AP World Chap. 14

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male in all of the following settlements except:

British North America.

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories?

He used physical appearance and form of governance

What did Adam Smith claim with his universal "laws" of human behavior?

Laissez-faire - the concept that the economy works best when it is left alone---that is, when the state does not regulate or interfere with the workings of the market

Safavid culture was a mixture of which two elements?

Shiite Islam and Persian culture

Why did China escape religious warfare during the Ming and Qing periods?

The Chinese saw the enforcement of orthodox values and social order as a political issue instead of a religious one.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

Mughals were supported by:

agricultural taxes

As European colonies in the Americas became more prosperous and settled over the course of the eighteenth century:

colonists sought to copy European social and material culture as closely as they could.

Where did Enlightenment ideas circulate most broadly?

commercial centers and port cities

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted that:

conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Safavids developed an__________________

elaborate system of calligraphy which was the envy of artists through the Islamic world

When Captain Cook arrived in Australia, it had:

harsh natural conditions and a sparse population.

The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power

the Byzantine Empire

The U.S. Declaration of Independence is an example of what intellectual tradition?

the Enlightenment

Which of the following societies was most consistently open to outside cultural influences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

the Japanese

Which of the following places is not considered part of Oceania?

the Philippines

Which of the following Islamic states was the most single-mindedly religious

the Safavid dynasty

All of the following resulted from efforts to convert African slaves to Christianity except:

the majority of European slave owners becoming convinced that Christianizing their slaves was a good idea.

Adam Smith claimed that universal "laws" of human behavior justified unregulated markets and a laissez-faire economy because:

they allowed human nature to express itself fully.

What did Captain Cook encounter when he first arrived in Australia?

Aborigine peoples

Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Enlightenment-era racial hierarchies?

Africans

The ruler who expanded Mughal control over much of the Indian subcontinent

Akbar

In what way did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific differ from its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?

Contact and commerce were accompanied by conquest in the Americas and the Pacific

What were the plans of the British for colonizing Australia?

Create a prison colony, exploit Australia's timber and flax and to use it as a strategic base against Dutch and French expansion

What best describes Native Americans conversion to Christianity during the 17th and 18th centuries?

Destruction of sacred items and places of worship, demonizing local gods, subvert indigenous spiritual leaders ect

How were elite women's lives affected by the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China?

Elite women were able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, but literary culture in general advocated for more constraints on their lives.

Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas because:

Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

After the shogun lifted the ban on foreign books in his kingdom in 1720, all of the following types of material circulated in Japan except:

Enlightenment writings.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which region of the world saw the emergence of thinkers who believed their understanding of knowledge was universal and objective?

Europe

Who may have been the first European who attempted to classify the peoples of the world?

François Bernier

The Comte de Buffon and fellow Europeans believed that human groups were more or less admirable according to how closely they resembled the people portrayed in which of the following types of artwork?

Greek nude sculptures

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

How did the development of the Ottoman code of administrative law encourage cultural unity within the empire?

It provided a comprehensive, well-understood system of law that bridged differences among the many different social, religious, and legal traditions of the people who lived under Ottoman rule.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the French Encyclopedia?

It singled out some regions, such as China, as examples that Europe should aspire to emulate.

How did the European missionary presence in the Americas differ from the European missionary presence in East Asia?

Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.

Why did the Enlightenment ideal of gathering knowledge appeal to European absolutist monarchs?

More knowledge about their subjects allowed them to exert greater control.

Ottoman territorial expansion culminated during the reign of

Suleiman

In what way had the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 changed from its earlier pattern of cultural development?

The Islamic world had developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered around the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

The three new dynasties that dominated much of the islamic world at the beginning of 16th century included

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties

How did Chinese and Islamic rulers respond to new ideas introduced by Europeans during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries?

They adopted outside knowledge when it suited their purposes, but remained confident in the superiority of their own ways of looking at the world

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to the science of astronomy?

They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.

Which of the following statements best characterizes Native American converts to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

They used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

What did Enlightenment thinkers have in common with authors who wrote about sex and financial fraud?

They were all willing to explore ways of thinking that defied established beliefs and institutions.

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire experienced a period of prosperity and delight in worldly things that was known as the _______.

Tulip Period

Dý¯n-i Ila¯hý¯ refers to: (Din-d Ilahi)

a mix of Quranic, Catholic, and other influences which emphasized virtuous behaviors.

Enlightenment thinkers sought:

a universal, objective knowledge which did not reflect any particular religion, political view, class, gender or culture

How did Asante kings publicly display their connection to the gods?

by carrying golden spears, maces, and other symbols of power

All of the following factors contributed to the rise of the Enlightenment except:

increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities

What role did Europeans who adopted Native American cultures play in New World societies?

intermediaries in commerce and diplomatic communication

China relied on its _________ ___________ rather than global trade which fueled the Chinese culture

internal market

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb signaled a movement away from the empire's tradition of religious openness by:

ordering that all recently constructed non-Islamic places of worship be torn down.

Peninsulars were:

people born in Spain or Portugal who were living in their American colonies

The Tokugawa shogunate:

promoted Confucian notions of a social hierarchy organised on the basis of social position, age, gender, and kin.

The Ottoman tekkes schools that prepared students to become Sufi masters:

promoted social and religious solidarity among the Muslim subjects of the empire.

During the 16th century, increases global and local commerce allowed Mughal rulers to

reform their administration and increase the flow of revenue

Members of the Ottoman intellectual elite were interested in and curious about foreign ideas in which of the following areas?

science

The Oyo Empire and Benin produced what type of significant artwork?

sophisticated metalwork

The most popular books published in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century China were

study guides for civil service examinations.

Europeans became convinced that their culture was _______

superior

What characteristic did Enlightenment thinkers believe should be the basis for a person's social status?

talent

West African rulers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were able to support high levels of artistic achievement because of wealth derived from:

the Atlantic slave trade