitting into an ovoid depression on the other bone?

Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint

Each label lists a specific joint type. Determine the functional classification for each joint, then drag the label to the appropriate box. Syndesmosis Synovial joint Suture Synotosis Symphysis Gomphosis Synchondrosis

Diarthrotic Amphiarthrotic Synarthrotic Syndesmosis Synovial joint Suture Synotosis Symphysis Gomphosis Synchondrosis

Match each ligament (or pair of ligaments) with the correct joint. Ulnar and radial collateral ligaments Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments Anular ligament Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments Transverse humeral ligament

Elbow Knee Elbow Hip Knee Shoulder

After reviewing the structure of these joints, you are now going to determine what movements can occur at these joints. Drag the labels into the appropriate box(es). Labels can be used more than once. Flexion Circumduction Rotation Adduction Abduction Extension

Elbow Shoulder Flexion Circumduction Rotation Adduction Abduction Extension

T/F: A ball-and-socket joint is also called an ellipsoidal joint.

False

T/F: Rotation of the forearms so the palms face upward is called pronation.

False

Match the descriptions to the structures associated with synovial joints. Fibrocartilage discs within joint Fluid-filled sacs Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid Protective layer that covers bone ends

Menisci Bursae Synovial membrane Articular cartilage

Five of the six types of synovial joints have alternate names. (The exception is the hinge joint.) Match each of the following joints with its alternate name. Trochoid joint Spheroidal joint Gliding joint Ellipsoidal joint Sellar joint

Pivot Ball-and-socket Plane Condylar Saddle

What type of synovial joint involves a cylindrical shape for one bone end that rotates in a ring formed by another bone and a ligament?

Pivot (trochoid) joint

Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by effects of aging and osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are autoimmune diseases.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging.

Which of the following is not a synovial joint? Hinge Ball-and-socket Condylar Symphysis

Symphysis

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? Coronal suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis Symphysis

Symphysis

T/F: Closed, fluid-filled sacs that function as cushions are called bursae.

True

T/F: Moving a part away from the midline is abduction.

True

T/F: Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in a joint.

True

T/F: The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are sutures.

True

Joints, such as those between the shaft and the heads of long bones of pre-adolescents, serve as a site for growth (elongation) of _____.

bone

Changes to other _____ joints, such as symphyses joints, are due to decreased water content of fibrocartilage that occurs with aging. This affects the vertebral column by reducing the ability to absorb shock and by stiffening the spine.

cartilaginous

The joint stiffness that occurs with aging is typically due to changes in __________ within the joint.

collagen

The lateral ligament is the radial _____ ligament, running from the _____ epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament.

collateral ; lateral

The outer layer of this structure consists of _____ which is continuous with the periosteum of each bone.

dense connective tissue

The radial collateral ligament is associated with the

elbow joint

Lifting the mandible to close the mouth is an example of _____.

elevation

Some of the first joints to undergo changes are the _____ joints of the skull. As ossification of the skull continues through early childhood, these joints become smaller as the bones grow closer together.

fibrous

When you reach up to scratch your nose, you have to __________ your elbow.

flex

Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are

flexion and extension

Joints are classified according to the amount of movement that they allow. Complete these descriptions. Diarthrotic joints are Synarthrotic joints are Amphiarthrotic joints are

freely movable immovable slightly movable

Ligaments of the shoulder joint include the _____ ligaments which extend from the edge of the glenoid cavity, across the anterior joint capsule, and attach to the _____ tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus.

glenohumeral ; lesser

The shoulder joint occurs between the _____ of the scapula and the head of the _____. It is a _____ joint.

glenoid cavity ; humerus ; ball-and-socket

A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a __________ .

gomphosis

Disuse of the joints __________, which hastens stiffening.

hampers blood flow

Finally, the presence of joints allows the skeleton to respond to _____contraction by producing movement.

muscle

A sprain involves

overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint