American Literature midterm

predestination

(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

Thomas Morton(1579-1647)

, one of the most picturesque of the early British settlers in colonial America, who ridiculed the strict religious tenets of the Pilgrims and the Puritans. began writing "New English Canaan"

the tenth muse lately sprung in america

Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. Her volume of poetry The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ... received considerable favorable attention when it was first published in London in 1650. Eight years after it appeared it was listed by William London in his Catalogue of the Most Vendible Books in England, and George III is reported to have had the volume in his library. Bradstreet's work has endured, and she is still considered to be one of the most important early American poets.

How is benjamin Franklin an Enlightnment thinker?

Benjamin Franklin is widely considered on of the greatest thinkers in American history; and, like many of the other great Enlightenment philosophers, contributed to the new waves of thinking on many different levels, and he reflected the new ideas and ideologies of the Enlightenment in Europe onto the newly formed United States.

Phillis Wheatley ( 1753 - 1784)

Born in Africa and brought to Boston in 1761. Purchased by a wealthy tailor, John Wheatley for his wife Susan Wheatley. Became famous when her poem " On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 1770" was published. Toured London with her manuscript of poems in 1773, they were published as " Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Works: l

Benjamin Franklin ( 1706-1790)

Born in Boston the tenth son in a family of seventeen children. Apprenticed to his brother in the printing trade. Began his own print shop which was so successful that he was able to retire at 42 Began the American philosophical society He was an inventor, invented the Frankie stove Founded the University of Pennsylvania Experimented with electricity

Rev. George Whitefield

Church of England evangelist who by his popular preaching stimulated the 18th-century Protestant revival throughout Britain and the British American colonies.

Diederich Knickerbocker

Diedrich Knickerbocker, persona invented by American writer Washington Irving to narrate the burlesque A History of New York (1809). An eccentric 25-year-old scholar, Knickerbocker relates this comic history of Dutch settlers in the American colony of New Amsterdam, satirizing Dutch-American mannerisms and retelling Dutch legends. Knickerbocker also narrates Irving's story "Rip Van Winkle."

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca(1490 - 1557)

Explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was born 1490, in Extremadura, Castile, Spain. He was treasurer to the Spanish expedition under Pánfilo de Narváez that reached what is now Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1528. By September all but his party of 60 had perished; it reached the shore near present-day Galveston, Texas. The survivors lived among the natives of the region for four years, and Cabeza de Vaca carved out roles as a trader and a healer in the community. In 1532 he and the other three surviving members of his original party set out for Mexico, where they hoped to connect with other representatives of the Spanish empire. They traveled through Texas, and possibly what are now New Mexico and Arizona, before arriving in northern Mexico in 1536, where they met up with fellow Spaniards, who were in the region to capture slaves. Cabeza de Vaca deplored the Spanish explorers' treatment of Indians, and when he returned home in 1537 he advocated for changes in Spain's policy. After a brief term as governor of a province in Mexico, he became a judge in Seville, Spain, a position he occupied for the remainder of his life.

the great awakening

Great Awakening, religious revival in the British American colonies mainly between about 1720 and the '40s. It was a part of the religious ferment that swept western Europe in the latter part of the 17th century and early 18th century, referred to as Pietism and Quietism in continental Europe among Protestants and Roman Catholics and as Evangelicalism in England under the leadership of John Wesley (1703-91).

James Cooper(1789 - 1851)

Grew up part of wealthy family in upstate New York, Cooperstown by Lake Otsego. Wrote his first book, "precaution" when according to legend, he told his wife he could write better novels than the one they were reading. Wrote his first spy novel in America, The Spy(1821) Sea Novel in America, the pilot(1824) Wrote the Leatherstocking Tales. 1823( the pioneers )( character names: Edward effigam) 1826 the last of the Mohicans 1827 the prairie 1840 the pathfinder 1841 the Deerslayers

Merry Mount

Merry Mount, a small coastal settlement on the edge of the Massachusetts wilderness. "Pilgrim" Plymouth lies somewhat to the south; "Puritan" Boston will not be founded for another two years. A group of young revelers, Englishmen and Indians together, dance around a lofty maypole. There is food and drink aplenty; jollity reigns. Caught in the spirit of the moment, the revelers do not sense an alien presence in the forest nearby. Then a band of Pilgrim foot soldiers bursts onto the scene. The dancing stops. The maypole comes down. Merry Mount will be merry no more.

Powhatam

North American Indian leader, father of Pocahontas. He presided over the Powhatan empire at the time the English established the Jamestown Colony (1607).

Connecticut wits

Originally the Connecticut Wits, this group formed in the late eighteenth century as a literary society at Yale College and then assumed a new name, the Hartford Wits. Their writings satirized an outmoded curriculum and, more significantly, society and the politics of the mid-1780s.

praying indians

Praying Indian is a 17th-century term referring to Native Americans of New England, New York, Ontario, and Quebec who converted to Christianity. Many groups are referred to by this term, but it is more commonly used for tribes that were organized into villages. These villages were known as praying towns and were established by those such as Puritan leader John Eliot,[1] Jesuit missionaries of St. Regis and Kahnawake (formerly known as Caughnawaga) and the missionaries among the Huron in western Ontario.

preparatory mediations

Remember that Bradstreet's poem by the same title had sought to answer the question of whether or not a woman writer can be the equal of men. Taylor goes still further, and asks: Can any writer be equal to God's grace? In the opening lines he is that "crumb of dust" which is nothing compared to God's natural creation ("the earth," "all mountains" and "the crystal sky"), and is nothing, therefore, compared to a "boundless" creator. The second stanza turns still more specifically to the problem of writing, or creating on paper. There, the speaker claims that even should the quill of his pen come from an angel, be sharpened on the most precious stone, and write in pure gold inks, it would still write nothing but errors ("It would but blot and blur, yea jag, and jar") unless God himself both makes the pen and guides the hand of the writer, or "scrivener."

separatist

Separatist, also called Independent, any of the English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the perceived corruption of the Church of England and form independent local churches. Separatists were most influential politically in England during the time of the Commonwealth (1649-60) under Oliver Cromwell, the lord protector, who was himself a Separatist. Subsequently, they survived repression and gradually became an important religious minority in England.

1607

Some 100 English colonists arrive along the west bank of the James River in Virginia to found Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. Dispatched from England by the London Company, the colonists had sailed across the Atlantic aboard the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery.

Bay Psalm Book

The Bay Psalm Book, as this work is commonly known, is the first book printed in British North America. The Reverend Jesse Glover imported the first printing press to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638, some 18 years after the first English settlers landed at Plymouth Rock.

The Columbiad

The Columbiad (1807) is a philosophical epic poem by the American diplomat and man of letters Joel Barlow. It grew out of Barlow's earlier poem The Vision of Columbus (1787). Intended as a national epic for the United States it was popular with the reading public for a few years, and was compared with Homer, Virgil and Milton, but it has since been for the most part dismissed as an overblown and tedious failure

Jamestown

The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the east bank of the Powhatan (James) River about 2.5 mi (4 km) southwest of the centre of modern Williamsburg. William Kelso writes that Jamestown "is where the British Empire began"

The Leatherstocking Tales

The Leatherstocking Tales, series of five novels by James Fenimore Cooper, published between 1823 and 1841. The novels constitute a saga of 18th-century life among Indians and white pioneers on the New York State frontier through their portrayal of the adventures of the main character, Natty Bumppo, who takes on various names throughout the series. The books cover his entire adult life, from young manhood to old age, though they were not written or published in chronological order. The individual novels are The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Deerslayer (1841).

MayFlower compact

The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Puritans, adventurers, and tradesmen. The Puritans were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England. The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11, 1620.

1620

The Mayflower sails from Plymouth, England, bound for the New World with 102 passengers. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists-half religious dissenters and half entrepreneurs-had been authorized to settle by the British crown. However, stormy weather and navigational errors forced the Mayflower off course, and on November 21 the "Pilgrims" reached Massachusetts, where they founded the first permanent European settlement in New England in late December

puritan

The Puritans were English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

Visionary poetry

Visionary Poetry is the art of pushing language past its ordinary expressional limits. It is the archaic poetic form of linguistically expressing and conveying transcendental states of consciousness.

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.

Puritan believe

ang;ican church needed reform, God predistines those He will save, everything that happens, happens because God wills it, Language is powerful, and the individual must be able to connect with God through the reading of the scriptures, ELected individual will examine their lives(hence journals and meditations) for sin and unworhiness. The Church is a collection of saints, not a meant for sinners. The Body is worthless; only the soul is important.

Jonathan edwards

become involved in the great awakening, a religious movement that stressed individual conversion of the heart he was a puritan minister

J. Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur

began series of letters describing his life, "letters from an american farmer"

May Pole

ceremonial folk dance performed around a tall pole garlanded with greenery or flowers and often hung with ribbons that are woven into complex patterns by the dancers. Such dances are survivals of ancient dances around a living tree as part of spring rites to ensure fertility. Typically performed on May Day (May 1), they also occur at midsummer in Scandinavia and at other festivals elsewhere. They are widely distributed through Europe—e.g., "Sellenger's Round" in England, the baile del cordón of Spain—and also are found in India.

Plymouth Plantation

founded in 1947, is a living history museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA that attempts to replicate the original settlement of the Plymouth Colony established in the 17th century by English colonists who later became known as the Pilgrims. They were among the first people who emigrated to America to seek religious separation from the Church of England. In History of Plymouth Plantation, William Bradford recounts approximately twenty years in the history of Plymouth Plantation. He chronicles the founding of the colony, the First Thanksgiving, and the colony's multiple encounters with Native Americans.

william bradford (1590 - 1657)

he was a separatist(puritan) lived in Leyden Community landed in plymouth in December 1620 become the governor of plymouth plantation 1621 work: "of plimouh plantation" history of the new colony which was well known by historians but which was not published until 1856

Giovanni da Verrazzano

his reports was initially published in Richard Hakluyts's divers voyages " Touching on the discovery of america

St. Augustine, Florida

is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States.

Deism

is a philosophical position that posits that God (or in some cases, gods) does not interfere directly with the world; conversely it can also be stated as a system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits His perfection (and usually the existence of natural law and Providence) but rejects Divine revelation or direct intervention of God in the universe by miracles.

Sarah Kemble Knight

kept a Jounal of her travel in shortland which was subsequently published in 1825

Proprietors

one granted ownership of a colony (such as one of the original American colonies) and full prerogatives of establishing a government and distributing land

Massachussets Bay Colony

one of the original English settlements in present-day Massachusetts, settled in 1630 by a group of about 1,000 Puritan refugees from England under Gov. John Winthrop and Deputy Gov. Thomas Dudley. In 1629 the Massachusetts Bay Company had obtained from King Charles I a charter empowering the company to trade and colonize in New England between the Charles and Merrimack rivers.

old new england way

refers to the ecclesiastical polity, relation to the civil powers, and general practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony churches and, sometimes, to those of Connecticut or Rhode Island. English reformers inquired into the system (1637), and after the Long Parliament began ecclesiastical "reform" (1641), interest in Massachusetts polity led John Cotton to expound its principles in The Way of the Churches of Christ in New England ... (1645), later retitled The New England Way.

Half-way Covenant

religious-political solution adopted by 17th-century New England Congregationalists, also called Puritans, that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights

edward taylor

was a follower of the old new england way he was a conservative puritan, agaisnt the half-way covenant and evagelistic preaching wrote poems as spiritual exercise works: " preparatory meditations"

solomon stoddard

was the pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He succeeded Rev. Eleazer Mather, and later married his widow around 1670. Stoddard significantly liberalized church policy while promoting more power for the clergy, decrying drinking and extravagance, and urging the preaching of hellfire and the Judgment.

Anne Bradstreet

work: the tenth muse lately sprung up in america she was a puritan. one of the first poets to write English verse in the American colonies. Long considered primarily of historical interest, she won critical acceptance in the 20th century as a writer of enduring verse, particularly for her sequence of religious poems, "Contemplations," written for her family and not published until the mid-19th century

christopher columbus(1451 - 1506)

work: wrote accounts of his voyages in letters to the crown and other important spaniards; a journal of his travels was also published, but it is a summary of columbus's journal, not the original which is lost

John Smith(1580 - 1631)

wrote 3 histories of virginia: 1608 - a true relation 1612 - a map of virginia 1624 - a general history of virginia, new england and the summer isles Born in 1579 or 1580 in Lincolnshire, England, John Smith eventually made his way to America to help govern the British colony of Jamestown. After allegedly being saved from death by Pocahontas, he established trading agreements with native tribes. With his governing tactics called into question, he returned to England in 1609 and became a staunch advocate of colonization via his published work

Mary Rowlandson

wrote the soveraignty and goodness of God, together with the faithfulness of His promises displayed held by indians for 11 weeks and 5 day taken captive in february 20, 1676

joel barlow

wrote the vision of columbus in 1787 a long visionary poem wrote 'the hasty-pudding in 1796" educated in yales along with 2 other connecticut wits

Philipe Freneau

wroten" the risisng glory of america with the brackenridge which was read at freneaus graduation edited the Freeman's Journal, then started his own newspaper, national gazette