Biology Midterm

The net gain of energy from glycolysis is

2 ATP molecules

Cellular Respiration provides a cell with a net gain of

36 ATP molecules

What is the function of a ribosome?

A ribosome produces proteins through RNA and send it into the cell.

In cells, the energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called

ATP

One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is

ATP

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food or using sunlight

What enters the Calvin cycle from the atmosphere?

CO2

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the

Calvin Cycle

Why are the leaves of plants green?

Chlorophyll reflecting green light

Summarize what happens during the Krebs cycle.

During the krebs cycle the pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and releases energy through chemical reactions.

When a cell runs out of oxygen, it continues to make ATP by utilizing glycolysis. Since cellular respiration can't regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis without oxygen, what processes might a cell use to regenerate the NAD+?

Fermentation

Select three molecules that are created during the Calvin Cycle

Glucose, NADP+, ADP

How do heterotrophs obtain energy?

Heterotrophs obtain energy from the foods they consume

Briefly describe the structure of the cell membrane.

It is a lipid bilayer

What occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Krebs cycle

What happens to NADP+ that converts it into NADPH?

NADP+ loses its charge and gains a hydrogen molecule to turn into NADPH.

Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

What three products that are made as a result of the light-dependent reaction.

O2, NADPH, ATP

Where are the two locations that sunlight is entering the light-dependent reaction?

PS II & PS I

What happens to the high-energy electrons generated during the Krebs cycle?

The high energy electrons like ADP is then turned into ATP during the krebs cycle.

Explain the role of this substance as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.

The role of this is to take the charged atom that is empty then pick up a hydrogen molecule to make it into NADPH.

Explain what property of embryonic stem cells makes them so important to eukaryotic organisms.

They can develop into any cell in the body

How do atoms combine with other atoms

Through chemical bonds

Where is the light-dependent reaction taking place in the chloroplast?

Thylakoid Membrane

The end result of one round of mitosis produces

Two genetically identical daughter cells

A compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution and has a pH below 7 is a

acid

What are the two pathways that might follow glycolysis

aerobic and anaerobic

process used by yeast and unicellular organisms to convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol

alcoholic fermentation

A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move

away from the area that is more concentrated

Example of prokaryotic cell

bacteria cells

monomer= Monosaccharide (simple sugar), macromolecule=...

carbohydrate

Despite differences is size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a

cell membrane

what cell structures are in a bacteria cell

cell wall, ribosome, DNA

The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen is

cellular respiration

At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two

centrioles

Sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the

centromere

How is chemosynthesis different from photosynthesis?

chemosynthesis can occur in places without sunlight

Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called

chromosomes

what measures the mass of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent.

concentration

The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to

convert ADP to ATP

What is the mitochondria

convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

What occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

electron transport

Which cellular structure will be more abundant in chief cells because of their high rate of enzyme secretion?

endoplasmic reticulum

Name the condition that exists when the diffusion of a particular substance is complete.

equilibrium

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?

eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes don't

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in

eukaryotic cells

What do animals do with the carbon dioxide produced in their cells during cellular respiration?

exhale it in the breathing process

T or F: The length of the cell cycle is the same for all types of cells.

false

the combination of glycolysis and other anaerobic pathways (lactic acid or alcohol production)

fermentation

6 carbon sugar; main energy source for life on earth

glucose

What occurs in the cytoplasm

glycolysis and fermentation

organisms that cannot make their own food

heterotrophs

example of the role of enzymes

if a person is lactose intolerant

What factor can determine if something is aerobic or anaerobic

if oxygen is present

What is the stage of the cell cycle that is "in between cell divisions"

interphase

What is the smooth ER

it contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification

The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is

light absorption

What occurs in the thylakoid

light dependent reactions

what occurs in the stroma

light independent reactions

monomer= fatty acid, macromolecule=

lipid

Which type of macromolecule stores energy and provides thermal insulation for the body?

lipids

aerobic respiration takes place in this organelle

mitochondria

What is the golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of

monomers

monomoer= nucleotide, macromolecule=

nucleic acid

what cell structures are in an animal cell

nucleus, DNA, ribosome

what are the steps to trace the path of proteins

nucleus, ribosome/rough ER, golgi apparatus

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects photosynthesis?

number of mitochondria in cells

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as

osmosis

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

oxygen

describe the process of diffusion

particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

photosynthesis is in the chloroplasts while cellular respiration is in the mitochondria. The equations for both are swapped backwards. Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular repiration produces carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide while cellular respiration uses oxygen.

Example of eukaryotic cell

plant and animal cells

A water molecule is ........ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

polar

what are ribosomes

produce proteins from the RNA, which acts as a messenger, carrying instruction from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.

In a chemical reaction, the substances you end with are known as

products

monomer= amino acid, macromolecule=...

protein

In a chemical reaction, the substances you begin with are known as

reactants

How does the cell membrane affect the contents of the cell?

regulates what comes in and out of the cell and also provides protection and support

what is the cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell

During the process of photosynthesis, a molecule of ATP breaks apart to form a molecule of ADP and a phosphate group. How is this action of ATP useful during photosynthesis?

releases chemical energy for the cell to use during light dependent reactions

what are lysosomes

remove "junk" that could clutter up in a cell, break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that an be used by the rest of the cell and organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

what is the rough ER

site where proteins are synthesized and exported from the cell

In a kool-aid mixture the powder is the

solute

In a kool-aid mixture the water is the

solvent

role of enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

Reactants in enzyme catalyzed reactions are known as

substrates

The rate at which materials enter and leave through the cell membrane depends on the cell's

surface

The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another is

telophase

Name two factors that can affect enzyme activity.

temperature and pH

Which structural feature of the cell membrane allows molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse into and out of the cell?

the cell membrane is made up of two phospholipids

What is the cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus containing all other organelles.

Similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

they are neded for life, both have to go through a certain process to make what they want to create, plants use both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

What kind of relationship does Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis reactions have?

they are opposites

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar

they both have a cytoplasm and ribosomes

What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?

they capture energy from light

Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?

thylakoid

What is a product of cellular respiration?

water

Describe equilibrium

when high concentration and low concentration are equal