AP EURO Ch. 16

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Empiricism

How did the Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

Joseph II'S conversión of passant la of obligations to cash payments

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for reform of the penal system?

Cesare Baccaria

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?

Pierre Bayle

Copernicus's theory of the universe

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Johannes Kepler believe that the elliptical orbit of planets

Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Madame de Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

Believed that women's limited contributions to science was the result of unequal education

How did Issac Newton's law of universal gravity it's bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

Which country spearheaded the trend in Scientific expeditions?

Spain

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to

the shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually