Biology Midterm
The net gain of energy from glycolysis is
2 ATP molecules
Cellular Respiration provides a cell with a net gain of
36 ATP molecules
What is the function of a ribosome?
A ribosome produces proteins through RNA and send it into the cell.
In cells, the energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called
ATP
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is
ATP
How do autotrophs obtain energy?
Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food or using sunlight
What enters the Calvin cycle from the atmosphere?
CO2
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the
Calvin Cycle
Why are the leaves of plants green?
Chlorophyll reflecting green light
Summarize what happens during the Krebs cycle.
During the krebs cycle the pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and releases energy through chemical reactions.
When a cell runs out of oxygen, it continues to make ATP by utilizing glycolysis. Since cellular respiration can't regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis without oxygen, what processes might a cell use to regenerate the NAD+?
Fermentation
Select three molecules that are created during the Calvin Cycle
Glucose, NADP+, ADP
How do heterotrophs obtain energy?
Heterotrophs obtain energy from the foods they consume
Briefly describe the structure of the cell membrane.
It is a lipid bilayer
What occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle
What happens to NADP+ that converts it into NADPH?
NADP+ loses its charge and gains a hydrogen molecule to turn into NADPH.
Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
What three products that are made as a result of the light-dependent reaction.
O2, NADPH, ATP
Where are the two locations that sunlight is entering the light-dependent reaction?
PS II & PS I
What happens to the high-energy electrons generated during the Krebs cycle?
The high energy electrons like ADP is then turned into ATP during the krebs cycle.
Explain the role of this substance as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.
The role of this is to take the charged atom that is empty then pick up a hydrogen molecule to make it into NADPH.
Explain what property of embryonic stem cells makes them so important to eukaryotic organisms.
They can develop into any cell in the body
How do atoms combine with other atoms
Through chemical bonds
Where is the light-dependent reaction taking place in the chloroplast?
Thylakoid Membrane
The end result of one round of mitosis produces
Two genetically identical daughter cells
A compound that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution and has a pH below 7 is a
acid
What are the two pathways that might follow glycolysis
aerobic and anaerobic
process used by yeast and unicellular organisms to convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol
alcoholic fermentation
A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move
away from the area that is more concentrated
Example of prokaryotic cell
bacteria cells
monomer= Monosaccharide (simple sugar), macromolecule=...
carbohydrate
Despite differences is size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a
cell membrane
what cell structures are in a bacteria cell
cell wall, ribosome, DNA
The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen is
cellular respiration
At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two
centrioles
Sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the
centromere
How is chemosynthesis different from photosynthesis?
chemosynthesis can occur in places without sunlight
Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called
chromosomes
what measures the mass of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent.
concentration
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to
convert ADP to ATP
What is the mitochondria
convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
What occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
electron transport
Which cellular structure will be more abundant in chief cells because of their high rate of enzyme secretion?
endoplasmic reticulum
Name the condition that exists when the diffusion of a particular substance is complete.
equilibrium
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes don't
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
eukaryotic cells
What do animals do with the carbon dioxide produced in their cells during cellular respiration?
exhale it in the breathing process
T or F: The length of the cell cycle is the same for all types of cells.
false
the combination of glycolysis and other anaerobic pathways (lactic acid or alcohol production)
fermentation
6 carbon sugar; main energy source for life on earth
glucose
What occurs in the cytoplasm
glycolysis and fermentation
organisms that cannot make their own food
heterotrophs
example of the role of enzymes
if a person is lactose intolerant
What factor can determine if something is aerobic or anaerobic
if oxygen is present
What is the stage of the cell cycle that is "in between cell divisions"
interphase
What is the smooth ER
it contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification
The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is
light absorption
What occurs in the thylakoid
light dependent reactions
what occurs in the stroma
light independent reactions
monomer= fatty acid, macromolecule=
lipid
Which type of macromolecule stores energy and provides thermal insulation for the body?
lipids
aerobic respiration takes place in this organelle
mitochondria
What is the golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of
monomers
monomoer= nucleotide, macromolecule=
nucleic acid
what cell structures are in an animal cell
nucleus, DNA, ribosome
what are the steps to trace the path of proteins
nucleus, ribosome/rough ER, golgi apparatus
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects photosynthesis?
number of mitochondria in cells
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as
osmosis
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
oxygen
describe the process of diffusion
particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
photosynthesis is in the chloroplasts while cellular respiration is in the mitochondria. The equations for both are swapped backwards. Photosynthesis produces oxygen while cellular repiration produces carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide while cellular respiration uses oxygen.
Example of eukaryotic cell
plant and animal cells
A water molecule is ........ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
polar
what are ribosomes
produce proteins from the RNA, which acts as a messenger, carrying instruction from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
In a chemical reaction, the substances you end with are known as
products
monomer= amino acid, macromolecule=...
protein
In a chemical reaction, the substances you begin with are known as
reactants
How does the cell membrane affect the contents of the cell?
regulates what comes in and out of the cell and also provides protection and support
what is the cell membrane
regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell
During the process of photosynthesis, a molecule of ATP breaks apart to form a molecule of ADP and a phosphate group. How is this action of ATP useful during photosynthesis?
releases chemical energy for the cell to use during light dependent reactions
what are lysosomes
remove "junk" that could clutter up in a cell, break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that an be used by the rest of the cell and organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
what is the rough ER
site where proteins are synthesized and exported from the cell
In a kool-aid mixture the powder is the
solute
In a kool-aid mixture the water is the
solvent
role of enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
Reactants in enzyme catalyzed reactions are known as
substrates
The rate at which materials enter and leave through the cell membrane depends on the cell's
surface
The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another is
telophase
Name two factors that can affect enzyme activity.
temperature and pH
Which structural feature of the cell membrane allows molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse into and out of the cell?
the cell membrane is made up of two phospholipids
What is the cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus containing all other organelles.
Similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
they are neded for life, both have to go through a certain process to make what they want to create, plants use both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
What kind of relationship does Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis reactions have?
they are opposites
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar
they both have a cytoplasm and ribosomes
What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?
they capture energy from light
Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
thylakoid
What is a product of cellular respiration?
water
Describe equilibrium
when high concentration and low concentration are equal
