Anthro Chapter 1
when did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study
Medical Anthropology
Subfield that studies language
linguistic anthropology
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm
need to collect information before societies die out
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Alfred Kroeber
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The 19th century British anthropologist credited with development of the concept of culture through evolutionary perspective.
E.B Taylor
_______ refers to adaptative changes that organisms make across generations.
Evolution
True or False: Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do
False
True or False: Historical archeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way people actually lived
False
True or False: Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture
False
True or False: The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.
False
True or false: Culture can only be transmitted through face-to-face interaction.
False
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
Herbert Spencer
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds
Process that involves shifting from agricultural economy to a factory based one?
Industrialization
An __________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, VictorTurner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings
Interpretative
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Michel Focault
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
Quantitive data
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
The Industrial System
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.
True or False: Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science
True
True or False: Key concern in the 1850s that shaped discipline of anthropology was the emergence of new scientific theory called evolution
True
True or False: Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
True
True or False: There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are testedrepeatedly.
True
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
Way of explaining how the world works
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
William James
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all the above
The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is
applied anthropology.
subfield of anthropology that studies materials of the past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities is
archeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
example of cultural appropriation
celebrating one culture's customs when you are not that culture - Irish/St. Patrick's day, Cinco de Mayo etc
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in __________
collaborative museum
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones
colonialism
subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is
cultural anthropology
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, andpractices of others is called
cultural appropriation
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________
cultural construction
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as
cultural evolution
Anthropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are
cultural relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as?
cultural relativism
Assuming your cultures way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called ._____
ethnocentrism
Anthropologists have always approached by specializing in 1 of the 4 subfields
false
Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from primitive to advanced
false
True or False: Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans
false
True or False: All humans are born with some culture
false
True or False: Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
false
True or False: Culture is uniquely human
false
Method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is
fieldwork
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?
focusing on multiplicity and variety
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic perspective
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
hypothesis
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called
informed consent
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
Process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to their environment
natural selection
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense through binary oppositions
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post structuralism
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
comparative method
research technique that compares existing official statistics and historical records across groups to test a theory about some social phenomenon
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
socialization
key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
synthesizing the entire context of human experience
A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what?
that those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
the superior natural abilities of one group of people allowing them to control an inferior group of people
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
tradition
True or False: Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
true
True or False: Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same as different.
true
A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people
values