Bio 20 lecture exam 3

18. The nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract arises from the A) cervical plexus. B) lumbar plexus. C) brachial plexus. D) sacral plexus. E) intercostal nerves.

A) cervical plexus.

97. So-called natural killer cells are a form of A) thrombocyte. B) lymphocyte. C) monocyte. D) granular leukocyte. E) erythrocyte.

B) lymphocyte.

59. Lacrimal fluid contains a protective bacterial enzyme called A) isoenzyme. B) lysozyme. C) isozyme. D) All answers are correct.

B) lysozyme.

75. The ossicles are the major structures of the A) external ear. B) middle ear. C) vestibule. D) cochlea. E) auditory regions of the cerebrum.

B) middle ear.

26. The type of neuroglia that wrap around capillaries in the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

A) astrocytes.

3. Neuroglia that are positioned between neurons and capillaries to form part of the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) oligodendrocytes. C) microglia. D) ependymal cells. E) Schwann cells.

A) astrocytes.

13. The branch of a neuron that carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body is the A) axon. B) dendrite. C) perikaryon. D) Nissl body. E) Node of Ranvier.

A) axon.

45. Free nerve endings are A) bare dendrites. B) bare axons. C) encapsulated nerve endings. D) nonencapsulated nerve endings. E) All answers are correct.

A) bare dendrites

25. Fine control of body coordination and balance is a function of the A) cerebellum. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) pituitary gland. E) reticular activating system.

A) cerebellum.

83. The most abundant of the plasma proteins are the A) albumins. B) hemoglobins. C) gamma globulins. D) clotting proteins. E) alpha globulins.

A) albumins

95. When red blood cells wear out, the iron is saved and most of the remainder of the hemoglobin is A) also saved. B) excreted as bile pigments. C) rearranged into gamma globulins. D) broken down by plasmin. E) used as an anticoagulant.

A) also saved.

64. Intraocular pressure is produced mainly by A) aqueous humor. B) vitreous humor. C) constriction of the pupil. D) lacrimal secretions. E) photopigments.

A) aqueous humor.

38. Converting thoughts to spoken words is a complex activity that are located in the A) Broca's area. B) Wernicke's area. C) common integrative area. D) premotor area. E) All answers are correct.

A) Broca's area.

9. White matter of the nervous system is composed of A) aggregations of myelinated axons. B) aggregations of cell bodies. C) aggregations of nuclei of cell bodies. D) aggregation of ganglia. E) All are correct.

A) aggregations of myelinated axons.

76. The middle ear is normally filled with A) air. B) blood. C) endolymph. D) perilymph. E) cerumen.

A) air.

65. Nutrients are provided to the posterior surface of the retina by blood vessels in the darkly pigmented portion of the vascular tunic known as the A) choroid. B) ciliary body. C) iris. D) sclera. E) macula lutea.

A) choroid.

53. The sites of olfactory transduction are the olfactory hairs, which are A) cilia projecting from the dendrites of first-order neurons. B) microvilli on the axons of first-order neurons. C) columnar epithelial cells in the nasal mucosa. D) mucus-producing cells in the nasal epithelium. E) projection tracts between the thalamus and the temporal lobe.

A) cilia projecting from the dendrites of first-order neurons.

54. Olfactory sensations reach the brain via A) cranial nerve I. B) cranial nerve II. C) cranial nerve VII. D) cranial nerve VIII. E) spinal nerves C1.

A) cranial nerve I.

57. Fungiform papillae contain A) gustatory cells. B) olfactory cells. C) lacrimal cells. D) salivary cells. E) All answers are correct.

A) gustatory cells.

47. Nociceptors are receptors for A) pain. B) phantom limb sensation. C) thermal sensation. D) hearing. E) equilibrium.

A) pain.

36. The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located in the A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) insula.

A) precentral gyrus.

31. The function of arachnoid villi is to A) reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid. B) produce cerebrospinal fluid. C) hold the meninges onto the brain. D) provide nourishment for neurons in the CNS. E) conduct impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other.

A) reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid

42. ALL of the following are considered general senses EXCEPT A) smell. B) vibration. C) pain. D) thermal sensations. E) joint and muscle position sense.

A) smell.

91. The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn-out red blood cells are the A) spleen and liver. B) spleen and kidneys. C) liver and kidneys. D) lungs and liver. E) lungs and kidneys.

A) spleen and liver.

96. A clot in an unbroken vessel is called A) thrombosis. B) embolism. C) agglutination. D) adhesion. E) aggregation.

A) thrombosis.

86. The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the A) red blood cell count. B) hematocrit. C) white blood cell count. D) hemosiderin. E) prostacyclin.

B) hematocrit.

80. Which one of the following sequences correctly traces the sound wave across the middle ear? 1. tympanic membrane 2. malleus 3. incus 4. stapes 5. oval window A) 5, 4, 2, 3, 1. B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. C) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3. D) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5. E) 4, 5, 1, 2, 3.

B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

33. The reason hydrocephalus is so dangerous is that A) too many toxic products flood the brain. B) Excess cerebrospinal fluid puts pressure on neurons, damaging them. C) the brain dehydrates. D) bacteria can grow more easily in accumulated fluid. E) it causes excessive release of hormones from the hypothalamus.

B) Excess cerebrospinal fluid puts pressure on neurons, damaging them

8. Gaps in the myelin sheath are called A) oligodendrocytes. B) Nodes of Ranvier. C) Sheath of Schwann. D) gliomas.

B) Nodes of Ranvier

98. Type A blood has an isoantibody called A) agglutinin A. B) agglutinin B. C) agglutinin AB. D) agglutinin O. E) All answers are correct.

B) agglutinin B.

7. Neurons that have one main dendrite and one axon are called A) multipolar neurons. B) bipolar neurons. C) unipolar neurons. D) monopolar neurons. E) neuroglia.

B) bipolar neurons.

100. Type O is considered the theoretical universal A) recipient because there are no A or B isoantigens on RBCs. B) donor because there are no A or B isoantigens on RBCs. C) recipient because there are no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma. D) donor because there are no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma. E) donor because there are no A or B isoantigens on RBCs, nor are there anti-A or anti-B isoantibodies in plasma.

B) donor because there are no A or B isoantigens on RBCs.

15. What would normally be found immediately surrounding central canal of the spinal cord? A) white matter B) gray matter C) cerebrospinal fluid D) the pia mater E) the dura mater

B) gray matter

79. The primary function of the utricle and saccule is to A) transduce sound waves into generator potentials. B) monitor static equilibrium. C) monitor dynamic equilibrium. D) cause movements of the ossicles. E) produce endolymph in the cochlea.

B) monitor static equilibrium.

92. Agranular leukocytes that are phagocytic are the A) neutrophils. B) monocytes. C) lymphocytes. D) eosinophils. E) All of the above except eosinophils.

B) monocytes.

19. The nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract is the A) median nerve. B) phrenic nerve. C) sciatic nerve. D) radial nerve. E) second intercostal nerve.

B) phrenic nerve

6. The site of communication between two neurons is called a A) Nissl body. B) synapse. C) varicosity. D) dendrite. E) All are correct.

B) synapse.

69. The central fovea is A) where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye. B) the area of highest visual acuity on the retina. C) what secretes aqueous humor D) where the retinal artery branches. E) where new photopigments are produced.

B) the area of highest visual acuity on the retina

29. Superior to the hypothalamus and between the halves of the thalamus is the A) subthalamus. B) third ventricle. C) fourth ventricle. D) superior sagittal sinus. E) midbrain.

B) third ventricle

70. In the process of forming an image on the retina, convergence occurs to allow A) a change in shape of the lens. B) three-dimensional image formation. C) refraction of light rays. D) focusing of light through the center of the lens. E) production of new photoreceptors.

B) three-dimensional image formation

66. The retina is held in place by the A) optic disc. B) vitreous body. C) ciliary muscle. D) bipolar neurons. E) iris.

B) vitreous body.

72. The four refracting media of the eye, listed in the sequence in which they refract light, are 1. vitreous body. 2. lens. 3. aqueous humor. 4. cornea. A) 1, 2, 3, and 4 B) 4, 1, 2, and 3. C) 4, 3, 2, and 1 D) 2, 3, 4, and 1 E) 3, 2, 1, and 4

C) 4, 3, 2, and 1

14. What would normally be found within the central canal of the spinal cord? A) blood B) myelin C) cerebrospinal fluid D) air E) gray matter

C) cerebrospinal fluid

32. White fibers that transmit impulses between corresponding gyri in opposite cerebral hemispheres are called A) association fibers. B) projection fibers. C) commissural fibers. D) ganglia. E) choroid plexuses.

C) commissural fibers.

20. The endoneurium is the A) lining of the central canal of the spinal cord. B) space between the pia mater and the spinal cord. C) connective tissue surrounding an individual axon. D) connective tissue surrounding an entire nerve. E) group of neurons forming a spinal tract.

C) connective tissue surrounding an individual axon.

88. "5 million per microliter" is a value falling within the normal adult range for the number of A) platelets. B) all leukocytes. C) erythrocytes. D) hemoglobin molecules. E) neutrophils.

C) erythrocytes.

10. Ion channels open and close due to the presence of A) ligands. B) lids. C) gates. D) doors.

C) gates.

23. The spinal cord is continuous with the A) occipital bone. B) cerebral cortex. C) medulla oblongata. D) thalamus. E) coccyx.

C) medulla oblongata.

35. The left side of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body because motor neurons cross from left to right in the A) precentral gyrus. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) hypothalamus. E) thalamus.

C) medulla oblongata.

74. The auditory (Eustachian) tube connects the A) middle ear and inner ear. B) external ear and middle ear. C) middle ear and nasopharynx. D) cochlea and vestibule. E) inner ear and primary auditory area of the cerebrum.

C) middle ear and nasopharynx.

11. The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions because the membrane has A) more voltage-gated sodium ion channels. B) more ligand-gated potassium ion channels. C) more potassium leakage channels. D) fewer voltage-gated sodium ion channels. E) more carrier molecules for potassium ions.

C) more potassium leakage channels.

2. The substance released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called a A) ion. B) cholinesterase. C) neurotransmitter. D) biogenic amine.

C) neurotransmitter.

5. Synaptic vesicles store A) glycogen for energy production. B) lipofuscin. C) neurotransmitter. D) calcium ions. E) enzymes fore degrading neurotransmitter.

C) neurotransmitter.

43. Which of the following is NOT considered a special sense? A) smell B) vision C) pain D) taste E) equilibrium

C) pain

22. The innermost layer of the meninges is the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid. C) pia mater. D) gray commissure. E) conus medullaris.

C) pia mater.

62. The function of the ciliary processes is to A) alter the shape of the lens. B) prevent objects from falling into the eye. C) produce aqueous humor. D) change the diameter of the pupil. E) transduce light stimuli into nerve impulses.

C) produce aqueous humor.

30. The function of a choroid plexus is to A) receive sensations from the viscera. B) send motor impulses to the diaphragm. C) produce cerebrospinal fluid. D) reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid. E) transmit impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other.

C) produce cerebrospinal fluid

41. Sensory endings located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear are called A) exteroceptors. B) interoceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) chemoceptors. E) photoceptors.

C) proprioceptors.

12. Afferent nerves conduct nerve impulses from A) the central nervous system to effectors. B) effectors to the central nervous system. C) receptors to the central nervous system. D) the central nervous system to receptors. E) one effector to another.

C) receptors to the central nervous system.

60. Venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm) exits the eye through an opening in the A) ciliary body. B) ciliary muscle. C) sclera. D) retina. E) choroid.

C) sclera.

4. The autonomic nervous system is divided into A) somatic and sympathetic nervous systems. B) afferent and efferent nervous systems. C) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

C) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

49. To say that most organs served by the ANS have "dual innervation" means that A) these organs release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine when stimulated. B) it takes two postganglionic neurons to achieve the desired response. C) the organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. D) the organs have both alpha and beta receptors. E) both a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron goes to the organ.

C) the organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

68. The blind spot of the retina is so-called because A) only cones are found there. B) only rods are found there. C) there are no rods or cones there. D) it is impossible for light rays to be focused on that spot. E) inhibitory neurotransmitters are released from the receptors there.

C) there are no rods or cones there.

84. The total blood volume in an average adult is about A) 8 liters. B) one liter. C) 3 liters. D) 5 liters. E) 10 liters.

D) 5 liters.

99. Which of the following indicates a normal differential count in a healthy adult? A) 50% neutrophils, 30% lymphocytes, 15% monocytes, 4% eosinophils, 1% basophils B) 65% lymphocytes, 20% neutrophils, 10% monocytes, 4% eosinophils, 1% basophils C) 65% neutrophils, 25% lymphocytes, 6% eosinophils, 2% monocytes, 2% basophils D) 65% neutrophils, 25% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, 3% eosinophils, 1% basophils E) 50% lymphocytes, 30% neutrophils, 10% eosinophils, 8% monocytes, 2% basophils

D) 65% neutrophils, 25% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, 3% eosinophils, 1% basophils

28. Which of the following is NOT TRUE for cerebrospinal fluid? A) It acts as a shock absorber for the brain. B) It may contain white blood cells. C) It is a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes. D) It acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. E) It is produced by filtration and secretion in choroid plexuses.

D) It acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

81. The endolymph filled_____lies between the perilymph filled _____and the _____separated by the _____and ____membranes respectively. A) scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala ampularis, cochlear, vestibular B) road window, oval window, semicircular canals, tympanic tectorial C) scala tympani, cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, tympanic, basilar D) cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, basilar, vestibular E) cochlear duct, oval window, round window, tympanic, cochlear

D) cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, scala tympani, basilar, vestibular

61. "Bloodshot eyes" are the result of dilation of blood vessels in the A) lens. B) cornea. C) sclera. D) conjunctiva. E) iris.

D) conjunctiva.

71. Which of the following occurs when trying to focus on a close object? A) relaxation of the ciliary muscle to flatten the lens B) relaxation of the ciliary muscle to make the lens more convex C) contraction of the ciliary muscle to flatten the lens D) contraction of the ciliary muscle to make the lens more convex E) contraction of the ciliary muscle to increase the diameter of the pupil

D) contraction of the ciliary muscle to make the lens more convex

21. The spinal cord is suspended in the middle of its dural sheath by A) ascending spinal tracts. B) the cauda equina. C) cerebrospinal fluid. D) denticulate ligaments. E) epidural fat.

D) denticulate ligaments.

56. In order for a substance to be tasted, it must be A) a partially denatured protein. B) of a pH below 7. C) an ionic compound. D) dissolved in saliva. E) Both C and D are correct.

D) dissolved in saliva

1. Small masses of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS are called A) interneurons. B) plexuses. C) nerves. D) ganglia. E) nuclei.

D) ganglia.

27. The brain stem is made up of the A) cerebellum, pons, and hypothalamus. B) medulla oblongata, thalamus, and midbrain. C) medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, and pons. D) medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. E) midbrain, hypothalamus, and thalamus.

D) medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

34. Between the foramen magnum and the pons is the A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebellum. D) medulla oblongata. E) midbrain.

D) medulla oblongata.

93. The most abundant of the leukocytes are the A) lymphocytes. B) basophils. C) monocytes. D) neutrophils. E) eosinophils.

D) neutrophils.

40. The conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations is called A) modality. B) transduction. C) reception. D) perception. E) conduction.

D) perception.

73. Which of the following lists the route of impulse transmission in the correct order? A) photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract B) bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasm C) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasm D) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract E) bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

D) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

39. Light is an appropriate stimulus for A) thermoreceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) photoreceptors. E) Both A and D are correct.

D) photoreceptors.

48. The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is located in the A) thalamus. B) occipital lobe. C) precentral gyrus. D) postcentral gyrus. E) hippocampus.

D) postcentral gyrus.

51. The second neuron in the autonomic motor pathway is called A) premotor neuron. B) preganglionic neuron. C) postmotor neuron. D) postganglionic neuron. E) All answers are correct.

D) postganglionic neuron.

67. Photoreceptors are located in the A) choroid. B) cornea. C) iris. D) retina. E) Both C and D are correct.

D) retina.

44. Neurons that transmit impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system are called A) motor neurons. B) association neurons. C) bipolar neurons. D) sensory neurons. E) efferent neurons.

D) sensory neurons.

50. Which of the following is an example of an effector for a visceral efferent neuron? A) quadriceps femoris B) diaphragm C) extrinsic eye muscles D) smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine E) All of the above are correct except the quadriceps femoris

D) smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine

78. Receptor potentials are produced when A) the tympanic membrane moves the malleus. B) the stapes pushes into the oval window. C) perilymph moves in the scala vestibuli. D) stereocilia bend against the tectorial membrane. E) All of these generate receptor potentials.

D) stereocilia bend against the tectorial membrane.

17. To do a lumbar puncture, the needle is inserted into the A) central canal. B) sacral plexus. C) nucleus pulposus. D) subarachnoid space. E) gray commissure.

D) subarachnoid space.

58. The lacrimal apparatus produces A) sweat. B) sebum. C) aqueous humor. D) tears. E) Both C and D are correct.

D) tears

94. The formed elements that are fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes are A) neutrophils. B) lymphocytes. C) erythrocytes. D) thrombocytes. E) plasma proteins.

D) thrombocytes

24. The cavities within the brain are called A) sulci. B) choroid plexuses. C) nuclei. D) ventricles. E) commissures.

D) ventricles

82. The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of A) the ejected nuclei of red blood cells. B) gamma globulins. C) ruptured red blood cells whose hemoglobin has sunk to the bottom. D) white blood cells and platelets. E) serum.

D) white blood cells and platelets.

52. Autonomic plexuses include the A) cardiac plexus. B) pulmonary plexus. C) celiac plexus. D) renal plexus. E) All answers are correct.

E) All answers are correct.

87. Pluripotent stem cells produce A) neutrophils. B) basophils. C) thrombocytes. D) lymphocytes. E) All answers are correct.

E) All answers are correct.

55. The receptors on the tip of the tongue are most sensitive to A) sweet. B) sour. C) salty. D) bitter. E) None of these; the concept of the tongue map is outdated.

E) None of these; the concept of the tongue map is outdated.

89. Erythropoietin is synthesized by the A) red bone marrow. B) yellow bone marrow. C) erythrocytes. D) spleen. E) kidneys.

E) kidneys

46. ALL of the following would be sensed by mechanoreceptors EXCEPT A) hearing. B) pressure. C) touch. D) equilibrium. E) light.

E) light

77. The role of the stapedius muscle is to A) stabilize the tympanic membrane. B) connect the ossicles to the cochlea. C) flex the hair cells of the spiral organ. D) constrict the Eustachian tube. E) limit vibration of the stapes.

E) limit vibration of the stapes.

37. The primary visual area and visual association area of the cerebral cortex are both located in the A) frontal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) insula. E) occipital lobe.

E) occipital lobe

63. The lens is held in place by the A) choroid. B) iris. C) ciliary processes. D) vitreous body. E) suspensory ligaments.

E) suspensory ligaments.

90. Oxygen is transported by red blood cells by binding to A) specific receptors on the plasma membrane. B) specific receptors within the nucleus of the red blood cell. C) the beta polypeptide chain of the globin portion of hemoglobin. D) the polypeptide chain of the heme portion of hemoglobin. E) the iron ion in the heme portion of hemoglobin.

E) the iron ion in the heme portion of hemoglobin.

85. ALL of the following are important functions of plasma proteins EXCEPT A) protection against bacteria and viruses. B) maintenance of osmotic pressure. C) protection against blood loss. D) transportation of steroid hormones. E) transportation of oxygen.

E) transportation of oxygen.

16. In the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to the A) coccyx. B) sacral promontory. C) point of attachment of the most inferior pair of ribs. D) sacral hiatus. E) upper border of vertebra L2.

E) upper border of vertebra L2.