AP Euro Finals Guide

"The books of those heresiarchs, who after the aforesaid year originated or revived heresies, as well as of those who are or have been the heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Balthasar, Friedberg, Schwenkfield, and other like these whatever may be their name, title or nature of their heresy, are absolutely forbidden...Books which deal in the vernacular with the controversies between Catholics and heretics of our time may not be permitted indiscriminately, but the same is be observed with regard to them what has been decreed concerning Bibles written in the vernacular. There is no reason, however, why those should be prohibited which have been written in the vernacular for the purpose of pointing out the right way to live, to contemplate, to confess, and similar purposes, if they contain sound doctrine, just as popular sermons in the vernacular are not prohibited. But if hitherto in some kingdom or province certain books have been prohibited because they contained matter the reading of which would be of no benefit to all indiscriminately, these may, if their authors are Catholic, be permitted by the bishop and inquisitor after they have been corrected." What aspect of the rule would a learned defender of Catholic teachings such as Christian humanist Erasmus most closely align himself?

"there is no reason...why those should be prohibited which have been written for the purpose of pointing out the right way to live"

In the late eighteenth century, France was weakened by all of the following EXCEPT

A clergy hostile to the monarchical principle

In the first stage of the Revolution, France established

A constitutional monarchy

The Time of Troubles was caused by

A dispute in the line of succession

Which of the following groups was instrumental in ending the Wars of Religion (1562-1598) in France?

A group of Roman Catholics and Protestants called the Politiques

The Millenary Petition was

A list of Puritan complaints largely ignored by James I

What factors encouraged English landlords to adopt technological innovations in agriculture

A steady increase in the price of grain

Portobello was

A trading city in Central America

Vesalius and other sixteenth century physicians, who made important contributions to medical knowledge, had which of the following in common

A willingness to challenge Greco-Roman medical authority

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance?

Abandonment of religious beliefs

Frederick the Great did all of the following EXCEPT

Abolish serfdom throughout his kingdom

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists

Advocated a complete separation of church and state

Major protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists

Advocated a complete separation of church and state

The father of German humanism was

Agricola

The pope who gave concessions to the French in return for special privileges for his children was

Alexander VI

Which of the following statements about the rule of Joseph II is FALSE?

Allowed full emancipation of the Austrian Jews

Which of the following cities was the financial and commercial capital of Europe in the seventeenth century?

Amsterdam

The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following except

An alliance with the English Catholics

The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all the following except

An alliance with the English Catholics

"Thus when that apostle saw at Athens the inscription of an altar, he draws from it an argument for the proof of the Christian religion; but leaving out a great part of the sentence, which perhaps if fully recited might have prejudiced this cause, he mentions only the two last words viz., To the unknown God; and this too not without alteration, for the whole inscription runs thus: To the Gods of Asia, Europe, and Africa, to all foreign and unknown Gods. 'Tis an imitation of the same pattern, I will warrant upi, that our young divines, by leaving out four or five words in a place, are putting a false construction on the rest, can make any passage serviceable to their own purpose; through from coherence of what went before, or follows after, the genuine meaning appears to be wither wide enough, or perhaps quite contradictory to what they would thrust and impose upon it. In which knack the divines are grown now so expert, that the lawyers themselves begin to be jealous of an encroachment upon what was formally their sole privilege and practice." A primary difference between Northern Humanism as portrayed by Erasmus and Italian Humanism was

An emphasis on Christian piety

Henry VIII's second wife was

Anne Boleyn

What 2 Spanish territories were dynastically linked with the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella

Aragon and Castile

Which of the following would NOT characterize Great Britain in the period immediately before the Enlightenment

Arbitrary arrests

Jansenists were supported by

Arnould family

The single largest group in an eighteenth century city was the

Artisans

Joseph II ruled

Austria

Maria Theresa ruled

Austria

The Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed that no nation would disrupt the hereditary monarchy in

Austria

The declaration of Pillnitz was signed between what two countries

Austria and Prussia

Joseph II's Edict of Toleration increased the rights of

Austrian Jews and Protestants

English Puritanism developed during the reign of Elizabeth I

Because of the dissatisfaction with the scope and breath of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement among the Marian Exiles and others who were influenced by Calvinist views

On Crimes and Punishments called for a reform of the criminal justice system. Its author was

Beccaria

Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to

Become a wife and mother

The ten southern provinces of the Netherlands, known as the Spanish Netherlands, became the future

Bohemia

Which of the following statements about the Battle of White Mountain is FALSE

Bohemia returns to Catholicism

The staunch apologist for the Divine Right of King's on Louis' court was

Bossuet

Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?

Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources

Which of the following men set the stage for the modern study of astronomy by building a naked eye observatory and collecting massive amounts of data to be used by those who followed?

Brahe

Colonies along the North Atlantic seaboard, including Nova Scotia and Newfoundland belonged to the

British

The dome of the Cathedral in Florence was designed by

Brunelleschi

One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to

Build a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to settle

One of the factors leading to a strong, centralized France was

Burgundy's collapse at the Battle of Nancy

Reflections on the Revolution in France was written by

Burke

First Point. The first point is to give thanks to God our Lord for the benefits received. Second Point. The second, to ask grace to know our sins and cast them out. Third Point. The third, to ask account of our soul from the hour that we rose up to the present Examen, hour by hour, or period by period: and first as thoughts, and then as to words, and then as to acts, in the same order as was mentioned in the Particular Examen. Fourth Point. The fourth, to ask pardon of God our Lord for the faults. Fifth Point. The fifth, to purpose amendment with His grace. OUR Father. Which of the following groups most strongly opposed Loyola's point of view in the except above?

Calvinists

James I's statement "No bishop, no king" was a defiant reply specifically to (the) English

Calvinists

The most influential book on Renaissance court life and behavior was

Castiglione's The Courtier

Which of the following statements about Jews in eighteenth century Europe is FALSE

Catherine the Great's manifesto in 1762 welcomed Jews so she could add to her army

The Gallican Church refers to

Catholic Church in France

Witch (haha) of the following is NOT true about witch-hunts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Catholics did not believe in magic

"All I can do is beg our virtuous ladies to raise their minds somewhat above their distaff and spindles and try to prove to the world that if we were not made to command, still we should not be disdained as companions in domestic and public matters by those who govern and command obedience." In the except above from a letter written in 1555 by the French poet Louis Labe, the author does which of the following?

Champions women's intellectual abilities

The English Civil War broke out during the reign of

Charles I

The King who reinstated the "ship tax" was

Charles I

The Short and the Long Parliament occurred during the reign of

Charles I

The Clarendon Code was passed under the reign of

Charles II

Which of the following clearly never had support for Luther's movement

Charles V

The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by

Checking French expansion

Erasmus advocated

Christian education for moral and intellectual improvement

During the period from 1450-1650, Europeans mainly relied on which of the following cultural beliefs to justify the expansion on the map?

Christianity

"Thus when that apostle saw at Athens the inscription of an altar, he draws from it an argument for the proof of the Christian religion; but leaving out a great part of the sentence, which perhaps if fully recited might have prejudiced this cause, he mentions only the two last words viz., To the unknown God; and this too not without alteration, for the whole inscription runs thus: To the Gods of Asia, Europe, and Africa, to all foreign and unknown Gods. 'Tis an imitation of the same pattern, I will warrant upi, that our young divines, by leaving out four or five words in a place, are putting a false construction on the rest, can make any passage serviceable to their own purpose; through from coherence of what went before, or follows after, the genuine meaning appears to be wither wide enough, or perhaps quite contradictory to what they would thrust and impose upon it. In which knack the divines are grown now so expert, that the lawyers themselves begin to be jealous of an encroachment upon what was formally their sole privilege and practice." Which of the following belief systems was questioned by Erasmus in this passage?

Civic humanism

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from

Classical languages and literature

The finance minister for Louis XIV was

Colbert

Peter the Great's reforms included

Compulsory education away from home for the higher classes

The Anabaptists were founded by

Conrad Grebel

One of the clearest examples of aristocratic domination in the eighteenth century was

Control and manipulation of the game laws

"I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book about the Revolutions of the Spheres of the Universe I ascribe movement to the earthly globe, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage." The above passage is an except from the work of

Copernicus

On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres was a tract by

Copernicus

The conqueror of the Aztecs was

Cortes

Which of the following was NOT a force that worked to undermine the Church in early modern Europe?

Council of Trent

The eighteenth century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with

Critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

The Aristotelian world-view placed emphasis on the idea of

Crystal spheres moving around the earth

The term Infanta refers to

Daughter of the Queen and king of Spain

Which of the following happened FIRST?

Declaration of the Rights of Man written

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the rising power of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century

Defeat of the Turkish navy

The Thirty Years War was sparked by

Defenestration of Prague

The immediate cause of the women's march on Versailles was

Demand for more bread

The development of the empire on the map resulted in which of the following social changes?

Demographic catastrophe for many indigenous populations

Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by

Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits

Which of the following men used his concepts of Dualism and constant doubting to attempt to prove the existence of God

Descartes

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years War on Germany was to

Devastate the German States' economy

In Italian cities, which of the following was a consequence of the growing use of the system shown on the map?

Development of new banking and merchant elites

Albrecht of Wallenstein was a

Devout Catholic military leader

The Encyclopedia was compiled by

Diderot

In transforming the Roman Catholic church in his realm into the Church of England, Henry VIII

Disbanded the monasteries

Maria Winklemann was best known for

Discovering a comet

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of Renaissance art depicted in the painting above?

Distortion and illusion

Java, Surinam, and Bengal were controlled by the

Dutch

The bourse refers to

Dutch stock market

"Witch" (haha) of the following was NOT a reason why accusation of witchcraft were directed primarily at elderly women, especially widows, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Elderly women were seen as vital to the development of a healthy, educationally sound village

Cardinal Richelieu consolidated the power of the French monarchy by doing all of the following EXCEPT

Eliminating the intendant system of local government

"The Renaissance is a good case in point. Italy was well in advance of the rest of Europe from roughly 1350-1530 because of its early consolidation of genuine states, the mercantile and manufacturing economy that supported them, and its working out of post-feudal and even guild social relations... Yet precisely these developments affected women adversely, so much so that there was no renaissance for women - at least, not during the Renaissance. The state, early capitalism, and the social relations formed by them impinged on the lives of Renaissance women in different way according to their different positions in society. But the startling fact is that women as a group, especially among the classes that dominated Italian urban life, experienced a contraction of social and personal opinions..." Which of the following would provide valid evidence for use by a historian who disagreed with the thesis of the passage?

Elite women were increasingly well educated and therefore shaped the views of the children they raised

A major difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism relates to

Emphasis on predestination

Martin Luther's response to the Peasants Revolt of 1524-1525 demonstrated his

Emphasis on the social aspects of Christ's teaching

Elite patrons like the de Medici's and Renaissance popes supported arts that

Employed a human-centered naturalism

The English Long Parliament

Enacted legislation against absolutism

The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 was to

End the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German States

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Ended the Hapsburg-Valois Wars

The Game Laws discussed in the chapter were a product of

England

The agricultural revolution began and flourished early in what nations

England and the Netherlands

Most eighteenth century demands for liberty centered on

Equality of opportunity

"You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the examples of a holy life...If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints." The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following?

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Which of the following people is not matched correctly to their artistic/literary triumph?

Erasmus...The Decameron

Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minster, Jean-Baptiste Colbert?

Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods

A central feature of the Counter Reformation was

Establishment of new religious orders

Which of the following resulted from the English reformation?

Establishment of the English monarch as the head of the church of England

Which of the following was an outcome for the country controlling the dark shaded areas on the map?

Expanding military power in Europe

Which of the following was NOT an economic change brought on by the first wave of the French Revolution (prior to the execution of the King)

Expansion of the guild system

A family in which three or four generations live under the same roof under the direction of a patriarch is known as a(n)

Extended family

Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther's basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation?

Faith is the key to salvation

Which of the following best describes the family during the Renaissance?

Families were usually formed through politically arranged marraiges

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of the Muslims and Jews in Spain because

Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity

Charles VIII claimed he was the rightful owner of the throne of

Florence

The Renaissance began in

Florence

French advisor to Louis XV during the War of Austrian Succession was

Fluery

The New Monarchies did all of the following to create more "modern" and centralized governments EXCEPT

Forced the nobles to serve in either the civil service or army for a certain number of years

Frederick William the Great Elector succeeded in

Forging an army which enforced his will without the approval of the nobility

In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics and diplomacy

France

In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics and diplomacy?

France

John Calvin was born in

France

The Mississippi Bubble incident took place in

France

Which of the following did NOT form part of the inheritance of Charles V, ruler of the largest European empire since imperial Rome?

France

Which of the following territories was NOT controlled by Charles V

France

"Man, being the servant and interpreter of nature, can do and understand so much...as he has observed...Beyond this he neither knows anything nor can do anything." This passage was written by

Francis Bacon

Of the following, the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was

Francis I of France

France was saved from religious anarchy when religious principles were set aside for political necessity by King

Francis II

Which of the following used the War of Austrian Succession to expand Prussia into a great power?

Frederick II

In economic theory, the term laissez-faire is most often associated with

Free market competition

Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations advocated a system of

Free trade

British men and women, by the workings of the mercantilist system, were able to purchase goods such as sugar, tobacco, and dried fish

From the Continent, largely the Dutch, because of cheapness

His excommunication from the Church was not remedied until 1992

Galileo

The Concordat at Bologna did which of the following?

Gave the French crown more autonomy in choosing their clergy

During the eighteenth century, which of the following was not a contributing factor to Britain's industrial development

Generally low taxes

John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in

Geneva

John Calvin established the center of this reformed church in

Geneva

The Act of the Settlement gave the English crown to a

German

A major result of Pride's Purge (1648) was to

Give Oliver Cromwell virtual control of Parliament

Mercantilism was principally characterized by

Government efforts to build a strong, self sufficient economy

Between 1629 and 1639, Charles I of England tried to obtain revenues by all of the following means EXCEPT

Grants from Parliament

In 1757, just after the outbreak of the Seven Years War, all of the following were joined in an alliance against Prussia EXCEPT

Great Britain

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave a thirty year asiento to

Great Britain

The country that helped bring about the decline of the Netherlands because of their technologically advanced ships and their expanding overseas empire was

Great Britain

All of the following statements about the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle are true EXCEPT

Great Britain was no longer allowed to trade slaves to Spanish colonies

Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance

Greater concern with religious piety

How were the artistic changes in the painting linked to economic changes during this time?

Growing wealth promoted a secular focus which was reflected in detailed representations of this world

During the Thirty Years War, the Lutheran movement was saved from extinction by the military intervention of

Gustavus Adolphus

Robert Walpole served as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain under which dynasty

Hanover

It was an important confederation of commercial towns in northern Germany with its own laws, diplomats and flags. Its membership of merchants earned large profits shipping fish, timber and other resources to areas to the west and to the south. Prosperity declined, however, when trade routes shifted from the Baltic to the Atlantic after 1500. The description above refers to the

Hanseatic League

Which of the following statements about the reign of Frederick the Great is FALSE

He allowed Jews to have equal rights and full emancipation

Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, King of Prussia from 1713-1740?

He built a first rate army and infused Prussian society with military values

All of the following are true of the Spanish King Charles III EXCEPT

He increased the role played by the Council of the Indies and the Casa de Contratacion

Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

He strengthened the intendant method of local government

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

He was a major participant in the Thirty Years War

The fate of Ulrich Zwingli was

He was killed in battle

Which of the following statements about Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) is true?

He was the best known skeptic of his time

All but one of the following is true of Voltaire

He was the editor of The Encyclopedia

Who stated, "Paris is worth a Mass"

Henry IV

The anti-protestant Edict of Chateaubriand was devised by

Henry Navarre

Which of the following men was victorious during the Wars of the Three Henries?

Henry Navarre

Which of the following was NOT a motivation force behind the foreign policy of Philip II?

His need to hold back the Turkish advance

The success of the Reformation was due in part to Charles V's focus on all of the following issues EXCEPT

His war against Spain over colonial claims in the new world

When John Locke said that each person is born with a tabula rasa, he meanth that

Human beings are born without any preconceived ideas

After the Thirty Years War and the Creation of a large standing army, Austria turned its attention to control of

Hungary

The system of intendants was established in seventeenth century France primarily to

Implement royal policies locally

The principle reason England reverted to a monarchial form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell's

Inability to establish broad popular support for his government

The tribe of Indians who lived in the Peruvian highlands was known as the

Inca

Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee the

Indivisibility of the Hapsburgs' lands

Important prerequisites for Great Britain's industrialization in the mid-eighteenth century included which of the following

Innovations in agricultural techniques and increases in food production

Mercantilism

Insisted on a favorable balance of trade

"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." The Council of Trent

Insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith

"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." As supported by the passage above, the Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned...

Internal church discipline

Which one of the following statements about the Spanish Armada of 1588 is FALSE?

It allowed Philip II to squash the revolt in the Netherlands

How did the situation in Italy in 1300 contribute to the start of the Italian Renaissance?

It created an atmosphere conducive to experimentation in art and thought

Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht (1713)

It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European politics

The invention of the printing press had all of the following impacts on European society during the Renaissance EXCEPT

It led to the establishment of compulsory schools

The idea of the "Renaissance Man" reflects which of the following Renaissance beliefs about education?

It should be a factor in determining social status by improving the individual

Which of the following statements about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre is FALSE?

It was condemned by the Pope

Which of the following statements about the Civil Constitution of the Clergy is FALSE

It was praised by the Pope as a triumph for the Catholic Church

Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

Which of the following statements about birth control in early modern Europe and the ancient world is FALSE?

It was supported by Thomas Aquinas

The Hapsburg-Valois Wars were fought between

Italy and France

The Dutch republic rose to prominence in the seventeenth century Europe because of which of the following factors

Its shipping and commerce

A Trew Law of Free Monarchies was a tract by

James I

Which of the following is the correct order of England's leaders in the 17th century?

James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II

Which of the following English leaders was the most outspoken in their Catholic leanings?

James II

Which of the following Englishmen was a Catholic?

James II

Which of the following was an English king who was NOT born in a foreign nation?

James II

"In conformity, therefore, to clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of

John Calvin

The teachings of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland

John Calvin

Archbishop Albrecht found an ally in

John Tetzel

5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. 86. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of the poor believers. Which of the following was most likely the catalyst for Luther's belief on Salvation as stated in the passage above?

John Tetzel's speech in Wittenberg to convince the poor parishioners to purchase indulgences

Which of the following enlightened leaders freed all the serfs under his/her realm?

Joseph II

The noble landowners of Prussia were known as

Junkers

The battle between Swiss Protestants and Catholics occurred at

Kappel

The first astronomer to prove his theories through the use of mathematical equations was

Kepler

Unlike medieval political theorists, Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince expressed which belief about politics that was representative of the Renaissance?

Leaders should act as a servant of the state, acting for the public good

Confronted with outbreaks of civil war in the provinces, the revolutionary government decreed mass conscription in 1793, calling on all loyal revolutionaries to take up arms in support of the nation. This was known as the

Levee en masse

Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?

Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy

The major Protestant threat in France came from the

Local parish priests

The third estate included all of the following except

Local parish priests

"Let us suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. Whence comes it to be furnished?... To this I answer, from experience." The above passage reflects the viewpoint of

Locke

"He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to the vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant." The passage above most accurately describes

Lorenzo de' Medici

War minister for Louis XIV was

Louvois

5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. 86. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of the poor believers. According to Luther's 95 Theses, how did his concept of Salvation differ most from that of the Catholic Church?

Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into Heaven through good deeds

"Thus when that apostle saw at Athens the inscription of an altar, he draws from it an argument for the proof of the Christian religion; but leaving out a great part of the sentence, which perhaps if fully recited might have prejudiced this cause, he mentions only the two last words viz., To the unknown God; and this too not without alteration, for the whole inscription runs thus: To the Gods of Asia, Europe, and Africa, to all foreign and unknown Gods. 'Tis an imitation of the same pattern, I will warrant upi, that our young divines, by leaving out four or five words in a place, are putting a false construction on the rest, can make any passage serviceable to their own purpose; through from coherence of what went before, or follows after, the genuine meaning appears to be wither wide enough, or perhaps quite contradictory to what they would thrust and impose upon it. In which knack the divines are grown now so expert, that the lawyers themselves begin to be jealous of an encroachment upon what was formally their sole privilege and practice." Which aspect of Martin Luther's beliefs is most reflective of what Erasmus is saying in the passage above?

Luther's concern with the Catholic Church's Concept of Salvation

Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are all principles basic to

Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century

The Court of Star Chamber accomplished which of the following?

Made the judicial process in England more equitable

The Treaty of Westphalia

Maintained that only Catholicism and Lutheranism were legitimate religions

Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of the fifteenth century Italy?

Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies

Critical at times of the new sciences, this Duchess of Newcastle was one of the most scientifically informed women of the 17th century

Margaret Cavendish

As a result of the pragmatic sanction, who came to power

Maria Theresa

"For God as my witness that I neither preached, affirmed, nor defended them, though they say that I did. Moreover, concerning the articles that they have extracted from my books, I say that I detest any false interpretation which any of them bears. But inasmuch as I fear to offend against the truth, or to gainsay the opinion of the doctors of the Church, I cannot abjure any one of them. And if it were possible that my voice could now reach the whole world, as at the Day of Judgment every lie and every sin that I have committed will be made manifest, then would I gladly abjure before all the wotld every falsehood and error which I either had thought of saying or actually said! I say I write this of my own free will and choice. Written with my own hand, on the first day of July." Which of the following in the 16th century events best represents the continuation of ideas expressed by Jan Hus?

Martin Luther's Reformation

Ludovico il Moro was from

Milan

The Italian city-state with an outright hereditary despot was

Milan

The Spirit of Laws was written by

Montesquieu

The author of the Persian Letters was

Montesquieu

Which of the following was a major change in demography during the Renaissance era?

Moors and Jews were expelled from Spain

A temporarily successful Anabaptist revolt took place in

Munster

In the sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wars or political insurrections EXCEPT

Muscovite Russia

The Peace of Nijmwegen ended Louis' invasion of

Netherlands

Robert Bakewell contributed what to the agricultural revolution

New ways of breeding animals

His synthesis of earlier astronomical and mathematical findings contributed to him saying, "If I have seen further than others, it is only because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."

Newton

Italian society differed from the rest of Europe during the Renaissance in which of the following ways

Number of urban commercial centers

Which of the following statements about the English Civil War is FALSE?

One of the issues of contention was whether or not the Catholic Church will be reinstated in England

The Edict of Restitution

Ordered the return of all Church lands to Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire

The "putting out" system involved the

Organization of peasants to spin wool into thread

One result of the benefice system was

Outpouring of contempt by locals towards the Church

The man who advocated that one should believe in God because being right far outweighed being wrong was

Pascal

Which of the following men cast their lot with the Jansenists and advocated that reason could not solve the problems of human nature?

Pascal

"Cuius regio, eius religio" describes the settlement known as

Peace of Augsburg

During the Reformation, Anabaptism drew its membership mostly from the ranks of the

Peasants

During the Great Fear

Peasants were stirred by rumors of an aristocratic famine plot

In 1789 Abbe Sieyes wrote a pamphlet in which he argued that France should be ruled by the

People

The Marburg Colloquy ended with

Permanent separation between followers of Luther and followers of Zwingli

Which of the following was a characteristic of an absolute state?

Permanent standing armies

The Marburg Colloquy was initiated by

Philip of Hesse

Kepler advocated all of the following beliefs EXCEPT

Planets moved at a uniform speed

Szlachta refers to a

Polish noble

Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France, have been called Politiques because they believed that

Political leaders should not be involved in religious questions

During the Renaissance, humanism contributed LEAST to which of the following?

Popularization of medieval legends

The cornerstone of Calvin's theology was his belief in

Predestination

The establishment of foundling hospitals in the eighteenth century was an attempt to

Prevent willful destruction and abandonment of newborn children

"The books of those heresiarchs, who after the aforesaid year originated or revived heresies, as well as of those who are or have been the heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Balthasar, Friedberg, Schwenkfield, and other like these whatever may be their name, title or nature of their heresy, are absolutely forbidden...Books which deal in the vernacular with the controversies between Catholics and heretics of our time may not be permitted indiscriminately, but the same is be observed with regard to them what has been decreed concerning Bibles written in the vernacular. There is no reason, however, why those should be prohibited which have been written in the vernacular for the purpose of pointing out the right way to live, to contemplate, to confess, and similar purposes, if they contain sound doctrine, just as popular sermons in the vernacular are not prohibited. But if hitherto in some kingdom or province certain books have been prohibited because they contained matter the reading of which would be of no benefit to all indiscriminately, these may, if their authors are Catholic, be permitted by the bishop and inquisitor after they have been corrected." Which of the elements outlined in the text above did the Council of Trent find most objectionable?

Protestant works in the vernacular

Peasants called for a restoration of customary rights because such rights

Provided them with access to the courts

Lorenzo Valla became famous for

Proving the Donation of Constantine a fraud

Frederick the Great ruled

Prussia

In the War of Austrian Succession on the Continent, France supported

Prussia

The Seven Years War began when what country invaded Saxony

Prussia

Which of the following regularly allowed women to preach in seventeenth century England?

Quakers

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following

Recognized the rights of French Protestants

The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years War was to

Reduce the power of the Hapsburgs

The Protestant Reformation helped change the social roles of sixteenth-century women by

Reducing access to religious orders

5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. 86. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of the poor believers. The excerpt from Luther's 95 Theses best reflects Luther's efforts to

Reform the Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) had as its primary result

Reform within the Catholic church and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine

"Both sides confess that in sight of God idolatry is an execrable crime. But when we attack the worship of images, our adversaries immediately take the opposite side, and lend support to the crime which they had with us verbally condemned... For they strenuously defend the veneration of images, though they condemn idolatry.... While the whole world teems with these sand similar delusions, and the fact is perfectly notorious, we who have brought back the worship of the one God to rule of his Word, who are blameless in this matter, and have purged our churches, not only of idolatry but of superstition also, are accused of violating the worship of God, because we have discarded the worship of images..." In this excerpt, Calvin's writing best serves as evidence of which of the following practices occurring in Europe at the time?

Reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice

Intendants were

Regional government agents in France

The Test Act

Rejected the notion of transubstantiation

Voltaire's famous polemical slogan, "Ecrasez, l'infame!" or "Crush the infamous thing" referred to

Religious bigotry and superstitution

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of absolute rule

Religious diveristy

"His enthusiasm for scientific method, his belief that everything could be reduced to mathematical terms, and his insistence on systematic doubt of all earlier theories left a profound mark on the thinking of scientists in the next two centuries." This passage refers to the work of

Rene Descartes

One way in which Louis XIV controlled the French nobility was by

Requiring the presence of major noble families at Versailles for at least part of the year

When Archbishop Laud tried to make the Presbyterian Scots accept the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, the Scots

Revolted

The French Jacobins were

Revolutionary radicals

Reflections on the Revolution in France is a defense of

Robespierre and the Terror

The group most severely criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the

Roman Catholic clergy

The shaded portions on the map below represent the areas

Ruled by the Hapsburg family

Catherine the Great ruled

Russia

The French established sister republics in their effort to spread the revolution in all the following regions EXCEPT

Russia

The largest serf uprising in the 18th century came in

Russia

Which of the following countries had the worst conditions in which to be a serf

Russia

Bartholomeu Dias became the first man to successfully

Sail around the Cape of Good Hope

The man in charge of Florence after the fall of the Medici was

Savonarola

Which of the following forms of government would most likely win the approval of a politique?

Secular government in which religion plays no role

Stuart foreign policy was marked by

Seemingly pro-Catholic leanings

Which of the following happened first?

September Massacres

Which of the following statements about Maria Theresa is FALSE

She re-conquered all lands taken by Frederick II

The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to establish Prussia as a great power

Silesia

The invasion of where shattered the Pragmatic Sanction

Silesia

Beginning in 1581, the northern Netherlands revolted against their political overlord, which was

Spain

By 1555 the Protestant Reformation had spread to all but

Spain

The War of Jenkins's Ear pitted

Spain against Great Britain

In eighteenth century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the following?

Spain, France and Great Britain

In fifteenth century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies?

Spanish

"Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of

Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World

Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century

Spiraling inflation

The Pacification of Ghent

Stated that all Spanish troops would be removed from the Netherlands

"Behold, you who are on the raging sea of the world in storm and danger, not knowing if you will safely reach the harbor of salvation. Do you not know that everything which man has hangs on a thin thread and that all of life is but a struggle on Earth? Let us then fight, as did Lawrence and the other saints, for the day it is well, but ill tomorrow. Today alive and tomorrow dead. You should know that all who confess and put alms into the coffer according to the counsel of the confessor, will obtain complete remission of all their sins. If the visit, after confession and after the jubilee, the Cross and the altar everyday will receive that indulgence which would be theirs upon visiting in St. Peter's the seven altars, where complete indulgence is offered. Why are you then standing there? Run for the salvation of your souls! Be as careful and concerned for the salvation of your souls as you are for your temporal goods, which you seek both day and night" "Furthermore, it is not necessary to show remorse or sorrow or do penance for sins when purchasing indulgences in a letter of indulgence. He even sold indulgences for future sins. Such abominable things he did abundantly. He was merely interested in money." The passage by Luther most weakens Tetzel's claim in the first passage by

Stating Tetzel was "merely interested in money"

The armed Russian guards who actually helped Peter the Great's ascension to power were known as the

Streltsy

The most important goal of the Council of Trent was

Strengthening of internal Church discipline

The statement "There are no privileges and immunities which an stand against a divinely appointed king" forms the basis for the

Stuart notion of absolutism

The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan Empires can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT

Successful European missionary activity

The aid to Henry Navarre was

Sully

In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries people in western Europe usually married

Surprisingly late

The Battle of Poltava marks a Russian victory over

Sweden

A sans-culotte could be identified by his

Tendency to call everyone "citizen"

During the early Industrial Revolution, the leading industry was the manufacture of

Textiles

All of the following were part of the Counter Reformation except

The Augsburg Confession

A minor event in itself, it signaled the start of the long and bloody Thirty Years War

The Battle of White Mountain

One reason for the failure of the Declaration of Pillnitz to be enacted was because

The British were skeptical about helping the Austrians and the Prussians

5. The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. 86. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of the poor believers. What effect did Luther's 95 Theses have on the future of the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Church reaffirmed the traditional Catholic doctrine and strengthened the use of the Inquisition to root out heresy

First Point. The first point is to give thanks to God our Lord for the benefits received. Second Point. The second, to ask grace to know our sins and cast them out. Third Point. The third, to ask account of our soul from the hour that we rose up to the present Examen, hour by hour, or period by period: and first as thoughts, and then as to words, and then as to acts, in the same order as was mentioned in the Particular Examen. Fourth Point. The fourth, to ask pardon of God our Lord for the faults. Fifth Point. The fifth, to purpose amendment with His grace. OUR Father. This excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information on which of the following?

The Catholic Reformation

Created by the Convention in March 1793, this 12-member body governed France during the Terror and included Robespierre as one of its leading figures

The Committee of Public Safety

By which treaty did the king of France, Francis I, take control of the clergy inside France?

The Concordat of Bologna

All of the following were accomplished under Louis XIV's reign EXCEPT

The Edict of Nantes was enacted

The British nobility differed from the French nobility in that

The English aristocracy was very active socially and politically

The vast palace of the Spanish monarchs, built under the direction of Philip II, was called

The Escorial

The trading system depicted on the map most directly resulted in which of the following among Europeans?

The European search for a more direct route to Asian luxury products

The War of Spanish Succession began when Charles II of Spain left his territories to

The French heir

The event that prompted the execution of the King and a call for a Republic was

The French victory at Valmy

In the mid seventeenth century, the French nobility rose up against royal authority in a revolt known as

The Fronde

The revolt against France's increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-1652 is generally known as

The Fronde

"Behold, you who are on the raging sea of the world in storm and danger, not knowing if you will safely reach the harbor of salvation. Do you not know that everything which man has hangs on a thin thread and that all of life is but a struggle on Earth? Let us then fight, as did Lawrence and the other saints, for the day it is well, but ill tomorrow. Today alive and tomorrow dead. You should know that all who confess and put alms into the coffer according to the counsel of the confessor, will obtain complete remission of all their sins. If the visit, after confession and after the jubilee, the Cross and the altar everyday will receive that indulgence which would be theirs upon visiting in St. Peter's the seven altars, where complete indulgence is offered. Why are you then standing there? Run for the salvation of your souls! Be as careful and concerned for the salvation of your souls as you are for your temporal goods, which you seek both day and night" "Furthermore, it is not necessary to show remorse or sorrow or do penance for sins when purchasing indulgences in a letter of indulgence. He even sold indulgences for future sins. Such abominable things he did abundantly. He was merely interested in money." Which of the following was most supportive of Luther's condemnation of the Catholic Church?

The German Princes

Henry VIII's divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon was complicated by the fact that Catherine's nephew was

The Holy Roman Emperor

In the Thirty Years War, France supported

The Holy Roman Emperor

In addition to the conquest of the last Muslim outpost in Spain at Grenada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in the 1492

The Jewish population was expelled from Spain

Witch (okay, it's getting old) of the following is NOT associated with John Locke?

The Leviathan

Thomas A Kempis' Imitation of Christ best describes the teachings of

The Modern Devotion

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe

The Netherlands

By the early seventeenth century, which of the following European nations was the greatest commercial power in Europe?

The Netherlands

In the late seventeenth century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?

The Netherlands

In the mid-seventeenth century, England's major maritime competitor was

The Netherlands

Frederick III made Calvinism the official religion of

The Palatinate

"For God as my witness that I neither preached, affirmed, nor defended them, though they say that I did. Moreover, concerning the articles that they have extracted from my books, I say that I detest any false interpretation which any of them bears. But inasmuch as I fear to offend against the truth, or to gainsay the opinion of the doctors of the Church, I cannot abjure any one of them. And if it were possible that my voice could now reach the whole world, as at the Day of Judgment every lie and every sin that I have committed will be made manifest, then would I gladly abjure before all the wotld every falsehood and error which I either had thought of saying or actually said! I say I write this of my own free will and choice. Written with my own hand, on the first day of July." Which of the following would have been strongly opposed to Hus and his beliefs as stated in the passage?

The Pope

Which of the following is NOT attributed to Galileo

The Principia

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was the major body through which

The Roman Catholic Church reformed itself

The Index of Prohibited Books was published by

The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Offices of the Pope

The Siege of Vienna in 1683 was undertaken by

The Turks

The asiento refers to

The West African slave trade

The response of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT

The abolition of the Index of Prohibited Books

Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus?

The application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform

The Fronde were directed primarily against

The authority of the absolute monarchy

The "treasury of merit" announced by Pope Clement VI in 1343 stated

The church had an infinite number of good deeds to sell

The enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century would most likely have favored which of the following?

The codification of laws

Which of the following was the primary cause of the Hapsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European politics in the 16th century?

The conflicting political ambitions of the two families

Cardinal Richelieu's most notable accomplishment was

The creation of the highly effective administrative system

According to medieval thought, the center of the universe was

The earth

"Behold, you who are on the raging sea of the world in storm and danger, not knowing if you will safely reach the harbor of salvation. Do you not know that everything which man has hangs on a thin thread and that all of life is but a struggle on Earth? Let us then fight, as did Lawrence and the other saints, for the day it is well, but ill tomorrow. Today alive and tomorrow dead. You should know that all who confess and put alms into the coffer according to the counsel of the confessor, will obtain complete remission of all their sins. If the visit, after confession and after the jubilee, the Cross and the altar everyday will receive that indulgence which would be theirs upon visiting in St. Peter's the seven altars, where complete indulgence is offered. Why are you then standing there? Run for the salvation of your souls! Be as careful and concerned for the salvation of your souls as you are for your temporal goods, which you seek both day and night" "Furthermore, it is not necessary to show remorse or sorrow or do penance for sins when purchasing indulgences in a letter of indulgence. He even sold indulgences for future sins. Such abominable things he did abundantly. He was merely interested in money." The debate in the excerpts above most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

The establishment of the first Protestant Religion

All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries except

The flying shuttle

The development of the empire above and others like it represented a turning point in European history in that...

The focus of the trade shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following?

The fusion of Christian and classical ideals provide the best definition for virtuous conduct

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following

The fusion of Christian and classical ideals provide the best definition of virtuous conduct

The mercantilist attitude towards the state was that

The government should regulate the economy

A striking feature of the Old Regime was the

The great differences between the French and English nobility

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following

The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states

The political strength of the Medici family was initially based on

The influence and wealth of their banks

One of the major reasons for Polish instability and decline in the 18th century was

The lack of an effective king or Parliament

Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

The loss of as much as one-third of the German speaking population through war, plague and starvation

The French National Assembly was established by

The middle class of the Third Estate

In the final stages of the Thirty Years War, Cardinal Richelieu sent aid to

The monarchs of the Dutch Republic and Sweden

Which of the following accurately represents a change in religious thought during the Renaissance?

The outlook of Italian humanists was often secular

Francis Bacon's great contribution to scientific methodology was

The philosophy of empiricism

Anabaptists appealed to

The poor, uneducated, and unemployed

"Thus when that apostle saw at Athens the inscription of an altar, he draws from it an argument for the proof of the Christian religion; but leaving out a great part of the sentence, which perhaps if fully recited might have prejudiced this cause, he mentions only the two last words viz., To the unknown God; and this too not without alteration, for the whole inscription runs thus: To the Gods of Asia, Europe, and Africa, to all foreign and unknown Gods. 'Tis an imitation of the same pattern, I will warrant upi, that our young divines, by leaving out four or five words in a place, are putting a false construction on the rest, can make any passage serviceable to their own purpose; through from coherence of what went before, or follows after, the genuine meaning appears to be wither wide enough, or perhaps quite contradictory to what they would thrust and impose upon it. In which knack the divines are grown now so expert, that the lawyers themselves begin to be jealous of an encroachment upon what was formally their sole privilege and practice." By referencing Athens what aspect of humanism was Erasmus highlighting in this passage?

The reliance on Ancient Greek and Roman thought

A historian arguing that the Renaissance was not a "beginning of a new age" would focus on which of the following features related to this painting?

The religious subject matter, which was simply portrayed in a new way

Which of the following was NOT a trend in literature during the Renaissance?

The retelling of nationalist myths

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants Revolt of 1524-1525?

The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

What was an important development during this time frame that prompted a major shift from the European trading system depicted above?

The rise of an empire based in Venice that dominated Mediterranean trade

Which of the factors below best explains the shift in Italy shown on the chart between 1300-1600?

The rise of the Medici family in Florence and this family's control over papal banking

"Behold, you who are on the raging sea of the world in storm and danger, not knowing if you will safely reach the harbor of salvation. Do you not know that everything which man has hangs on a thin thread and that all of life is but a struggle on Earth? Let us then fight, as did Lawrence and the other saints, for the day it is well, but ill tomorrow. Today alive and tomorrow dead. You should know that all who confess and put alms into the coffer according to the counsel of the confessor, will obtain complete remission of all their sins. If the visit, after confession and after the jubilee, the Cross and the altar everyday will receive that indulgence which would be theirs upon visiting in St. Peter's the seven altars, where complete indulgence is offered. Why are you then standing there? Run for the salvation of your souls! Be as careful and concerned for the salvation of your souls as you are for your temporal goods, which you seek both day and night" "Furthermore, it is not necessary to show remorse or sorrow or do penance for sins when purchasing indulgences in a letter of indulgence. He even sold indulgences for future sins. Such abominable things he did abundantly. He was merely interested in money." The passage above most directly illustrates the debate between Luther and Tetzel concerning which of the following?

The selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church

"The books of those heresiarchs, who after the aforesaid year originated or revived heresies, as well as of those who are or have been the heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Balthasar, Friedberg, Schwenkfield, and other like these whatever may be their name, title or nature of their heresy, are absolutely forbidden...Books which deal in the vernacular with the controversies between Catholics and heretics of our time may not be permitted indiscriminately, but the same is be observed with regard to them what has been decreed concerning Bibles written in the vernacular. There is no reason, however, why those should be prohibited which have been written in the vernacular for the purpose of pointing out the right way to live, to contemplate, to confess, and similar purposes, if they contain sound doctrine, just as popular sermons in the vernacular are not prohibited. But if hitherto in some kingdom or province certain books have been prohibited because they contained matter the reading of which would be of no benefit to all indiscriminately, these may, if their authors are Catholic, be permitted by the bishop and inquisitor after they have been corrected." Which of the following best demonstrates the impact of the printing press as shown in the passage?

The spread of Protestant works

Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that

The state is based on a social contract

"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." The decrees excerpted in the passage above came in response to:

The successful spread of the Reformation in the preceding decades

As a result of urbanization in Italian cities, how did social relationships change?

The traditional feudal social hierarchies were upheld and changed very little

The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led European scholars to believe that

The universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rules

The Schleitheim Confession was

The vow by Anabaptists to not fight in wars

"Both sides confess that in sight of God idolatry is an execrable crime. But when we attack the worship of images, our adversaries immediately take the opposite side, and lend support to the crime which they had with us verbally condemned... For they strenuously defend the veneration of images, though they condemn idolatry.... While the whole world teems with these sand similar delusions, and the fact is perfectly notorious, we who have brought back the worship of the one God to rule of his Word, who are blameless in this matter, and have purged our churches, not only of idolatry but of superstition also, are accused of violating the worship of God, because we have discarded the worship of images..." Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the changes promoted by Calvin?

The weakening of religious institutions during the Reformation left city governments with the task of regulating public morals

One major factor that saved Prussia from destruction in the Seven Years War was

The withdrawal of Russia

All of the following contributed to the rise of the Netherlands EXCEPT

Their uninterrupted development of a strong, centralized government

The financial and military strength of the towns or northern Italy was directly related to

Their wealth, which enabled them to hire mercenary soldiers to protect their commercial interests

Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France, have been called Politiques because they believed that

Theological controversy should be subordinant to political unity

One reason why Spain and Portugal turned to African slaves in the 16th century and afterwards was

There was a shortage of labor

Which of the following statements about family life in Eastern Europe is true?

They had children at a younger age than their counterparts in Western Europe

Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid to late 20's because

They needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family

Which of the following statements is TRUE about marriages in the sixteenth century Europe?

They tended to marry at a later age than they had in the middle ages

Which of the following statements about France in the Old Regime is FALSE?

They were the only major European power in debt at this time

Elizabeth I made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England through the

Thirty-Nine Articles

When Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes

Thousands of protestants emigrated from France

The principle reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built the Palace at Versailles was to

Tighten his control over the nobility

Which of the following statements about the domestic policy of Cardinal Richelieu is FALSE?

To appease the nobility, he allowed them significant authority over the laws in their region

In pre-industrial Europe, the role of the wife was

To be an active organizer and participant in family decisions and security

Versailles was built for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

To move Louis closer to Paris to keep an eye on the nobility

"For God as my witness that I neither preached, affirmed, nor defended them, though they say that I did. Moreover, concerning the articles that they have extracted from my books, I say that I detest any false interpretation which any of them bears. But inasmuch as I fear to offend against the truth, or to gainsay the opinion of the doctors of the Church, I cannot abjure any one of them. And if it were possible that my voice could now reach the whole world, as at the Day of Judgment every lie and every sin that I have committed will be made manifest, then would I gladly abjure before all the wotld every falsehood and error which I either had thought of saying or actually said! I say I write this of my own free will and choice. Written with my own hand, on the first day of July." Which of the following is the best explanation of what Jan Hus was attempting to do in the passage above?

To reaffirm his belief and to die knowing he maintained his integrity

Just before the advent of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Iberian Peninsula could best be described as

Tolerant of religious and ethnic tradition different from Christianity

Which of the following is true of the Netherlands prior to Phillip II?

Toleration marked the Dutch religious life whereby different faiths lived peacefully together

Charles Townshend was famous for his crop rotation using what vegetable?

Turnips

Ulrich Zwingli promoted all of the following EXCEPT

Use of Swiss mercenaries in other armies

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic Church on the grounds that it:

Used indulgences as a fund raising device

Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the West coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?

Vasco de Gama

The center for counter-revolutionary activity in France was

Vendee

What city-state was granted a monopoly on trade in the region controlled by the Ottoman Turks?

Venice

In 1683, the Turks reached the height of their empire when they failed in their siege of

Vienna

In seventeenth and eighteenth century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for

Virtually absolute power over their serfs

The author of the Letters on the English was

Voltaire

The Colloquy of Marburg in 1529

Was a debate between Luther and Zwingli which resulted in a formal split within Protestantism

The League of Augsburg

Was an example of the formulation of a balance of power

Erasmus of Rotterdam was typical of Northern Humanists in that he

Was bothered by problems with the Church and believed that education could help solved the problems

The Petition of Right (1628-1629)

Was directed at addressing a range of Parliamentary grievances before approving new sources of revenue which were requested by Charles I

The Treaty of Lodi

Was meant to keep peace among the Italian city-states

The Pacification of Ghent

Was the Dutch version of the Peace of Augsburg

The French army under Louis XIV

Was the most cost effective in Europe

Philip II's aid in The Netherlands was

William of Orange

The group that announced they were going to cut off Marie Antoinette's head, "tear out her heart, and fry her liver" was/were the

Women of Paris

"The Renaissance is a good case in point. Italy was well in advance of the rest of Europe from roughly 1350-1530 because of its early consolidation of genuine states, the mercantile and manufacturing economy that supported them, and its working out of post-feudal and even guild social relations... Yet precisely these developments affected women adversely, so much so that there was no renaissance for women - at least, not during the Renaissance. The state, early capitalism, and the social relations formed by them impinged on the lives of Renaissance women in different way according to their different positions in society. But the startling fact is that women as a group, especially among the classes that dominated Italian urban life, experienced a contraction of social and personal opinions..." Which claim was made by Renaissance-era thinkers and best supports the assertion made in this document?

Women were less capable of reasoning than men and were suited for ornamental roles

In the eighteenth century, poverty was

Worse in the countryside

Defense of the Seven Sacraments was a tract

Written by Henry VIII in which the Roman Catholic Church's position on sacramental theology was supported

The first Swiss leader of the movement which came to be known as Calvinism was

Zwingli

After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by

the commonwealth lead by Oliver Cromwell and his son