A&P Test 2 VAP

Which muscle types are voluntary, and which are involuntary? (Module 9.1B)

skeletal muscle is voluntary, and cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary

What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?

synovial fluid

The external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?

temporal

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a

tendon.

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? bones cartilages ligaments tendons

tendons

What process is the insertion site for the temporalis muscle?

coronoid process

The hyoid bone is suspended by

ligaments.

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

The Na+/K+ ion pump is responsible for

maintaining the sodium/potassium concentration gradients constant.

The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

manubrium.

The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called

medial (internal) rotation.

Steps in a Cross Bridge Cycle

- The activated myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge - ADP is released and myosin slides the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. - ATP binds to the myosin head and detaches it from actin. - ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and the energy released re-cocks the myosin head.

What are the correct steps for process of intramembranous ossification.

1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 4. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers.

The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is the

A band.

A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?

A series of proteins that control calcium release.

Once a pimple on Marcus' face begins to heal, what skin cells will divide rapidly to heal any damaged epithelial tissue in the epidermis?

Basal cells

How do calcium ions (Ca2+) in the sarcomere affect the contraction cycle?

By binding to troponin, Ca2+ causes it to shift position and move tropomyosin, exposing the binding sites on actin.

The cross bridge cycle starts when _________.

Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?

Calcium ions.

Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?

Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.

Contrast fast fibers with slow fibers in terms of diameter, glycogen reserves, myoglobin content, and relative abundance of mitochondria. (Module 9.14A)

Compared with slow fibers, fast fibers have a larger diameter, larger glycogen reserves, less myoglobin, and relatively fewer mitochondria.

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?

Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.

________ are non-ossified fibrous attachments between cranial bones.

Fontanelles

Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)

Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the

H band.

Choose the correct statement regarding muscle contractions. - In an isotonic contraction, the muscle does not change length. - In a concentric contraction, the tension in the skeletal muscle increases as the muscle shortens. - In an isometric contraction, the individual muscle fibers shorten as connective tissues stretch. - In an eccentric contraction, the muscle will shorten if the load is greater than the peak tension the muscle can develop.

In an isometric contraction, the individual muscle fibers shorten as connective tissues stretch.

Define intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8A)

Intramembranous ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?

Its collagen fibers attach the intervertebral disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

If the skin is able to repair itself so efficiently, why might incomplete healing and scarring result if Marcus irritates his pimples?

Marcus could permanently damage the dermis and accessory organs by irritating his pimples

Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?

Marfan syndrome

________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.

Menisci

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

________ is also known as degenerative joint disease.

Osteoarthritis

________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.

Osteoclasts

________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone.

Osteoid

Define oxygen debt (excess postexercise oxygen consumption). (Module 9.13B)

Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen intake required to produce the ATP needed to restore the body after strenuous activity.

Given that acne relates to "oils" on Marcus' skin, what accessory skin part do you think is most directly related to acne?

Sebaceous glands

Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Describe the connective tissue layers associated with skeletal muscle tissue. (Module 9.2B)

The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers.

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)

The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."

Which of the following events must happen for the movement of the thin filament toward the M line (the center of the sarcomere)?

The myosin head binds to the active site on actin and pivots toward the M line.

Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. (Module 8.7A)

The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage.

The interaction between the contractile proteins repeats over and over during a single contraction of a muscle cell. Which of the following choices allows the repeated separation and reactivation of the myosin head?

The presence of ATP

Explain why the propagation of action potentials along electrically excitable membranes occurs in only one direction. (Module 9.5D)

The refractory period prevents it from propagating back in the direction from which it began.

Explain the function of sodium-potassium ion pumps. (Module 9.5A)

The sodium-potassium ion pump maintains the resting membrane potential of a cell by exporting three sodium ions out in exchange for two potassium ions entering the cell.

Which of the following accurately describes the pterygoid processes?

They are vertical, inferior projections that originate on either side of the sphenoidal body.

Define transverse tubules. (Module 9.3B)

Transverse tubules are tubular extensions of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the sarcoplasm contacting the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?

Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands

The articular cartilage damaged by osteoarthritis is characterized by __________.

a rough network of bristly collagen fibers

The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is

absorbed quickly.

A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the

acetabular labrum.

Creatine phosphate

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic metabolism of fatty acids.

Granulation tissue is composed of

an extensive capillary network, clotted blood and fibroblasts.

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except - an increase in intracellular lactate. - muscle fatigue. - a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. - an increase in intracellular glycogen. - an oxygen debt.

an increase in intracellular glycogen.

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? (Module 5.8C)

apocrine sweat glands

All of the following are true of the sacrum except that it - articulates with the pelvic girdle. - articulates with the coccyx. - articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae. - provides protection for reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs. - provides a point of attachment for leg muscles.

articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae.

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin.

In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

calcium ions.

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium.

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium.

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?

cervical and lumbar

Which substance is produced in the skin when exposed to UV radiation and subsequently converted to calcitriol?

cholecalciferol

In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?

circumferential lamellae

Which of these constitutes the pectoral girdle?

clavicles and scapulae

The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and

coccygeal.

Which of the following is a not characteristic of the female pelvis? - coccyx points anteriorly - enlarged pelvic outline - bone markings not very prominent - a more circular pelvic inlet broad pelvis (low pelvis)

coccyx points anteriorly

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called

complete tetanus.

During which phase of a muscle twitch do cross-bridge interactions occur?

contraction phase

Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for

contraction.

The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.

cruciate

Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes

decreased width of the H band during contraction.

A freely movable joint is a(n)

diarthrosis.

The weight of the body is supported by the

distal metatarsals and calcaneus.

The clavicle articulates with the scapula

distally with the acromion.

The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the

endomysium.

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium.

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

epiphyseal cartilages

Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

facets for the articulation of ribs.

The lateral bulge at your ankle is a projection from the

fibula.

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

foramen

Which foramen is the passageway for nerves to exit the cranium and innervate the jaw and its associated structures?

foramen ovale

The temporal bone DOES NOT __________. - form an articulation with the mandible - serve as an attachment site for muscles that move the head - form part of the medial wall of the cranium - articulate with facial bones

form part of the medial wall of the cranium

The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint.

glenohumeral

During the Cori cycle, in the liver,

glucose is produced from lactate

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)

growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes that are located at the __________.

hair matrix

Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers

have many nuclei.

The ________ passes through the ________.

internal jugular vein; jugular foramen

The ligamentum nuchae

helps to hold the head in an upright position

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating elements past the anatomical position is called __________.

hyperextension

The free edge of the nail extends over an area of thickened stratum corneum called the __________.

hyponychium

The sacrum articulates with the

ilium.

All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________. - it actively participates in bone growth and repair - it provides a route for the blood and nervous supply - it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity - it has two layers, an inner layer and an outer layer

it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

The anterior fontanelle __________.

lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

metaphysis.

Neurons and ________ have electrically excitable membranes that propagate action potentials.

muscle cells

In an isotonic contraction,

muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.

The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for

muscles that close the mouth.

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single

neuromuscular junction.

Which structures are the joint surfaces that allow the cranium to articulate with the vertebral column?

occipital condyles

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

opposition.

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes.

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons.

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel.

The nasal complex includes the bones that enclose the nasal cavity and the ________ sinuses.

paranasal

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system? - vertebral column - skull - pectoral girdle - auditory ossicles - hyoid bone

pectoral girdle

Which structure DOES NOT contribute to the boundaries of the pelvic outlet? pelvic brim ischial spine coccyx ischial tuberosity

pelvic brim

Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the

perimysium

Which bone-associated structure is continuous with the capsule of the joint, adding strength and helping to stabilize the joint?

periosteum

The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.

pisiform

Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?

plane

The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.

plasticity; tone

The weakening of which primary vertebral ligament may result in the condition called a bulging disc?

posterior longitudinal ligament

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton? - provides an attachment for calf muscles - provides an attachment for muscles that move the axial skeleton - provides an attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk - provides an attachment for muscles involved in respiration

provides an attachment for calf muscles

The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.

recruitment

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as

rigor mortis.

Nail production occurs at the nail

root.

Which regions of the vertebral column do not consist of individual vertebrae? (Module 7.13B) cervical and lumbar lumbar and sacral cervical and thoracic sacral and coccygeal thoracic and coccygeal

sacral and coccygeal

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? sacrum scapula tibia metacarpals clavicle

sacrum

The repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the

sarcomere.

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short

Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B)

skeletal system, digestive system, urinary system

Which bone acts as a uniting bridge between the cranial and facial portions of the skull? (Module 7.6D)

sphenoid

Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton? (Module 8.6C)

sternoclavicular joint

An immovable joint is a(n)

synarthrosis.

Which structure acts as a passageway for blood vessels that provide oxygen and nourishment to the brain?

the carotid canal

Secondary ossification centers occur in

the epiphyses.

Identify the facial bones. (Module 7.3A)

the paired nasal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, maxillae, and inferior nasal conchae, and the unpaired vomer and mandible

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

the ulna and humerus interlock.

The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament.

tibial collateral

What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?

transverse or T tubules

The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a(n)

triad.

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by

tropomyosin molecules.

When calcium ion binds to troponin,

tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.

What type of muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies?

visceral smooth muscles

Of the following bones, which is unpaired? palatine maxillary nasal vomer

vomer

The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the maxillae. vomer. frontal bone. ethmoid bone. sphenoid bone.

vomer.

Which of the following best describes the term "Z line"?

where thin filaments are anchored

Inside the sarcoplasm, T tubules encircle each sarcomere at which point?

zones of overlap