APUSH Unit 3

The action of the colonials in this 1765 stamp act revolt would ultimately lead to the a. American Revolution c. abolition of the Navigation Acts b. writing of the Constitution d. jailing of the mob leaders

a. American Revolution

"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America ." This government established in 1789 replaced which of following governments? a. Articles of Confederation c. Continental Congress b. Parliament d. Declaration of Independence

a. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, written by John Dickinson, were adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 after a long debate over taxation and representation. They were not ratified until 1781 when the 13th state Maryland finally agreed to them once Virginia dropped its claims to western lands. This government represented the philosophy of the Declaration of Independence and was a weak central government because that is what the original founders believed in as the opposite of the strong central government of the British crown. Problems over taxation and interstate commerce led to it being replaced by the Constitution in 1789.

Which of the following was a reason the United States government believed it necessary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain following the American Revolution? a. British activities and landholdings in North America were an impediment to western settlement and peace along the frontier. b. Northerners hoped that Britain's antislavery position would pressure southern states to abolish slavery c. The Washington administration wanted to improve relations to encourage France to sell the Louisiana Territory d. The government wanted to mediate a better relationship between France and Britain to help bring peace to the European continent

a. British activities and landholdings in North America were an impediment to western settlement and peace along the frontier.

"The Comanche tribe is equally pacific and maintains an attitude of unexampled good faith since I punished them with the rigor of the armed forces. I have observed them with the greatest equity and kindness and have made them understand the authority of our arms, which they did not believe in, for they were excessively arrogant from dominating the rest of the tribes. Thus the encounters which they had had in the past with us had always left their vanity and pride confident of overcoming our arms. Because of this attitude, they frequently attacked these settlements and committed robberies in the province. But, having been decisively defeated in a pitched battle I had with them, they are entirely persuaded and have maintained up to now perfect and faithful friendship with complete confidence in us. This is what your grace must try to maintain....Your grace ought to conduct yourself with the greatest energy and precaution to prevent this tribe from withdrawing from its dependence upon us. Out of such an action would originate the most pernicious evils." Letter from New Mexico Governor Tom‡s Cachup'n to his successor, 1754 Which of the following resulted from new Spanish territory that was conquered from the Indians? a. Cultural blending between the Indians and Spanish c. Social mobility for Spanish soldiers and settlers b. Expanded mission settlements in California d. The Spanish use of bonded Indian labor

a. Cultural blending between the Indians and Spanish Cultural blending between the Indians and the Spanish occurred as a result of Spanish settlers' and soldiers' actions in the territory they conquered. Spanish use of bonded Indian labor, expansion of mission settlements in California, and social mobility of Spanish soldiers and settlers resulted in a mixing of Spanish and Indian cultural practices.

Hostilities are at length commenced in this colony, by the troops under command of general Gage; and it being of the greatest importance, that an early, true, and authentic account of this inhuman proceeding should be known to you, the congress of this colony have transmitted the same, and for want of a session of the hon. continental congress, think it proper to address you on this alarming occasion. By the clearest depositions... it will appear, that, on the night preceding the 19th of April, instant, a body of the king's troops, under command of colonel Smith, were secretly landed at Cambridge, with an apparent design to take or destroy the military and other stores, provided for the defence of this colony, and deposited at Concord; that some inhabitants of the colony, on the night aforesaid whilst travelling peaceable on the road between Boston and Concord, were seized and greatly abused by armed men, who appeared to be officers of general Gage's army; that the town of Lexington, by these means, was alarmed, and a company of the inhabitants mustered on the occasion; that the regular troops, on their way to Concord, marched into the said town of Lexington, and the said company, on their approach, began to disperse; that notwithstanding this, the regulars rushed on with great violence, and first began hostilities, by firing on the said Lexington company, whereby, they killed eight, and wounded several others;... that colonel Smith, with the detachment, then marched to Concord, where a number of provincials were again fired on by the troops, two of them killed and several wounded, before any of the provincials fired on them..." Which of the following most directly contributed to the battles described in the excerpt? a. General Gage's sending of troops to seize the weapons stored by colonists at Concord b. the attacks by colonists hiding behind walls on the marching British soldiers c. the theft of a Lexington farmer's livestock by marauding British troops d. a misunderstanding between General Gage and the Massachusetts governor regarding troop movements

a. General Gage's sending of troops to seize the weapons stored by colonists at Concord

Henry's statement of "give me liberty or give me death" was put into practice by Nathan Hale when he was being put to death by the British and said, a. I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country c. the end may justify the means as long as there is something to justify the end b. we have met the enemy and they are ours d. it is better to die on your feet than live on your knees

a. I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Henry Knox, Letter to George Washington, 1786 "... the commotions in Massachusetts [Shays's Rebellion] hurried me back to Boston... Our political machine, composed of thirteen independent sovereignties, have been perpetually operating against each other and against the federal head ever since the peace. The powers of Congress are totally inadequate to preserve the balance between the respective States, and oblige them to do those things which are essential for their own welfare or for the general good... On the very first impression of faction and licentiousness, the fine theoretic government of Massachusetts has given way, and its laws [are] trampled under foot. Men at a distance, who have admired our systems of government unfounded in nature, are apt to accuse the rulers, and say that taxes have been assessed too high and collected too rigidly. This is a deception equal to any that has been hitherto entertained. That taxes may be the ostensible cause is true, but that they are the true cause is as far remote from truth as light from darkness. The people who are the insurgents have never paid any or but very little taxes. But they see the weakness of government: they feel at once their own poverty compared with the opulent, and their own force, and they are determined to make use of the latter in order to remedy the former... This dreadful situation, for which our government have made no adequate provision, has alarmed every man of principle and property in New England... What is to give us security against the violence of lawless men? Our government must be braced, changed, or altered to secure our lives and property... Unless this is done, we shall be liable to be ruled by an arbitrary and capricious armed tyranny, whose word and will must be law." Which of the following best reflects Henry Knox's assessment of the Articles of Confederation government? a. It was failing because of the tyranny of the federal executive b. It was failing because of each state's desire to retain its sovereignty c. It was failing because of the redistribution of wealth. d. It was failing because of Congress levying too many taxes.

a. It was failing because of the tyranny of the federal executive

The main idea expressed in the excerpt was also expressed in which of the following? a. The debate over the nullification of the Tariff in 1832-1833 c. The debate over the admission of Missouri as a state in 1819-1820 b. The demands made by Federalists in Hartford (1814) d. The ideals expressed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787

a. The debate over the nullification of the Tariff in 1832-1833

Which of the following is the underlying goal of the colonists during the First Continental Congress? a. Win political representation c. Promote free trade b. Declare independence d. Reduce the overall level of taxes

a. Win political representation

Shay's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts as a result of a. foreclosures on the lands of farmer in Massachusetts c. mandatory enlistment into the militia of Massachusetts b. unfair taxes placed on farmers by Congress d. Indian raids on the frontier

a. foreclosures on the lands of farmer in Massachusetts

When John Adams described the victims of the massacre as "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and mulattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs," he was a. implying that one motive behind the disturbance that led to the massacre might have been resentment of British soldiers by those who were competing with them for jobs c. making a plea to his fellow colonists to respect the rights of immigrants and members of racial and ethnic minority groups b. affirming the right of the common people to organize a demonstration against oppressive British policies d. criticizing the British soldiers for firing on a group of poor innocent victims

a. implying that one motive behind the disturbance that led to the massacre might have been resentment of British soldiers by those who were competing with them for jobs

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions had the most in common with which of the following? a. the South Carolina Exposition and Protest b. the Mayflower Compact c. the Albany Plan d. the Federalist Papers

a. the South Carolina Exposition and Protest

The first time a political party could use the term democrat openly without trepidation was under which man's Presidency? a. George Washington c. Martin Van Buren b. Andrew Jackson d. Abraham Lincoln

b. Andrew Jackson

What later 19th century political movement dealt the death knell to the trappings of monarchy that the Federalist flirted with? a.nManifest destiny and western expansion c. Mid-century immigration of Irish and Germans b. Jacksonian democracy d. The Whig Party's American System

b. Jacksonian democracy

The phrase "do ordain" in this document has what kind of connotation? a. Secular c. Intellectual b. Religious d. Economic

b. Religious The phrase "do ordain" has a religious connotation as ordination is usually thought of as the process making someone a priest, minister, or pastor to give them authority. A lessor meaning is to establish by decree or law, which was probably the intention in the Preamble.

"SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives" of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding a place or office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination . . . " -An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States" This quotation refers to what piece of Federalist legislation? a. Alien Acts c. Quota Acts b. Sedition Acts d. Nationalization Acts

b. Sedition Acts

In reference to the Western Territories, which of the following events impacted American migration westward in the pre-Revolutionary years? a. The Proclamation of 1763 c. The proclamation of the writs of assistance b. The English defeat of the French and Indians in the Seven Years War d. The passage of the Declaratory Act

b. The English defeat of the French and Indians in the Seven Years War

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostacy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787 Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the views expressed in the excerpt? a. The limitations placed on the federal government by the Articles of Confederation b. The fear of excessive centralized authority c. The efforts made to increase economic growth in the new nation d. The desire to settle new territory controlled by American Indians

b. The fear of excessive centralized authority

Which of the following was another significant result of the treaty with Spain? a. the immigration of Spanish settlers into the northeastern region of the U.S. b. the expansion of the southern and western boundaries of the U.S. c. the withdrawal of Spanish claims to the California territory d. the U.S. invasion of the Canary Islands

b. the expansion of the southern and western boundaries of the U.S.

"SECTION 1...If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States..., or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding...office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination..., he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years... SECTION 2...If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published..., any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government...or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States..., or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States..., then such person, being thereof convicted...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." The Sedition Act, 1798 Excerpted text from congressional bill, July 14, 1798 The concerns that sparked the legislation above were most similar to concerns during which of the following wars? a. The Spanish-American War c. World War II b. World War I d. The Vietnam War

b. World War I Dissent and debate over the propriety of American involvement in World War I led the United States to pass legislation that limited individual expression and freedom and punished those who criticized the U.S. government. The Sedition Act emerged out of a similar context in 1798.

The change that occurred between the 1780s and the 1880s regarding men of wealth is that the men of wealth of the latter period , the so-called, nouveaux riche, or new rich were primarily !lien of a. property c. high social status b. commerce/maufacturing d. hereditary wealth

b. commerce/maufacturing The wealthy men of the post Civil War age who became the millionaires of the "Gilded Age" owed their wealth to the profits made primarily from commerce and manufacturing. These nouveaux riche did not have the same characteristics of the men of the Constitutional period, as many of these newly wealthy were a far cry from being gentlemen.

Amendments 15, 19, 26 made changes to the Constitution to allow for more a. liberty c. property b. democracy d. equal protection of the laws

b. democracy

The event depicted in this engraving of 1770 entitled ''The Bloody Massacre" a. quickly led to the outbreak of war between the British and the American colonists c. was strongly condemned by John Adams, winning him the admiration of the Patriots b. had relatively little immediate impact because it coincided with the repeal of four of the five Townshend duties d. never actually occurred; it was a product of Paul Revere's imagination

b. had relatively little immediate impact because it coincided with the repeal of four of the five Townshend duties

Which of the following ways of selecting government officials could be considered the most democratic in the un-amended Constitution? a. Choosing the Supreme Court c. Choosing the House of Representatives b. Choosing the United States Senate d. Choosing the President

c. Choosing the House of Representatives Of the four parts of the government under the original Constitution, the only one that was democratically elected was the House of Representatives. The President was elected by an elite group of electors chosen by state legislatures, members of the U.S. Senate were elected directly by state legislatures (until this was changed to a direct vote of the people by the 17th Amendment), and Justices of the Supreme Court are chosen by the President and the U.S. Senate.

"In singing of hymns and spiritual songs—whereby their hearts are greatly inflamed with divine love and heavenly joy, and makes the Holy Ghost be shed abroad in their hearts. This is very fine talking. I could wish that all the doings were equally innocent....But let us go on, and examine if in the general corruption of manners these New Lights have made any reform in the vice of drunkenness?...There is not one hogshead of liquor less consumed since their visiting us, or any tavern shut up—So far from it, that there has been a great increase of both....Since the appearance of these New Lights more enormities of every kind have been committed—more robberies, thefts, murders, plunderings, burglaries, and villainies of every kind, than ever before...In short, they have filled the country with idle and vagrant persons, who live by their criminalities. For it is a maxim with these vermin of religion, that a person must first be a sinner e're he can be saint." Charles Woodmason, a traveling Anglican preacher, 1768 Richard J. Hooker, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1953) The argument in the passage above was most similar to the criticisms of... a. abolitionists towards Southern plantation owners in the 1840s and 1850s c. anti-imperialists towards the impact of expansionism in the early 1900s b. nativists towards the influx of European immigrants in the mid-1800s d. conservatives towards the counterculture movement in the 1960s and 1970s

b. nativists towards the influx of European immigrants in the mid-1800s

In the years following jay treaty, a. Britain upheld all of its agreements with the United States as set forth in Jay's Treaty c. Spain became more hostile to American commercial interests because it saw the United States as a British ally b. relations began to deteriorate between the United States and Britain because Britain failed to follow through with its commitments of the treaty d. Thomas Jefferson annulled the treaty because of his anti-British sentiments and decided to sign a similar treaty with the French

b. relations began to deteriorate between the United States and Britain because Britain failed to follow through with its commitments of the treaty

"The Comanche tribe is equally pacific and maintains an attitude of unexampled good faith since I punished them with the rigor of the armed forces. I have observed them with the greatest equity and kindness and have made them understand the authority of our arms, which they did not believe in, for they were excessively arrogant from dominating the rest of the tribes. Thus the encounters which they had had in the past with us had always left their vanity and pride confident of overcoming our arms. Because of this attitude, they frequently attacked these settlements and committed robberies in the province. But, having been decisively defeated in a pitched battle I had with them, they are entirely persuaded and have maintained up to now perfect and faithful friendship with complete confidence in us. This is what your grace must try to maintain....Your grace ought to conduct yourself with the greatest energy and precaution to prevent this tribe from withdrawing from its dependence upon us. Out of such an action would originate the most pernicious evils." Letter from New Mexico Governor Tom‡s Cachup'n to his successor, 1754 The passage above most directly exemplifies the a. ongoing disputes over fur trade networks c. encroachment of English settlers onto tribal lands b. shifting alliances between Indian tribes and European powers d. cultural blending between the Spanish and local Indians

b. shifting alliances between Indian tribes and European powers This passage best exemplifies the shifting alliances between Europeans and local Indian tribes. It describes the ways that the colonial governors and the Indians negotiated their uneasy relationship, moving from armed conflict to Òfaithful friendshipÓ and back again.

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Madison and Jefferson, The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799 "That this state having by its Convention, which ratified the federal Constitution, expressly declared, that among other essential rights, 'the Liberty of Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or modified by any authority of the United States,' and from its extreme anxiety to guard these rights from every possible attack... having with other states, recommended an amendment for that purpose, which amendment was, in due time, annexed to the Constitution; it would mark a reproachable inconsistency, and criminal degeneracy, if an indifference were now shown, to the most palpable violation of one of the Rights, thus declared and secured; and to the establishment of a precedent which may be fatal to the other... Resolved, That the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritive, void, and of no force;... that this government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress." The excerpt's assertion that any state can declare a federal law unconstitutional was invalidated by which of the following? a. the presidential veto b. the Supreme Court's exclusive right of judicial review c. Congress' exclusive power of oversight d. the army's military force

b. the Supreme Court's exclusive right of judicial review

"The national dignity and justice require that the arms of the Union should be called forth in order to chastise the Creek nation of Indians, for refusing to treat with the United States on reasonable terms, and for their hostile invasion of the State of Georgia....The most effectual mode of reducing the Creeks to submit to the will of the United States...would be by an adequate army, to be raised and continued until the objects of the war should be accomplished....But, in future, the obligations of policy, humanity, and justice, together with that respect which every nation sacredly owes to its own reputation, unite in requiring a noble, liberal, and disinterested administration of Indian affairs....In the administration of the Indians, every proper expedient that can be devised to gain their affections, and attach them to the interest of the Union, should be adopted....Missionaries, of excellent moral character, should be appointed to reside in their nation....They should be their friends and fathers." Secretary of War Henry Knox, 1789 From Henry Knox to George Washington, July 7, 1789, in American State Papers, Class II: Indian Affairs (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 1:52-54 The excerpt above is most clearly a response to a. American Indian tribes repeatedly adjusting their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the federal government c. American Indian tribes' worldviews on land and gender roles b. the failure of the Constitution to define the relationship between American Indian tribes and the federal government d. the competition and violent conflict for land in the West among white settlers, American Indian tribes, and Mexican Americans

b. the failure of the Constitution to define the relationship between American Indian tribes and the federal government In the excerpt above, Henry Knox was responding to the Constitution's neglect of questions about the relationship between American Indian tribes and the federal government. His proposals were an effort to rectify that neglect and to establish a foundation for the nation's future relations with American Indians.

Which of the following was a parliamentary policy that Franklin considered to be legitimate? a. the progressive principles of the Fourteen Points b. the mercantilist principles of the Navigation Act c. the containment principles of the Marshall Plan d. the redistributive principles of Bretton Woods

b. the mercantilist principles of the Navigation Act

Which of the following contributed most directly to the Boston Massacre? a. the efforts of prominent Boston Loyalists to mobilize support for the king b. the stationing of British troops in Boston to assert Parliament's authority c. the Boston Tea Party's destruction of East India Company tea d. the proposal to install a bishop of the Church of England in Boston

b. the stationing of British troops in Boston to assert Parliament's authority

"TO THE INHABITANTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Friends and fellow subjects, Hostilities are at length commenced in this colony, by the troops under command of general Gage; and it being of the greatest importance, that an early, true, and authentic account of this inhuman proceeding should be known to you, the congress of this colony have transmitted the same, and for want of a session of the hon. continental congress, think it proper to address you on this alarming occasion. By the clearest depositions... it will appear, that, on the night preceding the 19th of April, instant, a body of the king's troops, under command of colonel Smith, were secretly landed at Cambridge, with an apparent design to take or destroy the military and other stores, provided for the defence of this colony, and deposited at Concord; that some inhabitants of the colony, on the night aforesaid whilst travelling peaceable on the road between Boston and Concord, were seized and greatly abused by armed men, who appeared to be officers of general Gage's army; that the town of Lexington, by these means, was alarmed, and a company of the inhabitants mustered on the occasion; that the regular troops, on their way to Concord, marched into the said town of Lexington, and the said company, on their approach, began to disperse; that notwithstanding this, the regulars rushed on with great violence, and first began hostilities, by firing on the said Lexington company, whereby, they killed eight, and wounded several others;... that colonel Smith, with the detachment, then marched to Concord, where a number of provincials were again fired on by the troops, two of them killed and several wounded, before any of the provincials fired on them..." The excerpt most clearly reflects which of the following motives for Joseph Warren's account? a. to threaten British inhabitants with the devastation of impending war b. to gain British inhabitants' sympathy and understanding of the colonists' plight c. to persuade British inhabitants to immigrate to the American colonies d. to place blame for the outbreak of hostilities on the Massachusetts colonists

b. to gain British inhabitants' sympathy and understanding of the colonists' plight

What term was seen as a negative one by the Federalist and some of the Jeffersonians? a. Republican c. Democratic b. Aristocrat d. Federalism

c. Democratic The term democrat or democratic was a pejorative one during the Federalist era. In order to discredit the Jeffersonians , Federalist used the moniker democrat. The Jeffersonians countered by calling the Federalists monarchist but that term was not as negative as democrats, which was associated with a threat to order by the mobs.

"It is not denied that there are implied as well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter. "it is conceded that implied powers are to be considered as delegated equally with express ones. Then it follows, that as a power of erecting a corporation [such as a bank] may as well be implied as any other thing, it may as well be employed as an instrument or means of carrying into execution any of the specified powers . . . . But one may be erected in relation to the trade with foreign countries, or to the trade between the States . . . because it is the province of the federal government to regulate those objects, and because it is incident to a general sovereign or legislative power to regulate a thing, to employ all the means which relate to its regulation to the best and greatest advantage." -Alexander Hamilton, Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791 Hamilton's constitutional argument was based on which of the following types of powers? a. Employed c. Implied b. Expressed d. Regulated

c. Implied

Which one of the following would be most likely to support the perspective of James Otis in this excerpt? a. Thomas Hutchinson b. George Grenville c. John Adams d. Thomas Gage

c. John Adams

Which of the-following best explains the motivations behind this declaration? a. The king had forced slavery upon the Americas and was no longer in power over the newly independent states c. Just as Americans had fought for their freedom from Britain, so too did Pennsylvanians believe it right to free those held in bondage within their state along with other Northern colonies b. Slavery had been declared illegal in several Northern states, and Pennsylvania was pressured to free their slaves d. The tyranny of Great Britain had forced slavery onto the people of Pennsylvania; 'Pennsylvania was now independent and ended the institution

c. Just as Americans had fought for their freedom from Britain, so too did Pennsylvanians believe it right to free those held in bondage within their state along with other Northern colonies

Which of the rights in the excerpt is expressed in a way that would today be considered a limitation of individual rights? a. Section 5: separation of government powers c. Section 6: right to vote b. Section 2: origins of governmental power d. Section 12: freedom of the press

c. Section 6: right to vote

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Letter of Abigail Adams to John Adams, Braintree, 31 March 1776 "ÒI long to hear that you have declared an independency—and by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation. That your Sex are Naturally Tyrannical is a Truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute, but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of Master for the more tender and endearing one of Friend. Why then, not put it out of the power of the vicious and the Lawless to use us with cruelty and indignity with impunity. Men of Sense in all Ages abhor those customs which treat us only as the vassals of your Sex. Regard us then as Beings placed by providence under your protection and in imitation of the Supreme Being make use of that power only for our happiness." The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments? a. During the American Revolution, women's religious fervor increased. b. The American Revolution created an increased awareness of inequalities in society among some women. c. The American Revolution was motivated by colonists' desire to revise the legal code. d. During the American Revolution, women participated in the Continental Congress.

c. The American Revolution was motivated by colonists' desire to revise the legal code.

"It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own Consent, given personally, or by their representatives... That it is the indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns... to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of parliament... for the restriction of American commerce." Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765 The resolution of the Stamp Act Congress expressed respect for which person or group? a. Leaders in Parliament c. The King b. Colonial Merchants d. Residents of England

c. The King

Which of the following statements is most accurate for the 18th century after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution? a. American overseas trade grew without foreign interference c. The United States found it easier to make treaties with European powers b. Agreements were made .between the United States and foreign countries regarding borders between the United States and European North American colonies d. Threats of war between European nations and the United States ended

c. The United States found it easier to make treaties with European powers

"SECTION 1...If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States..., or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding...office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination..., he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years... SECTION 2...If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published..., any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government...or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States..., or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States..., then such person, being thereof convicted...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." The Sedition Act, 1798 Excerpted text from congressional bill, July 14, 1798 Which of the following continuities in United States history is best demonstrated by the excerpt above? a. The debate over voting rights and citizenship c. The debate over the balance of liberty and order b. The debate between federal and states' rights d. The debate between executive and legislative power

c. The debate over the balance of liberty and order The Sedition Act is a good example of one response in a recurring debate over how to properly balance liberty and order in the United States. In this case, John Adams chose to sacrifice individual freedoms in order to preserve the social order.

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." — Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Hamilton's views expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following? a. The process of electing members of the House of Representatives b. The method of counting slaves for representation and taxation c. The establishment of the Supreme Court d. The addition of the Bill of Rights

c. The establishment of the Supreme Court bc this exerpt is about electing a PERMANENT BODY

"To these grievous acts and measures Americans cannot submit, but in hopes that their fellow subjects in Great Britain will, on a revision of them, restore us to that state in which both countries found happiness and prosperity, we have for the present only resolved to pursue the following peaceable measures: 1. To enter into a non-importation, non_ consumption, and non-exportation agreement or association. 2. To prepare an address to the people of Great Britain, and a' memorial to the inhabitants of British America, and 3. To prepare a loyal address to his Majesty, agreeable to resolutions already entered into." -Excerpted from the demands of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances of 1774 (passed by the First Continental Congress) According to the previous excerpt, which of the following was being violated in the eyes of the British North American colonists? a. Their right to free trade c. Their rights as Englishmen b. The colonial rights of speech and to be able to petition the government d. Their right to more self-government as colonies

c. Their rights as Englishmen

As a result of jay treaty, a. the British immediately began evacuating their forts and posts in the Old Northwest c. many Americans were angry because they saw the treaty as a sign of weakness against their former enemy b. citizen Edmund Genet, a French minister, began advocating war against the British d. John Jay was hailed as a hero in America because of his efforts to prevent another war

c. many Americans were angry because they saw the treaty as a sign of weakness against their former enemy

"The Comanche tribe is equally pacific and maintains an attitude of unexampled good faith since I punished them with the rigor of the armed forces. I have observed them with the greatest equity and kindness and have made them understand the authority of our arms, which they did not believe in, for they were excessively arrogant from dominating the rest of the tribes. Thus the encounters which they had had in the past with us had always left their vanity and pride confident of overcoming our arms. Because of this attitude, they frequently attacked these settlements and committed robberies in the province. But, having been decisively defeated in a pitched battle I had with them, they are entirely persuaded and have maintained up to now perfect and faithful friendship with complete confidence in us. This is what your grace must try to maintain....Your grace ought to conduct yourself with the greatest energy and precaution to prevent this tribe from withdrawing from its dependence upon us. Out of such an action would originate the most pernicious evils." Letter from New Mexico Governor Tom‡s Cachup'n to his successor, 1754 The sentiments expressed in the passage above are most consistent with the... a. Indian removal efforts of the 1830s and 1840s c. placing of Indians on reservations in the late 1800s b. attempts to assimilate Indians into white culture in the mid-1800s d. push for greater equality and rights for Indians in the 1960s and 1970s

c. placing of Indians on reservations in the late 1800s The sentiments expressed in this passage are most consistent with those that Americans articulated in the late 19th century when they were placing Indians on reservations. The passage emphasizes Indians' difference, the need to control them, and the need to maintain their dependence on whites. Advocates of the reservation system made similar arguments.

One significant result of the Treaty of Greenville was a. the discovery and exploration of the Northwest Passage. b. the extinction of the Cherokee Indian tribe in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. c. the ceding of most of the ancestral Indian land in the Northwest to white settlement. d. the spread of polio among the Miami and Mohawk Indians in the Northwest.

c. the ceding of most of the ancestral Indian land in the Northwest to white settlement.

One direct effect of the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord was a. the colonists' evacuation and abandonment of Boston to the British troops b. the increase in colonists' hopes of reconciliation with Great Britain c. the creation of a Continental Army to fight the American Revolution d. the decline in the number of volunteers for the Massachusetts militia

c. the creation of a Continental Army to fight the American Revolution

Henry's statement of a British guard will be stationed in every house was a reference to which British practice of quartering that was detested by the colonials and was later outlawed in the a. Articles of Confederation c. Washington's Farewell Address b. Suffolk Resolves d. Bill of Rights

d. Bill of Rights

One significant result of the event described in the excerpt was that the a. Stamp Act was repealed and the Declaratory Act was passed. b. Boston Massacre became a symbol of British military heroism. c. Proclamation Line of 1763 was revoked by King George III as a gesture of reconciliation d. Boston Massacre ended up becoming a crucial element of anti-British propaganda in the colonies

d. Boston Massacre ended up becoming a crucial element of anti-British propaganda in the colonies

The reference the Senate made of "a decent respect for the opinion and practice of civilized nations" was likely referring to a. the democratic nations of the world c. an international alliance system b. economic trading partners of the U.S. d. European monarchies

d. European monarchies

The idea of God raising up friends to fight our battles for us became a major part of what 19th century movement that saw providence as guiding the country? a. Great Awakening c. Social Gospel b. Abolitionism d. Manifest Destiny

d. Manifest Destiny

"We apprehend that as freemen and English subjects, we have an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty's other subjects who reside in the interior counties . .., and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation . . . . We can_ not but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practised by these savages on our murdered brethren and relatives ...by this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from this fatal source have arisen many of our calamities. . . . We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed." -The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, "A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleediing Frontier Inhabitants," 1764 The basic concern voiced in the above excerpt is with the conduct of which of the following? a. Religious leaders c. American Indians b. Colonial government d. Royal Government

d. Royal Government

"The national dignity and justice require that the arms of the Union should be called forth in order to chastise the Creek nation of Indians, for refusing to treat with the United States on reasonable terms, and for their hostile invasion of the State of Georgia....The most effectual mode of reducing the Creeks to submit to the will of the United States...would be by an adequate army, to be raised and continued until the objects of the war should be accomplished....But, in future, the obligations of policy, humanity, and justice, together with that respect which every nation sacredly owes to its own reputation, unite in requiring a noble, liberal, and disinterested administration of Indian affairs....In the administration of the Indians, every proper expedient that can be devised to gain their affections, and attach them to the interest of the Union, should be adopted....Missionaries, of excellent moral character, should be appointed to reside in their nation....They should be their friends and fathers." Secretary of War Henry Knox, 1789 From Henry Knox to George Washington, July 7, 1789, in American State Papers, Class II: Indian Affairs (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 1:52-54 The proposals outlined in the excerpt above are most similar to the prior approach of which European country toward American Indians in the 1600s and 1700s? a. England c. Portugal b. France d. Spain

d. Spain Henry Knox's proposals for the nation's approach to American Indians in 1789 are similar to those pursued by the Spanish in the 17th and 18th centuries. He proposed that the American Indians needed to be controlled, but that one way to achieve that control would be to Ògain their affectionsÓ and Òattach them to the interest of the Union.Ó

As the United States expanded westward, which of the following was the most significant departure from government policy coward American Indians? a. Signing of the Treaty of Greenville of 1795 c. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 b. The Trail of Tears d. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

d. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

"The Comanche tribe is equally pacific and maintains an attitude of unexampled good faith since I punished them with the rigor of the armed forces. I have observed them with the greatest equity and kindness and have made them understand the authority of our arms, which they did not believe in, for they were excessively arrogant from dominating the rest of the tribes. Thus the encounters which they had had in the past with us had always left their vanity and pride confident of overcoming our arms. Because of this attitude, they frequently attacked these settlements and committed robberies in the province. But, having been decisively defeated in a pitched battle I had with them, they are entirely persuaded and have maintained up to now perfect and faithful friendship with complete confidence in us. This is what your grace must try to maintain....Your grace ought to conduct yourself with the greatest energy and precaution to prevent this tribe from withdrawing from its dependence upon us. Out of such an action would originate the most pernicious evils." Letter from New Mexico Governor Tom‡s Cachup'n to his successor, 1754 Alfred Barnaby Thomas, ed., The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751-1778: A Collection of Documents Illustrative of the History of the Eastern Frontier of New Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940), 132-37 The methods described in the passage above were most similar to those of which European colonial power in the Americas during the 16th and 17th centuries? a. The Portuguese c. The French b. The English d. The Spanish

d. The Spanish The methods described in the passage above bear a close similarity to those employed by the Spanish in the Americas during the 16th and 17th centuries. In both cases, settlers used military means in an effort to exercise authority and control over the American Indian population.

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: J. Hector St. John Cr vecoeur, ÒWhat Is an American?Ó 1782 "It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess everything, and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one, no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. Some few towns excepted, we are all tillers of the earth, from Nova Scotia to West Florida. We are a people of cultivators, scattered over an immense territory, communicating with each other by means of good roads and navigable rivers, united by the silken bands of mild government, all respecting the laws, without dreading their power, because they are equitable. We are all animated with the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himself... whence came all these people? They are a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen... What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds." In this excerpt, Crevecoeur's description of America has the most in common with which of the following? a. Alexander Hamilton's vision of a great manufacturing nation b. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney's vision of a nation based on slave labor c. Tecumseh's vision of an independent Indian nation d. Thomas Jefferson's vision of a nation of independent farmers

d. Thomas Jefferson's vision of a nation of independent farmers

This 1773 event captured in the lithograph directly led to a. the death of Crispis Attucks and four others c. British issuing the "writs of assistance" b. the establishment of "home rule" for Massachusetts d. convening of the First Continental Congress

d. convening of the First Continental Congress

'And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our Interest, and the Security of our Colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians with whom We are connected, and who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the Possession of such Parts of Our Dominions and Territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by Us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their Hunting Grounds- We do therefore, with the Advice of our Privy Council, declare it to be our Royal Will and Pleasure, that no Governor or Commander in Chief in any of our Colonies of Quebec, East Florida, or West Florida, do presume, upon any Pretence whatever, to grant Warrants of Survey, or pass any Patents for Lands beyond the Bounds of their respective Governments, as described in their Commissions . . . " -Proclamation of 1763 Following the Treaty of Paris in 1763, one of the biggest concerns of the British regarding North America was a. creating a lasting peace with the French still residing in their new land acquisitions c. preventing westward expansion to mend relations with natives previously allied with the French b. settling the newly acquired lands to establish commerce with, Indians d. establishing governments that could control French Quebec and Spanish Florida

d. establishing governments that could control French Quebec and Spanish Florida

Most historians would argue that the recommendations of Washington's address ceased to have a significant influence on United States foreign policy as a result of a. westward expansion in the nineteenth century b. support for Cuban revolutionaries in the Spanish-American War c. Woodrow Wilson's support for international democratic principles during the First World War d. involvement in the Second World War

d. involvement in the Second World War

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." — Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Based on the excerpt, Hamilton would most likely support a. the abolition of slavery b. reconciliation with Great Britain c. a weak central government d. property qualifications for voting

d. property qualifications for voting

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Patrick Henry, "Speech against the Federal Constitution," June 5, 1788 "Have they said, We, the states? Have they made a proposal of a compact between states? If they had, this would be a confederation. It is otherwise most clearly a consolidated government... Had these principles been adhered to, we should not have been brought to this alarming transition, from a confederacy to a consolidated government... Here is a resolution as radical as that which separated us from Great Britain. It is radical in this transition; our rights and privileges are endangered, and the sovereignty of the states will be relinquished: and cannot we plainly see that this is actually the case? The rights of conscience, trial by jury, liberty of the press, all your immunities and franchises, all pretensions to human rights and privileges are rendered insecure, if not lost, by this change, so loudly talked of by some, and inconsiderately by others. Is this tame relinquishment of rights worthy of freemen?... Guard with jealous attention the public liberty... Before you abandon the present system, I hope you will consider not only its defects, most maturely, but likewise those of that which you are to substitute for it." Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Patrick Henry in the excerpt? a. the Whigs b. the Tories c. the Federalists d. the Anti-Federalists

d. the Anti-Federalists

Thomas Jefferson's reaction to the Jay Treaty as expressed in the letter was most directly a reflection of ongoing debates in the United States over... a. economic policy c. the return of a monarchy b. expansion to the west d. the impact of the French Revolution

d. the impact of the French Revolution

Which of the following was one of the American goals for the negotiations with Great Britain? a. to attempt to annex the British province of Canada b. to attempt to acquire trading rights with China c. to attempt to resolve the U.S. claim to California territory d. to attempt to end Britain's ban on America's neutral shipping to France

d. to attempt to end Britain's ban on America's neutral shipping to France