Biology Chapter 8

which wavelengths of light drive the highest rates of photosynthesis? select the two best answers a. 400-450 nm b. 500-600 nm c. 550-700 nm d. 670-680 nm

a. 400-450 nm d. 670-680 nm

approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a, the pigment that participated directly in the light reactions? a. 435nm b. 525 nm c. 680nm d. one cannot tell from this graph

a. 425nm

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? a. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 b. H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- c. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy d. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O e. 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O

a. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Select Figure 2 from the drop-down menu above the data table to see the final graph (Figure 1). What is the relationship between increasing concentration of CO2 and the dry mass of corn? a. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of corn decreases. b. As the dry weight of corn increases, the CO2 decreases. c. As the dry weight of corn decreases, the dry weight of velvetleaf increases. d. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of corn increases.

a. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of corn decreases.

Where does the Calvin cycle occur? a. E b. D c. B d. A e. C

a. E

If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), subsequent analysis will show that 18O is absent from which of the following molecules produced by the algae? a. O2 b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) c. glucose d. ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

a. O2

if plants are grown with H2O containing heavy oxygen (18O), subsequent analysis will show that 18O first appears in which of the following molecules produced by the algae? a. O2 b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) c. glucose d. ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) e. CO2

a. O2

Which process produces oxygen? a. Photosynthesis b. Cellular respiration

a. Photosynthesis

Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? a. The light-dependent reactions b. The light-independent reactions

a. The light-dependent reactions

What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? a. The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars. b. The light-independent reactions use CO2 to make ATP. c. The light-independent reactions turn sugar into ATP for energy. d. The light-independent reactions turn glucose, a sugar, into CO2 gas.

a. The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars.

True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen. a. True b. False

a. True

What is the estimated dry mass of corn and velvetleaf plants at an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 390 ppm (current levels)? a. corn: 91 g; velvetleaf: 38 g b. corn: 38 g; velvetleaf: 91 g c. corn: 90 g; velvetleaf: 50 g d. corn: 90 g; velvetleaf: 45 g

a. corn: 91 g; velvetleaf: 38 g

Can you tell from these absorption spectra whether red light is effective in driving photosynthesis? a. one cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb red light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis. b. because the absorption spectra of the pigments are highest in the purple/blue wavelengths, we can assume that red light is not effective c. these absorption spectra indicate that green and yellow wavelengths of light are much more effective than red light

a. one cannot tell from this graph, but because chlorophyll a does absorb read light, we can predict that it would be effective in driving photosynthesis

which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? a. photophosphorylation b. substarte-level phosphorylation c. oxidative phosphorylation d. dephosphorylation

a. photophosphorylation

which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? a. protons b. ADP c. inorganic phospahte d. ATP

a. protons

in chemiosmosis in mitochondria, protons flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix, whereas in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts, protons flow from a. the thylakoid space to into the stroma b. the stroma into the thylakoid space c. the stroma into the cytosol d. the intermembrane space into the stroma e. the matrix into the stroma

a. the thylakoid space to into the stroma

in the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between _ a. ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation b. infrared radiation and radio waves c. infrared radiation and microwaves d. X-rays and ultraviolet radiation e. radio waves and microwaves

a. ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation

Which wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll b? a. 400nm b. 455nm c. 540nm d. 645nm e. one cannot tell from this graph

b. 455nm

where are the products of linear electron flow? a. heart and fluorescence b. ATP and NADPH c. ATP and water d. ADP and NADP+

b. ATP and NADPH

which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the calvin cycle? a. H2O and O2 b. ATP and NADPH c. ADP, i, and NADP+ d. CO2 and glucose e. electrons and H+

b. ATP and NADPH

Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+. a. B b. C c. A d. E e. D

b. C

Identify a thylakoid. a. A b. D c. C d. E e. B

b. D

What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? a. They generate ATP and NADPH. b. They convert carbon dioxide to sugar. c. They convert ATP to sugar. d. They make oxygen.

b. They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

a spaceship is designed to support animal life for a multiyear voyage to the outer plants of the solar system. plants will be grown to provide oxygen and to recycle carbon dioxide. because the spaceship will be too far from the sun for photosynthesis, an artificial light source will be needed. what wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimun of energy expenditure a. green light b. a mixture of blue and red light c. yellow light d. full-spectrum white light e. UV light

b. a mixture of blue and red light

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane. a. true b. false

b. false

true or false? the chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain a. true b. false

b. false

which of the following is directly associated with photosystem I? a. extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water b. receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain c. harvesting of light energy by ATP d. generation of molecular oxygen

b. receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

_ has a longer wavelength than _ a. blue...green b. red...green c. violet...blue d. green...yellow e. yellow...red

b. red...green

what assumptions did Engelmann make in order to conclude that red and violet-blue light were more effective than green light in driving photosynthesis? Select the two that apply. a. every photon absorbed by the alga was used to drive oxygen production by the alga b. the distribution of chloroplasts within each algal cell was approximately the same c. the number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of the alga d. the alga absorbed the same number of photons at each wavelength (color)

b. the distribution of chloroplasts within each algal cell was approximately the same c. the number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of the alga

You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange? a. one cannot tell from this graph b. they absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light c. they absorb yellow and orange wavelengths best d. their line on this absorption spectrum is colored orange

b. they absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light

what is the primary function of cyclic electron flow? a. to produce additional carbon dioxide b. to produce additional ATP c. to produce additional NADPH d. to produce additional oxygen

b. to produce additional ATP

Assuming that the y-axis tick marks will be separated by 10 (0, 10, 20, and so on), what is the largest value that should appear on the y-axis? a.30 b. 60 c. 100 d. 1000

c. 100

Now that you have determined which variable goes on each axis, the graph can be constructed. An effective graph marks off the axes with just enough evenly spaced tick marks to accommodate the full set of data. Assuming that the x-axis tick marks will be separated by 200 (0, 200, 400, and so on), what is the largest value that should appear on the x-axis? a. 200 b. 350 c. 1200 d. 5000

c. 1200

Chlorophyll can be found in _____. a. B and C b. A and B c. A and C d. B and C e. B and E

c. A and C

Considering that velvetleaf is a weed invasive to cornfields, how would you predict increased CO2 concentration to affect interactions between the two species? a. As atmospheric CO2 rises, the larger corn will be better able to compete with the velvetleaf weeds. b. As atmospheric CO2 rises, the better-growing velvetleaf weeds will use up most of the CO2 in cornfields. c. As atmospheric CO2 rises, velvetleaf weeds may grow larger and better compete with corn, reducing grain yields.

c. As atmospheric CO2 rises, velvetleaf weeds may grow larger and better compete with corn, reducing grain yields.

Identify the stroma. a. D b. C c. E d. B e. A

c. E

Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I? a. Oxygen b. ATP c. NADPH d. Carbon dioxide

c. NADPH

If only chlorophyll a were involved in the light reactions, would blue light (wavelength about 490 nm) be effective in driving photosynthesis? a. The peak absorption for chlorophyll b is close to this wavelength, so we can predict that blue light would be effective. b. One cannot tell from this graph. c. The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.

c. The graph indicates that chlorophyll a absorbs very little blue light, so we can predict that blue light would not be effective.

An action spectrum plots the rate of photosynthesis at various wavelengths of visible light, and it shows that blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis. Based on this information and the absorption spectra shown at left, what role may chlorophyll b and carotenoids play in photosynthesis? a. Because chlorophyll a is found in the reaction-center complexes of both photosystems II and I we can assume that these other pigments play no role in photosynthesis. b. These pigments probably play only a photoprotective role (absorbing excess light energy that could damage chlorophyll a) and a role in producing the colors of fall foliage. c. These pigments are able to absorb more wavelengths of light (and thus more energy) than chlorophyll "a" alone can absorb. As part of light-harvesting complexes in photosystems, they broaden the range of light that can be used in the light reactions.

c. These pigments are able to absorb more wavelengths of light (and thus more energy) than chlorophyll "a" alone can absorb. As part of light-harvesting complexes in photosystems, they broaden the range of light that can be used in the light reactions.

Do these results support the conclusion from other experiments that C3 plants have a better growth response than C4 plants under increased CO2 concentration? Why or why not? a. No, because they both still grew even at the higher CO2 levels. b. Yes, because C3 velvetleaf grew better than C4 corn at higher CO2 levels. c. Yes, because C3 velvetleaf had a positive growth response to increased CO2, but C4 corn had a negative growth response to it. d. No, because C4 corn still had a higher dry weight than C3 velvetleaf at 800 ppm CO2.

c. Yes, because C3 velvetleaf had a positive growth response to increased CO2, but C4 corn had a negative growth response to it.

What variable's response to the independent variable was measured by the researchers, and what are the units for this variable? a.length of time in different CO2 concentrations, in days b. kind of plant, by species c. average dry mass of one plant, in grams d. the concentration of CO2 in the air, in parts per million

c. average dry mass of one plant, in grams

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where is the source of the extra ATP? a. linear electron flow b. photosystem I c. cyclic electron flow d. photosystem II

c. cyclic electron flow

which of the following activities is associated with photosystem II? a. light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain b. the P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of electrons directly to NADP+, producing NADPH c. electrons released from the P680 chlorophyll are replaced by electrons derived from water d. electrons are passed from the P680 chlorophyll to molecular oxygen (O2)

c. electrons released from the P680 chlorophyll are replaced by electrons derived from water

Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that appears purple. Its photosynthetic action spectrum is the inverse of the action spectrum for green plants. (That is, the Halobacterium action spectrum has a peak where the green plant action spectrum has a trough.) What wavelengths of light do the Halobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb? a. red and yellow b. red and green c. green and yellow d. blue, green, and red e. blue and red

c. green and yellow

in autotrophic bacteria, where are chlorophyll-like pigments located? a. in the chloroplast membranes b. in the chloroplast c. in infolded regions of the plasma membrane d. in the central vacuole membrane e. in infolded regions of the cell wall

c. in infolded regions of the plasma membrane

which of the following is (are) a product(s) of the light reactions of photosynthesis? a. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) b. high-energy photons c. oxygen, ATP, and NADPH d. water and CO2 e. NADP+ and RuBP

c. oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

if plants are grown in the light with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), subsequent analysis will show that 18O incorporated in organic molecules first appears in a. the thylakoid membranes b. the stroma c. photosystem II d. the thylakoid space e. the chloroplast intermembrane space

c. photosystem II

when oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is direct by-product of a. reducing NADP+ b. electron transfer in photosystem I c. splitting water molecules d. chemiosmosis e. electron transfer in photosystem II

c. splitting water molecules

the ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _ a. geothermal heat b. photosynthetic plants c. sunlight d. chemosynthetic microbes e. the carbon cycle

c. sunlight

To explore the relationship between the two variables, it is useful to graph the data in a scatter plot, and then draw a regression line. But first, you must determine which variable should go on each axis of the graph. What variable did the researchers intentionally vary in the experiment, and what are the units for this variable? (This is the independent variable.) a.length of time in different CO2 concentrations, in days b. average dry mass of one plant, in grams c. the concentration of CO2 in the air, in parts per million d. kind of plant, by species

c. the concentration of CO2 in the air, in parts per million

Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean? a. they synthesize their own food from inorganic materials b. they generate oxygen c. they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials d. they are the primary consumers of the biosphere e. they are attracted to light

c. they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. a. NADPH ... oxygen b. carbon dioxide ... sugar c. water ... NADPH d. carbon dioxide ... oxygen e. NADPH ... NADP+

c. water ... NADPH

Identify the chloroplast. a. B b. E c. D d. A e. C

d. A

_ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- a. D b. E c. B d. A e. C

d. A

chloroplasts membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of ph 5. the solution is then adjusted to ph 8. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? a. protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles b. ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels c. the chnage in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside d. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution

d. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution

What is the relationship between increasing concentration of CO2 and the dry mass of velvetleaf? a. As the dry weight of velvetleaf increases, the dry weight of corn decreases. b. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of velvetleaf decreases. c. As the dry weight of velvetleaf increases, the CO2 increases. d. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of velvetleaf increases.

d. As CO2 increases, the dry weight of velvetleaf increases.

which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP? a. A b. D c. B d. E e. C

d. E

Which molecule is regenerated in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle? Without regeneration of this molecule, the Calvin cycle would stop. a. G3P b. 3-phosphoglycerate c. ATP d. RuBP

d. RuBP

If atmospheric CO2 concentration increases from 390 ppm to 800 ppm, what is the estimated percentage change in dry mass for corn? For velvetleaf? a. The dry mass of corn would increase by about 8%, and the dry mass of velvetleaf would decrease by about 32%. b. The dry mass of corn would decrease by about 8%, and the dry mass of velvetleaf would increase by about 24%. c. The dry mass of corn would decrease by about 0.08%, and the dry mass of velvetleaf would increase by about 0.032%. d. The dry mass of corn would decrease by about 8%, and the dry mass of velvetleaf would increase by about 32%.

d. The dry mass of corn would decrease by about 8%, and the dry mass of velvetleaf would increase by about 32%.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? a. The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions. b. The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions. c. The light-independent reactions release energy, and the light-dependent reactions require energy. d. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.

d. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions.

The photosynthetic membranes are found in _ in the plant cells a. mitochondria b. golgi apparatus c. nucleus d. chloroplasts e. endoplasmic reticulum

d. chloroplasts

What is the estimated dry mass of corn and velvetleaf plants at an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 800 ppm? a. corn: 80 g; velvetleaf: 60 g b. corn: 50 g; velvetleaf: 84 g c. corn: 90 g; velvetleaf: 50 g d. corn: 84 g; velvetleaf: 50 g

d. corn: 84 g; velvetleaf: 50 g

when light strikes chlorophyll molecules of PS II, they lose electrons, which are ultimatlely replaced by _ a. breaking down ATP b. oxidized glucose c. fixing carbon d. electrons released by splitting water e. removing them from NADPH

d. electrons released by splitting water

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? a. diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane b. formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP c. reduction of water to produce oxygen d. establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

d. establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

according to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? a. temperature gradient b. osmotic gradient c. electrons d. proton gradient

d. proton gradient

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? a. interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) b. outer membrane of the chloroplast c. thylakoid membrane d. stroma of the chloroplast

d. stroma of the chloroplast

Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be a. to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts b. to the action spectrum for photosynthesis c. to test for CO2 fixation in the dark d. to test for liberation of O2 in the light.

d. to test for liberation of O2 in the light.

if photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), subsequent analysis will show that 18O first appears in which of the following molecules produced by the algae? a. O2 b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) c. glucose d. ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) e. 3-phosphoglycerate

e. 3-phosphoglycerate

_ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment a. E b. C c. D d. A e. B

e. B

photosynthesis is a redox reaction. this means that H20 is _ during the light reactions and CO2 is _ during the calvin cycle a. consumed...reduced b. consumed...consumed c. reduced...oxidized d. reduced...reduced e. oxidized...reduced

e. oxidized...reduced

Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. An outcome of this experiment was to help determine the relationship between a. wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released b. heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms c. the concentration of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis d. wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration e. wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis

e. wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis